MoriCo: Wastewater Filtration System Utilizing Cocos nucifera L.

(Coconut) Husk

Fibers and Crushed Moringa oleifera (Malunggay) Seeds

A Research study Presented to the Faculty of Koronadal National Comprehensive High

School Junior High School Koronadal City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject Research 10 under the Science,

Technology and Engineering Program

By:

RIECH DANIELLE P. BAYLON

PSALM ANDROU G. GOPITEO

JOHN WILLIAM L. DONASCO

AEM CLARISSE C. CONCEPCION

ELAINE MARIE A. ESLABAN

HELGA RHODORA E. BANTUG

Submitted to:

KATHY LYN G. DAGA-AS

Research Advisor

March 2026
 Chapter I INTRODUCTION

Wastewater and pollution management issues are usually negative externalities in

the pursuit of economic development. This is true in the Philippines, where bad septage

and sewage design sometimes results in industrial and household waste ending up in

tributaries and major waterways, occasionally even contaminating groundwater due to

improper septage and sewerage design (Philippine Institute for Development Studies,

2021). The Philippines' water shortage was made worse by urbanization and climate

change. The Philippines is home to a large population, estimated at 117.73 million as of

early 2025. Access to safe water and sanitation remains a critical challenge for a

significant portion of the population, impacting both households and schools. These

challenges impact both households and schools, necessitating comprehensive strategies

and the involvement of key water organizations. Approximately 53% of households in the

Philippines lack access to a safely managed water supply. Research into the integrated or

combined use of M. oleifera (Malunggay) seeds and [Link] L. (Coconut) husk

specifically for Wastewater filtration is significantly lacking.

In 2023, about 91% of households in the Philippines had access to a basic

sanitation facility. The National Water Resources Board (NWRB) plays a crucial role in

regulating and managing water resources to ensure equitable access. Although there are

technological capabilities and methods available for the efficient treatment of wastewater,

they are not easily accessible, tend to be expensive, and not managed to be sustainable,

especially for areas outside the capital region of the Philippines (Dalisay [Link]., 2022).

Despite progress, 16% of Filipino families still lack access to basic sanitation services,
translating to approximately 4.22 million households or 17.31 million Filipinos without

proper sanitation. Whether from industrial manufacturing, agricultural operations, or

household use – contains contaminants that can severely impact our environment and

public health. Every day, billions of gallons of this contaminated water must undergo

careful filtration before being released back into our ecosystems. Without proper

treatment, harmful pollutants like industrial chemicals, pathogenic bacteria, excess

nutrients, and toxic metals would flow directly into our rivers, lakes, surface water, and

oceans, threatening both aquatic life and human communities that depend on these water

sources. Modern filtration systems serve as a critical barrier, transforming dangerous

wastewater into clean water that can be safely returned to the environment or reused for

various purposes. There is a deficiency in research exploring the combination of coconut

materials with natural coagulants like M. oleifera or other biological treatment approaches,

which could leverage synergistic effects for better pollutant removal and process

efficiency (Environmental Advances, 2023). Few studies have systematically analyzed the

adsorption capacities of coconut-derived materials for a variety of contaminants,

especially heavy metals, nutrients, micro plastics, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which

are increasingly critical pollutants in domestic wastewater (Badawi et al., 2023).

Therefore, this study aims to improve domestic water quality via wastewater filtration

with M. oleifera (Malunggay) and C. nucifera L. (Coconut).

The main purpose of this study is to improve domestic water quality via

wastewater filtration with [Link] (Malunggay) seeds and [Link] L. (Coconut)

Husk. Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the quality of the wastewater in terms of Alkalinity, [Link], PH, Salinity,

Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), and Total Suspended Solis (TSS) before and after

filtration system in all trials in the following setups:

a. 2:1 ratio of Crushed Malunggay seeds and Coconut Husk;

b. 1:1 ratio of Crushed Malunggay seeds and Coconut Husk; and

c. 1:2 ratio of Crushed Malunggay seeds and Coconut Husk

2. What is the quality of the wastewater before and after the filtration process

based on standard range parameters in all trials among all setups?

1. There is no significant difference in the improvement in waste water quality before

and after filtration, and results do not meet the standard parameters?

2. There is no significant difference in the filtration setups’ results in waste water quality

that passes standard domestic water parameters.

This research is crucial for tackling the issues related to water quality and the

sustainable management of water resources. By enhancing sewage water filtration

methods, it seeks to better the processing of wastewater prior to its release into the

environment or repurposing for household use. This optimization can result in a more

efficient elimination of harmful contaminants, pathogens, and pollutants, guaranteeing

that the water available for household use is safe and of superior quality.
 For Government Organizations (e.g., DENR - Department of Environment and

Natural Resources): Enhancing stream water filtration methods can significantly aid

government bodies such as the Department of Environment and Natural Resources

(DENR), tasked with safeguarding and preserving natural resources. Through the

implementation of advanced filtration technologies, DENR can improve the oversight of

wastewater treatment systems, minimize pollution, and guarantee adherence to

environmental regulations. This would directly aid initiatives to preserve clean rivers,

lakes, and additional water bodies, in line with the Philippines' objective to enhance water

quality and safeguard public health. For homeowners, improving stream water filtration

provides a dependable method to secure access to cleaner and safer water for daily

activities, including drinking, cooking, or cleaning. Utilizing treated water from state-of-

the-art filtration systems can greatly decrease the likelihood of contaminants and

pollutants, enhancing overall health. Moreover, in areas of the Philippines where water is

limited, such improved systems can assist households in reducing water expenses by

recycling treated wastewater for uses that do not require drinking water, such as irrigation

or flushing toilets.

For Future student researchers may utilize this study to enhance their

understanding of effective filtration methods and strategies for water reuse. The results

can provide a foundation for further investigating new materials and methods that

enhance the efficiency of wastewater treatment systems. Research initiatives may also

concentrate on assessing the long-term ecological and health effects of improved waste

water filtration methods, offering essential information for policymakers and industries

seeking to adopt sustainable water management strategies.

 The main purpose of our study is to point out the effects of stream water filtration

for domestic water quality. Water is the main source world that are utilized all over the

world. The scarcity of water is due to the rapid development of urbanization, population

growth, agricultural growth, Industrialization and other environmental issues that are

arising from chemical to biological contaminants in our stream water Vines. Water

Filtration is a method to turn Waste Water into valuables that can be used in domestic as

well as urban agriculture. Three (3) setups and Six (6) replicates will be conducted to

measure the quality of filtration in terms of refining. This study will exclusively utilize

Clear bucket, Coconut husk, Crushed moringa seed, Charcoal, Fine sand, Cotton and

Cheese cloth as filtration materials. The study will be only limited to a small-scale

filtration system suitable for household or small community use. The system will be

designed and tested using a clear bucket as the primary container, to optimize water

quality improvement. The scope of research design for optimizing stream water filtration

processes to improve domestic water quality includes a thorough evaluation and

enhancement of existing filtration methods, the investigation of novel technologies, and

an assessment of the impact of optimized processes on water quality parameters. It

entails setting the boundaries, objectives, and procedures for improving the efficiency

and efficacy of wastewater treatment, resulting in the delivery of safe and clean water for

home use. The study design for optimizing waste water filtration necessitates a diverse

approach that incorporates many factors to enable effective and long-lasting treatment

operations. It should include essential criteria such as operational scale, specific

technology used, and regulatory compliance. The design must include tools and

procedures for evaluating and improving filtering processes, aiming for optimal
performance and resource utilization. The first step in optimizing water and wastewater

treatment plants is to assess the numerous characteristics and factors that affect the

process. These parameters include the wastewater generation process, the chemicals

employed, the raw water supply, and the chemical and physical properties of the water. It

is also critical to examine flows and loadings, peak loads, potential upset situations,

unpredictability, and the desired water or effluent quality. This thorough review

highlights inefficiencies and opportunities for improvement, laying the groundwork for a

customized optimization strategy. Wastewater treatment consists of three stages: primary,

secondary, and tertiary. The main stage eliminates big particles from wastewater, usually

through screening and sedimentation. The tertiary stage uses physical, chemical, and

biological processes to remove remaining contaminants via filtration, adsorption, and

disinfection. Advanced filtration systems significantly improve water quality by

removing a wide range of contaminants, resulting in safer and better-tasting water. The

research will optimize stream water filtration processes by statistically analyzing key

water quality parameters through a defined experimental methodology, employing

optimization techniques, and delimiting the study to targeted filtration methods and

operational constraints.

The study will be conducted in the Laboratory of Koronadal National

Comprehensive Highschool located in Koronadal City, South Cotabato, Philippines. This

multi-stage filtration process using readily available materials can help improve the

quality of domestic water sourced from stream water in emergency situations. The study

was conceptualized in September 2024 - April [Link] needed materials in this study

will be bought at the hardware stores and in online stores.

 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Carbon Filter

A carbon filter is a form of water treatment with remarkable chlorine, foul taste,

and bad odor reduction capabilities. It uses a charred form of media, typically wood or

coconut shells, to attract contaminants, trapping them as they flow by. Water treatment

plants treat water with chlorine and chloramines that linger in drinking water, tainting it

with a chemical flavor. Carbon clears water of organic compounds that make your water

taste and smell bad. (J. Woodward, November 27, 2023)

This process effectively captures organic compounds, heavy metals, sediments,

and chlorine, which are common pollutants found in municipal water supplies. Carbon

Water Filters - Wisewell. (2022).

Carbon filters are increasingly recognized as an effective and sustainable solution

for water purification, with recent studies highlighting their versatility and performance.

Activated carbon, a key component in these filters, is capable of absorbing various

inorganic and organic compounds, making it valuable for removing pollutants such as

odors, colors, chlorine, and other minerals from water. The production of activated

carbon from agricultural waste, such as coconut shells, offers an environmentally-friendly

materials (Li et al., 2021).

Activated carbon has been recognized as a universally used absorbent for

eliminating different types of micro-pollutants from water sources. Studies confirmed

its ability to remove various contaminants including chlorides and microplastics

(Katragadda & Ramadevi, 2023). For instance, experiments have shown that filters

incorporating activated carbon can significantly improve physical and chemical water

parameters such as odors, pH, and turbidity, ensuring that the water meets established

quality standards. Furthermore, this filter attributes to increased surface area and

enhanced adsorption capacity from the carbonization process.

The application of carbon filters also extends to enhancing multi-media water

filtration systems. These filters are frequently combined with other media like gravel,

palm fiber, and sand to achieve more comprehensive contaminant removal and

maintain efficient water flow rates. For example, in a rapid sand filter setup,

incorporating activated carbon as the topmost material has been shown to improve

parameters, including odor, chloride, and total dissolved solids. Existing studies also

evaluated the impact of activated carbon compaction on filtration efficiency,

revealing that compacted activated carbon filters resulted in clearer, less yellowish

water with higher dissolved oxygen, leading to a higher water quality index score

compared to uncompacted filters. This underscores the potential for integrating

compacted activaycarbon into filter construction to significantly improve water

quality, particular in rural areas (Mersal et Al., 2024).

Activated carbon water treatment is basically used for two water treatment

purposes and each work in totally different ways. 1. Chlorine Removal: Activated

carbon may be used to remove chlorine with little degradation or damage to the

carbon. Dechlorination occurs rapidly and flow rates are typically high. However, this

process requires an extensive amount of surface area, and organics in the water will

eventually fill up and block the pores of the carbon. Ultimately, the activated carbon
filter will need to be replaced as its ability to dechlorinate the water will slowly

decline. Spent carbon can be re-activated; however, re-activated filters should only be

used in waste-water treatment applications. 2. Removal of Organic Matter: As water

passes through an activated carbon filter, organic particles and chemicals are trapped

inside through a process known “adsorption”. The adsorption process depends upon 5

key factors: 1) physical properties of the activated carbon (surface area and pore size

distribution); 2) the chemical makeup of the carbon source (amount of hydrogen and

oxygen); 3) the chemical makeup and concentration of the contaminant; 4) water pH

and temperature; and 5) the length of time the water is exposed to the activated

carbon filter (called empty bed contact time or EBCT). (Activated Carbon Filters,

n.d.)

Filtration with activated carbon is used to eliminate taste and odor from water,

reduce health risk, Prevent damage to the reverse osmosis membranes and to ion

exchange resins, and Tertiary treatment of wastewater. Different types of activated

carbon eliminate different types of pollutants: Chlorine residuals from disinfection

processes – chlorine or chloramines, some disinfection byproducts (DBP), such as

trihalomethanes (THM). Organic compounds, including solvents, pesticides,

industrial waste and others. Some heavy metals such as lead. However, activated

carbon filters do not eliminate bacteria, viruses and mineral salts. (Sela & Sela,

2024).

Carbon filters function according to the principle of adsorption, effectively

removing contaminants. (Adam Hutchings, 2022).

 Adsorption is when particles cling to the exterior of the carbon structure.

Carbon filters also have limitations, when the carbon becomes too saturated with

contaminants, it cannot function as effectively. Recontamination could result from the

filter starting to release previously captured materials back into the water at this point.

(ISO-Aire, 2020). This requires regular replacement, depending on the

contaminants presents and water consumption. (GAC Filter Information, 2024).

Carbon filters function according to the principle of adsorption, effectively

removing contaminants. (Adam Hutchings, 2022).

Adsorption is when particles cling to the exterior of the carbon structure.

Carbon filters also have limitations, when the carbon becomes too saturated with

contaminants, it cannot function as effectively. Recontamination could result from the

filter starting to release previously captured materials back into the water at this point.

(ISO-Aire, 2020). This requires regular replacement, depending on the

contaminants presents and water consumption. (GAC Filter Information, 2024).

Sediment Filter

Sedimentation is an important process in wastewater treatment that helps to

reduce the amount of pollutants present in wastewater. Sedimentation is a key procedure

in wastewater treatment, involving the removal of solid particles from water. It is

commonly utilized to eliminate suspended solids, settleable solids, or either.

Sedimentation serves to cleanse water, lower chemical concentrations, and inhibit the

transmission of pathogens. It is frequently employed alongside other water treatment

methods, including filtration and disinfection. Sediment filtration processes are essential

for removing suspended solids from wastewater, which can include sand, silt, clay, and
organic materials. These techniques significantly reduce turbidity, enhance water clarity,

and prevent clogging in downstream treatment processes, ultimately contributing to

improved water quality for domestic use. Efficient sediment filtration systems help

protect human health by ensuring the treated water meets regulatory standards for safety

and quality. One essential part of micro-irrigation filtering systems is the sand media

filter. Sand media filters can function more healthily if the impact of several parameters

on filtration performance and the migration patterns of sediment particles within the filter

are investigated. This study chooses several experimental elements and observation

indices for investigation under various settings while conducting indoor hydraulic

experiments based on a sand media filter model. The turbidity of filtered water samples is

positively connected with filter thickness and raw water content, according to the results,

although turbidity is not clearly affected by changes in filtration rate. When choosing a

sediment filter system, you should ascertain the desired water quality, the approximate

amount of water treated prior to maintenance, and the flow rate generated at the usual

household water pressure (30 pounds per square inch). The initial flow rate through the

device at a specific water pressure should be specified by the manufacturer. The plastic

housings of various filters frequently have similar appearances. The purpose and efficacy

of the filter are determined by the material used in the housing.

Even though these bacteria might not make you sick, they can cause corrosion and

other issues with water quality, like an unpleasant taste or odor. Consider utilizing a filter

with a non-biodegradable media material if bacterial growth is observed on a paper media

filter. Sediment filtration POU and POE household systems are not governed by federal,

state, or local laws. The sector is self-policing. Performance, construction, promotion, and
operation manual information are evaluated by the Water Quality Association (WQA) and

the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF).

Gravel filter applications have historically suffered from significant head loss,

hence, research into strategies to minimize head loss while sand media filters are

operating is crucial for the adoption and widespread use of micro-irrigation technology.

According to some researchers who do physical modeling experiments, water flowing

through the internal structure and filter layer of sand media filters is the primary cause of

a pressure drop. Under various water separators, there are noticeable variations in the

flow resistance properties and displacement of the filter layer surface. Additionally,

altering the structure of the water separator can result in tangential flow and vortices on

the surface of the filter layer, which can enhance the consistency of the water flow

distribution on the filter layer surface. A new form of filter cap has been devised to reduce

head loss based on the experimental results and the CFD approach, which simulates the

influence of a filter cap on the distribution of the surrounding flow field law to establish

the optimization direction of the filter cap structure. Mesquita et al. examined the effects

of various filter caps, water distributors, and filter layer configuration parameters on

cleaning pressure drops in agricultural filters. Using a real experimental model, Pujol et

al. examined the impact of the quantity and placement of filter seams on the filter cap's

filtration performance. The impact of the water separator, filter cap, and filter layer on

filter head loss has been extensively studied by these forerunners. The effect of silt

blockage in the filter layer on head loss has not been well studied, although this subject

merits more research. Conducting research on head loss and silt obstruction in the filter
layer is also crucial for the future. It might offer the study of head loss a fresh line of

inquiry.

After preparing raw water with coal ash, (Zhai Guoliang et al. 2023) carried out

model experiments to examine how homogeneous filter media affected the solid particle

mass fraction and turbidity of coal ash water. The impurity removal ratio was shown to

have a positive correlation with the particle mass fraction of sand-containing water and a

negative correlation with the filtration rate. A theoretical reference for sediment filtration

studies can be obtained by examining how sand media filters affect the filtering of fly

ash.

(Zhai Guoliang et al. 2023) prepared raw water using coal ash and then carried out model

experiments to examine how homogenous filter media affected the turbidity and solid

particle mass percentage. The author thinks that the sand media filter layer is a typical

porous medium structure based on the research findings mentioned above. Tiny,

interconnected pores of various shapes fill the skeleton structure made up of filter

material particles, creating a channel for the flow of gas, liquid, and impurity particles.

The transport and distribution of solid particles have been the subject of countless studies

in a variety of domains. However, the significant variations in raw water types, impurity

particle size distributions, and porous media structural factors between domains make it

difficult to directly apply these research findings to the study of micro-irrigation sand

media filters. This focused approach will help clarify the underlying principles and guide

the creation of practical plans for enhancing filtration efficiency in micro-irrigation

systems. This study examines the silt particles deposited inside the filter layer, conducts

tests using an indoor filter model, and examines the effects of various experimental
parameters on the indicators of filtered water samples. We can better understand the

sediment transport law and distribution characteristics in the filter layer, elucidate the

mechanism of the impact of various factors on the filtration performance, provide a

reference for the mechanism study of the filtration process, and offer technical support for

the operation of the sand media filter by conducting this experimental study. Currently,

the sediment content and particle size distribution in the filter layer after filtration of the

sand media filter remain unclear on the filters.

Sediment filters are designed to capture and remove sand, silt, dirt, and rust from

water. By removing these particulates from water, a sediment filter is able to protect a

water treatment system (such as a water softener or UV water sterilizer), as well as any

water-using appliance. Sediment filters can reduce turbidity in water caused by the

presence of "suspended solids". Suspended solids are sediment that is present but often

invisible to the naked eye. (Sediment Filters for Well Water and More, n.d.)

Sediment filters also help protect other water filtration systems, especially when

used as a pre-filter in multi-filtration water systems. Sediment particles can impede the

efficiency of other types of water filters. When used as a pre-filter, sediment filtration can

prevent other filters from clogging up due to sediment buildup. These water filters are

designed to prevent other types of contaminants that aren’t sediment, such as chemicals

and bacteria. If these filters become clogged with sediment, they cannot remove these

contaminants efficiently. Compared to other extensive water filtration systems, sediment

filters are more affordable. (Alvarez, 2024)

A sediment filter works by using a process known as mechanical filtration. This

process prevents large particles from passing through the filter media while allowing
water molecules to flow through the filter pores. You’ll commonly find a sediment filter

as the first filter stage in multi-stage water filtration systems. The size of the pores in a

sediment water filter is known as the filter’s micron rating. The smaller the filter microns,

the greater the range of sediments the filter will trap. Let’s say, for example, you buy a

10-micron filter. This will be able to remove all contaminants down to 10 microns in size.

Any particles smaller than 10 microns will be small enough to fit through the filter pores.

The micron size for sediment filters ranges from 5 to 200 microns. The filter micron

rating you need depends on the size of the particles you need to remove from your water.

The goal of sediment filtration is not to remove as many impurities as possible. If the

micron size is too small, too many contaminants would be trapped in the media, causing

it to become clogged at a faster rate and requiring more frequent filter replacements.

(Byrd, 2024)

Sand Filter

A sand filter, or sand water filter, makes use of sand to filter water. The water to

be purified slowly sinks through the sand of the sand filter, leaving the dirt particles from

the water behind in the fine pores of the sand. This filter technology is especially suitable

for pre-filtration of disinfection equipment, preparation for micro- and ultra-filtration,

recirculation systems, rinse water processes, irrigation systems, basin water filtration, and

groundwater cleaning. Joshua Reijnen. (2022).

Fine sand creates a suitable environment for beneficial microorganisms to thrive,

which further enhances the filtration process. These microorganisms aid in breaking

down organic matter and reducing pathogens, resulting in cleaner water.

 Sand filters are widely used in water purification and remove suspended matter by

a completely different mechanism. Instead of the water passing through small orifices

through which particles cannot pass, it runs through a bed of filter medium, typically 0.75

mm sand 750 mm deep. The orifices between such sand particles are relatively large, but

dirt is adsorbed onto the large surface area presented by the medium. (Desalination in

Nuclear Power Plants, 2020).

Sand filtration removes manganese particles, seeds, sludge, solids, precipitated

iron, and insects. It can also reduce the population of bacteria and protozoa through

biological and physical processes within the filter. Things like drinking water, process

water, wastewater, surface water, pool water, and cooling water have this taken out of

them. For its low price and wide availability, sand is a great filtration medium for

removing suspended solids, improving water’s smell, taste, and color, and even killing 99

percent of germs. Iron removal, Wastewater treatment, Filtration of the surface or water,

Membrane systems’ pre-filtration (Muya, 2024).

Sand filters are a commonly used for the extraction of suspended matter, as well

as sedimented particles. Operates by distributing the water, which will flow vertically

through a layer of fine sand and/or gravel. The small pores within the sand and/or gravel

restricts the particles from flowing through, capturing them in the sand or in short, the

particles are then removed through absorption or physical containment.

Additionally, a number of variables that affect the contact time between the water

and the filtering medium, including sand grain size, bed depth, and flow rate, affect how

well the filtration works. (Sand filtration | EMIS, 2020).

 Sand filters also extracts particles such as algae, sludge, insects, and seeds.

(Redaction, 2021). Sand filters need maintenance to function properly, including routine

inspections of the sand filter’s filling. If the filter fillings forms lumps or often requires

cleaning, it’s time to replace the sand. (Sand filtration | EMIS, 2020).

Sand filters are a commonly used for the extraction of suspended matter, as well

as sedimented particles. Operates by distributing the water, which will flow vertically

through a layer of fine sand and/or gravel. The small pores within the sand and/or gravel

restricts the particles from flowing through, capturing them in the sand or in short, the

particles are then removed through absorption or physical containment.

Additionally, a number of variables that affect the contact time between the water

and the filtering medium, including sand grain size, bed depth, and flow rate, affect how

well the filtration works. (Sand filtration | EMIS, 2020).

Coconut Husk

Coconut husk, a byproduct of coconut processing, is gaining recognition for its

remarkable uses and numerous benefits across various industries. As environmental

sustainability becomes a priority, the utilization of coconut husk not only reduces waste

but also contributes to innovative applications.

One of the primary uses of coconut husk is as a source of natural fibers,

commonly known as coir. These fibers are extracted from the husk and processed into

diverse products. Coir is widely utilized in making ropes, mats, and brushes due to its

durability and resilience. The strength and flexibility of coir make it an ideal material for

eco-friendly products and sustainable practices in multiple sectors.

 Coconut husk serves as an excellent soil amendment. When ground into coir pith

or cocopeat, it enhances soil properties by improving water retention and aeration. This

characteristic is particularly beneficial in horticulture and hydroponics, where optimal

growth conditions are crucial. By using coconut husk in planting mediums, growers can

foster healthier plants and optimize growth rates, while also mitigating the need for

chemical fertilizers.

In the construction industry, coconut husk is increasingly recognized for its

potential as a sustainable building material. It can be processed into composite boards and

used as an alternative to conventional materials like wood and concrete. Studies have

shown that incorporating coconut husk fibers in concrete mixtures enhances the

mechanical properties of the final product while also reducing overall weight. Using

agricultural waste like coconut husk in construction not only promotes environmental

sustainability but also addresses the issue of increasing construction costs.

The environmental implications of utilizing coconut husk are substantial. The

waste generated from coconut processing can lead to environmental pollution if not

managed properly. However, by repurposing coconut husk, we can significantly minimize

landfill waste and lower greenhouse gas emissions associated with waste decomposition.

Moreover, the use of coconut husk in developing biocomposite materials aids in reducing

reliance on synthetic fibers, thereby contributing to more sustainable manufacturing

processes.

Coconut husk waste has also been explored for its potential health benefits. Liquid

smoke derived from the pyrolysis of coconut husk contains various bioactive compounds

that exhibit antimicrobial properties. Such extracts can serve as natural preservatives or
disinfectants, proving useful in food safety and health applications. Additionally,

extracting flavonoids from coconut husk highlights its potential as a source of natural

antioxidants, which can support health and wellness initiatives. The versatility of coconut

husk underlines its significance beyond mere waste. From natural fiber production and

horticultural applications to innovative construction materials and health-related uses, the

benefits of coconut husk are manifold. As industries continue to embrace sustainable

practices, the potential of coconut husk will undoubtedly grow, paving the way for a

greener and more resource-efficient future.

Overall, the adoption of coconut husk across various sectors aligns with global

sustainability goals, potentially aiding in the reduction of waste and fostering new

economic opportunities for communities engaged in coconut farming and processing.

Ijsrem Journal. (2024).

Coconut husk biomass has shown strong potential as an effective filter material

for treating greywater. When the husk undergoes pyrolysis, its ability to purify greywater

significantly improves. The carbonized coconut husk powder (CCHP) achieved

impressive treatment results, removing up to 95% of turbidity and 71% of chemical

oxygen demand (COD). It also demonstrated high nitrate removal efficiency at 88.38%,

outperforming both the raw husk (RCHP) and the untreated control, which achieved

78.93% and 28.65% respectively. Empirical data confirmed that CCHP was more

effective than other materials in eliminating color, turbidity, COD, biological oxygen

demand (BOD), and nitrates from greywater.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis showed that the pyrolysis process

increased the surface area and pore density of the material, enhancing its adsorption
capacity. Additionally, CCHP reduced faecal coliform levels by a factor of 100 compared

to RCHP, proving its superior microbial removal ability. Overall, the study highlights

pyrolyzed coconut husk biomass as a highly promising and sustainable adsorbent for

efficient greywater treatment. (Taylor et al., 2023).

The biological group of the tree Cocos nucifera L. which produce the fruit

Coconuts can be found all over the world in tropical regions in many varieties. The

coconut’s anatomy contains three separate layers (Fig. 1). The husk acts as a protective

layer to the inner shell, which is wrapped by the glossy outer shell. The spongy substance

that is incorporated with coir fiber is called Pith, forms the husk layer (Fig. 2). (Cocopeat

Biofilters: A sustainable approach for water purification .., 2025).

Because of its natural qualities and abundance as an agricultural waste product,

coconut husk is a promising and affordable material for water filtration. It is widely used

to remove a variety of contaminants from water in a variety of forms, such as activated

carbon, biochar, and raw fragments.

Coconut husk's fibrous structure increases its surface area and improves its ability

to adsorb contaminants like organic compounds, heavy metals, and even some

microorganisms. (Minh Duc Vu, Viet Anh Hoang, D. Ninh, & Duc Loi Vu, 2023).

Natural fibers are extracted from plants, animals, or minerals, making them

renewable and environmentally friendly. Plant-based filters such as coconut, have gained

major public interest for their capabilities in water filtration. Coconut is have high

amounts of lignin and cellulose, meaning they produce a highly durable structure that
enhances water filtration by capturing finer substances. (Sustainable Water Treatment

with Natural Fiber Filters, 2024).

Moringa seeds

Moringa oleifera, commonly referred to as moringa, is a vegetable tree that

produce leaves and fruit with both antibacterial and filtration properties for the removal

of bacteria, sediment, and heavy metals suitable for removing them from water.

The moringa seed and CSAC filter is a natural filter that successfully eliminated

91% of heavy metals and removed E. coli. The system is also extremely efficient, and it

can be applied to both portable and industrial scales. The leaves are found to be rich in

minerals, vitamins, and other essential phytochemicals that can be used to treat

malnutrition, control blood glucose, and prevent anemia.

Moringa seeds, derived from the Moringa oleifera plant, are recognized for their

extensive health benefits and various applications. Known as a "miracle tree," Moringa

oleifera contributes significantly to nutrition, health improvement, and environmental

sustainability.

Moringa seeds are nutritionally dense, containing essential amino acids, vitamins,

and minerals. They have a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids, which are

beneficial for heart health. The seeds are rich in vitamins A, C, and E, providing

important antioxidants that help combat oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover,

they contain minerals such as calcium, potassium, and iron, which are crucial for overall

health. Moringa seeds offer a wide range of health benefits due to their pharmacological

properties. They possess antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant

effects. Research indicates that the seeds can aid in managing chronic conditions, such as:
Anti-diabetic: Moringa seeds help regulate blood sugar levels, making them beneficial for

individuals with diabetes. Lipid Management: The seeds contribute to lowering

cholesterol levels, thereby promoting heart health. Nutritional Supplement: Moringa

seeds are highly effective in combating malnutrition, particularly in developing countries

where nutrient deficiencies are prevalent. Traditionally, Moringa seeds have been used in

herbal medicine for various ailments. They exhibit potential in treating conditions such

as: Skin Issues: Moringa seeds have anti-inflammatory properties that can aid in healing

skin infections and ailments. Digestive Health: The seeds can facilitate digestion and may

act as a natural laxative. Water Purification: Moringa seeds are also known for their

ability to purify water, effectively removing impurities and microorganisms. Beyond

health, Moringa oleifera contributes positively to the environment.

The plant is drought-resistant and can thrive in various climates, making it

suitable for land restoration and agroforestry. Its ability to enhance soil quality and reduce

soil erosion highlights Moringa's role in promoting biodiversity and combating climate

change.

Overall, moringa seeds are a versatile and beneficial resource that supports health

and environment. Their nutritional richness and medicinal qualities make them an asset in

dietary and herbal practices. Further research on Moringa seeds could unveil additional

health applications and therapeutic potentials, enriching both human health and

environmental sustainability.

The Moringa Oleifera Seed as an Alternative Water Purifier was created as a

solution to the problem of a community in water purification, and it aims to evaluate the
antimicrobial activity and efficiency of a natural absorbent from Moringa Oleifera seeds

in treating contaminated water. (Balagat et al., 2022).

Moringa oleifera, often referred to as the "miracle tree," has been widely

recognized as a powerful, low-cost, and environmentally friendly solution for water

purification, especially in regions with limited resources or those impacted by natural

disasters. Studies have shown that its seeds possess strong coagulating and antimicrobial

properties, making them highly effective at removing turbidity, color, chemical oxygen

demand (COD), and harmful microorganisms such as E. coli and Salmonella. In many

cases, Moringa seed powder has outperformed conventional chemical coagulants like

alum and ferric chloride. Depending on the water quality and form of the seed used,

optimal dosages typically range between 50 and 150 mg/L, with purified protein extracts

requiring less quantity while achieving the highest removal efficiency. Scientific

investigations have identified specific proteins, such as Mo-CBP3-3 and Mo-CBP3-4, as

the active agents responsible for these effects, providing molecular evidence that supports

the tree’s traditional use in water treatment. These findings also pave the way for large-

scale production through biotechnological methods. The versatility of Moringa is another

significant advantage, as it can be used effectively in household settings, community

water systems, and emergency scenarios where power and infrastructure are lacking. For

instance, combining Moringa seed powder with copper has resulted in simple, power-free

systems that eliminate pathogens like E. coli, making them ideal for use in disaster-

stricken or off-grid areas. Beyond water purification, Moringa seeds can be processed for

oils used in cooking, cosmetics, and biodiesel, offering economic opportunities for local

farmers and reducing dependence on synthetic chemicals. This adds to the tree's value as
both an ecological and financial asset in developing regions. However, while Moringa is

generally effective and safe, its performance may vary with water characteristics, seed

preparation methods, and levels of turbidity, with slightly reduced effectiveness in low-

turbidity water. Although it has little impact on water pH or alkalinity, consistent quality

control and localized adjustments remain important for reliable application. (Desta &

Bote, 2021).

Moringa oleifera seeds are commonly known for being a highly effective natural

coagulant for water filtration, it is also a non-toxic alternative to standard chemical

coagulants. (Moringa as a household water purification method – community ...,2022).

They contain a large amount of water-soluble proteins that serves as natural coagulants.

These proteins effectively attract particles like clay, bacteria, and other contaminants,

causing them to form clusters. This is a process called coagulation, where the impurities

are sedimented, leading to clearer water. The concentration of suspended particles in the

water, pH, and temperature can all affect how well coagulation works. Natural coagulants

can dramatically lower the physical and microbial load in untreated water when used

appropriately, enhancing its safety for domestic use. (H. Oyama, Yuka Nabeshima, Koichi

Morimoto, & Y. Sugimura, 2023).

Cotton

Sweetman et al., (2017 as cited in Morad et al., 2023) states that cotton, a natural

fiber abundant in supply and easily accessible, boasts exceptional potential as a filtration

material. Its inherent porosity and high adsorption capacity make it an attractive

candidate for various filtration applications. The unique structure of cotton fibers,

characterized by a network of tiny pores and capillaries, enables them to effectively

capture and retain particles, impurities, and contaminants. Another notable feature of

cotton fibers is the presence of cotton wax, a natural substance that coats the surface of

the fibers. Also known as cotton wax, this fatty substance serves as a protective barrier

for the cotton fibers, shielding them from environmental stressors and damage. The

presence of cotton wax helps to preserve the integrity and quality of the cotton fibers,

making them more suitable for filtration applications. The unique properties and

characteristics of cotton fibers make them a popular choice for various filtration

applications, including water treatment and purification systems.

Moreover, cotton's versatility as a filtration material can be further enhanced

through carbonization. This process involves heating cotton at high temperatures in the

absence of oxygen, resulting in the formation of carbonized cotton filters. Carbonization

transforms the cotton fibers into a highly porous and adsorbent material, significantly

increasing their filtration efficiency.

The carbonization process can be tailored to produce carbonized cotton filters

with specific properties, such as enhanced surface area, improved mechanical strength,

and increased chemical resistance.

These tailored filters can be designed to target specific contaminants, pollutants, or

impurities, making them suitable for a wide range of filtration applications, including

water treatment, air purification, and industrial processes.

Overall, the combination of cotton's natural properties and the carbonization

process makes carbonized cotton filters a promising solution for various filtration needs,

offering a unique blend of efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness.

Cheese Cloth

Cheesecloth is a versatile, porous fabric that offers a wide range of filtration

applications, making it an indispensable tool in various industries and household settings.

One of its primary uses is in straining liquids, such as broth, wine, or juice, to remove

impurities and achieve clarity.

The loose weave of cheesecloth allows it to effectively capture solids, including

particles, sediment, and debris, while permitting liquids to pass through. This property

makes cheesecloth an excellent choice for filtration.

Since cheesecloth is a type of cloth, Reijnen. (2021) states that a cloth filter

operates on a straightforward yet effective principle: as contaminated water passes

through the filter, particles larger than the pores are trapped, leaving cleaner water to flow

through. This process relies on the size of the pores in the filter, with smaller pores

capturing more impurities and contaminants. The relationship between pore size and

filtration efficiency is direct: the smaller the pores, the more thorough the filtration.

Cheesecloth is an effective material when used in filtering contaminants from

water, it traps contaminants while allowing clean water to pass through. (What Is

Cheesecloth: How to Clean It, Substitutes, & More, 2020).

Most pathogens, such as cholera bacteria, often cling to particles and plankton,

even in copepods. (The Dirty Water Project: Design-Build-Test Your Own ..., 2020). By

filtering the water using a cheesecloth, a significant amount of these larger fragments and

pathogens can be removed. As an initial barrier, the loosely woven fabric captures dirt,

plant matter, and some visible microorganisms. Cheesecloth works very well for
preliminary screening even though it doesn't offer fine filtration. (W Prayogo, MF Ihsan,

& FN Awan, 2024).

Ratio of Crushed [Link] • Alkalinity

(Malunggay) Seeds and • [Link]

[Link] L. (Coconut) • PH

Husk • Salinity

• Turbidity

• Temperature

• Total Dissolved Solids

(TDS)

• Total Suspended Solids

(TSS)

In this study, the independent variables are the ratios of crushed M. oleifera

(Moringa) seeds and C. nucifera L. (coconut) husks applied to domestic wastewater,

which influences the key water quality parameters such as turbidity, salinity, TDS, TSS,

temperature, E. coli, and odor that determines the water's suitability for domestic or

household uses. To ensure that any observed changes in these parameters result from the
filtration process, control variables like the initial wastewater quality, pH, temperature,

filtration duration, and flow rate are kept constant. The mediator variable which is the

coagulation efficiency facilitated by the natural coagulant or the crushed materials

removes suspended particles and microbes, improving water quality. Meanwhile,

moderating variables such as mixing conditions, water pH, temperature, and whether the

coagulants are used individually or in combination influence the strength and

effectiveness of this filtration process, thereby shaping the overall treatment outcome.

This framework clarifies the casual relationships and guides the optimization of natural

coagulant-based wastewater filtration for domestic applications. (S. Gautam & G. Saini,

2020).

Alkalinity –A measure of water's ability to neutralize acids or resist changes that cause

acidity, maintaining a stable pH. (Waste Water Digest, 2022). In this study

Alkalinity is measured to determine the effectiveness of the filtration system in

removing substances in wastewater, making it suitable for domestic use.

Cocos nucifera L. (Coconut) Husk – Also known as coir, seed-hair fiber obtained from

the outer shell, or husk, of the coconut. The coarse, stiff, reddish brown fiber is

made up of smaller threads, each about 0.03 to 0.1 cm (0.01 to 0.04 inch) long

and 12 to 24 microns (a micron is about 0.00004 inch) in diameter, composed

of lignin, a woody plant substance, and cellulose (The Editors of Encyclopaedia

Britannica, 2025). In this study Coconut Husk will be used for its natural filtration

properties, such as high lignin content, porosity, and water retention capability, to

aid in removing impurities from wastewater in our filtration system.

Escherichia Coli (E. coli) – It serves as a major sign of fecal contamination, which can

present serious health hazards due to potential presence of disease-causing

organisms. (Cullign Quench, 2025b). In this study [Link] will be measured to

determine the effectiveness of the filtration system in removing pathogenic micro-

organisms.

Moringa oleifera (Moringa) - A vegetable tree that produces leaves and fruit with both

antibacterial and filtration properties for the removal of bacteria, sediment, and

heavy metals suitable for removing them from water (Jei, n.d.). In this study

crushed Moringa seeds will be used as a natural coagulant in the filtration system

and determine its effectiveness in filtering waste water.

ph level - A quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid

solutions. The term, widely used in chemistry, biology, and agronomy, translates

the values of the concentration of the hydrogen ion which ordinarily ranges

between about 1 and 10−14 gram-equivalents per liter into numbers between 0

and 14. (Britannica, 2025). In this study ph level is measured to know the

filtration system’s ability to adjust and maintain a safe and neutral ph range.

Salinity - Salinity is the dissolved salt content of a body of water. It is a strong

contributor to conductivity and helps determine many aspects of the chemistry of

natural waters and the biological processes within them. (U.S. Environmental

Proctection Agency, 2025). In this study salinity is measured if there are any

presence of salt content in the body of water.

Turbidity - A measure of the level of particles such as sediment, plankton, or organic by-

products, in a body of water. (National Ocean Service, 2024). In this study

 Turbidity is measured to determine the filtration system’s ability to remove

suspended particles.

Temperature – The measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several

scales, including Fahrenheit and Celsius. (Britannica, 2025). In this study

Temperature is measured to access any changes in water Temperature after

filtration to determine if the system affects the thermal properties of water.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) – Describes the total amount of dissolved compounds in

water, both positive and negative factors. (Culligan Quench, 2025). In this study

TDS is measured to know the effectiveness of the filtration system in removing

dissolved solids.

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) – It includes a wide variety of organic and inorganic

particles that remain suspended in water after sedimentation. (Rocker, 2024). In

this study TSS will be measured to assess the ability of the filtration system in

removing suspended particles.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This study will be conducted at Barangay Sto. Nino, Purok River side, Koronadal

city, particularly the wastewater used for the upcoming testing and assembling the parts.
The materials that will be used in this study will be collected from within Koronadal City.

The standard parameters of wastewater to Domestic water will be analyzed at Mindanao

State University Laboratory, General Santos City, considering the availability of complete

apparatus and economical cost to test the parameters of wastewater.

The study will utilize a pretest-posttest developmental and experimental design.

The data, specifically the different parameters of the wastewater, will be measured

through water analysis to determine the quality of the wastewater. Different

concentrations of the filters will be used to test its effect on the effectiveness of

improving wastewater quality. There will be 3 setups, each with 3 replicates during the

test for effectiveness. Setup 1 will utilize a 2:1 ratio of Crushed Malunggay Seeds to

Coconut Husk, Setup 2 will utilize a 1:1 ratio of Crushed Malunggay seeds to Coconut

Husk, while Setup 3 will utilize a 1:2 ratio of Crushed Malunggay seeds to Coconut

Husk.

The conceptualization and proposal of the research study will be the first phase of

this study, where all possible materials to be used will be checked for its availability. The

second phase of this study will begin with the gathering of the necessary materials, both

from local and online stores, to create and test the filter. The third phase of the study will

consist of the experimentation and gathering of data, where the wastewater's parameters

will be analyzed and compared to the standard values whether it can be used

domestically. The data analysis and interpretation of results will be the last phase of the

study.
 Materials of [Link] L. and [Link] will be collected only around the 0

vicinity of South Cotabato. Analyzation of the parameters such as: Alkalinity, [Link], ph,

salinilty, turbudity, temperature, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids

(TSS)will be conducted at Mindanao State University (MSU), And data analysis will be

conducted at Koronadal National Comprehensive High School Laboratory.

A water jug (45 x 24.5cm) will be used as the storage for the Morico Filter. Two

(2) filter mediums will be stored inside, the first layer will contain (1kg) of crushed

malunggay seeds, and the second layer contains (500grams) of coconut husk, The Morico

filter will have three setups, in setup one the Morico Filter contains (1 kilograms) of

Crushed malunggay seeds, and (500grams) of coconut husk, in setup two, the Morico

filter contains (500grams) each. In setup three, the first layer will contain (500grams) of

crushed Malunggay Seeds and (1kilograms) of coconut husk.

Making of the Morico Filtration System For the construction of the Morico

Filtration system, three containers; two clear gallons(19x10inches), & a

bucket(30liters) will be used for the flow and filtration of the wastewater. At the

uppermost section, the first clear gallon(19x10inches) that will serve as a reservoir

for the wastewater, will be placed on plywood(14x14inches). The bottom of this

container will be drilled for a pipe(20mm outside, 17mm inside) to be attached,

allowing wastewater to flow. This pipe leads to another container, which is the second

clear gallon(19x10inches) that serves as the main filtration system. Another hole will
be drilled into the bottom of the filtration container, and a second pipe(20mm outside,

17mm inside) will be installed. This pipe allows the filtered water to flow into the

bucket(30liters), the lowest section of the Morico Filtration system. Another pipe will

be placed on the bottom of the bucket. The pipe will be connected to a faucet outside

the model and this will be where the water will come out to be used for domestic

purposes.

Water analysis would undergo pre-testing without the filtration system.

Alkalinity

In order to avoid air exposure, which might modify alkalinity through gas

exchange, first gather wastewater samples in sterile, airtight containers. To minimize

alterations brought on by microbial activity, samples should be kept in a refrigerator and

examined within 24 hours. To guarantee precise pH readings during titration, calibrate the

pH meter using standard buffer solutions. A measured volume of the sample, usually

100–150 mL, should then be added to a beaker and continuously stirred to preserve

homogeneity and prevent the formation of air bubbles.

To evaluate the alkalinity of phenolphthalein, which represents hydroxide and half

of the carbonate content, titrate to pH 8.3 first, then gradually add a standardized acid,

such as 0.02 N sulfuric acid, while keeping an eye on the pH. To find total alkalinity,

which is the point at which bicarbonates, carbonates, and hydroxides are completely

neutralized, keep titrating until pH 4.5 (or pH 4.2 for samples with low alkalinity). Add
acid gradually near endpoints and wait for the pH to stabilize before noting the amount of

acid used.

Lastly, use the titrant volume at the chosen endpoint or endpoints to compute

alkalinity, which is expressed as mg/L CaCO3. Do repeat titrations for accuracy, and use

known alkalinity standards to spike samples to confirm results. To avoid contamination,

wipe down the glassware and electrodes in between testing. Contemporary developments

include automated and portable titration systems that preserve accuracy while permitting

quick, on-site alkalinity measurement, which is useful for environmental control and

wastewater treatment monitoring. (Ahmad et al., 2023).

E. coli

First, a water sample is filtered through a membrane filter that retains the bacteria.

Then, after filtration, the membrane filter is placed on a selective and differential medium

such as mTEC to support the growth and identification of E. coli. Then, the filter is

incubated at a specific temperature, typically 35°C ± 0.5°C for about 2 hours, to allow

recovery of stressed bacteria.

Then, the incubation continues at elevated temperatures, often around 44.5°C, for

18 to 24 hours to selectively encourage the growth of E. coli colonies. And finally, the

resulting colonies are counted to estimate the concentration of E. coli present in the

original water sample. This membrane filtration method is widely used for the

enumeration of E. coli in water, providing accurate and reliable detection. (EPA, 2023).

Potential Hydrogen (Ph)

To begin measuring pH, use a meter that either has a separate reference electrode

providing a stable potential and a pH-sensitive glass electrode, or a combination electrode

that incorporates. For accurate readings, calibrate the meter using standard buffer

solutions with known pH values, such as 4, 7, and 10 (Toledo, 2025). After collecting an

adequate water sample, rinse the glass electrode thoroughly with distilled water to avoid

sample contamination. Then place the electrode in the sample and wait for the signal to

stabilize—a process that can vary in duration based on the sample and electrode

condition. The meter will interpret the electrode's voltage and display a pH value,

indicating the concentration of hydrogen ions and thereby the solution’s acidity or

basicity (Team, 2025).

Salinity

Begin by calibrating the conductivity meter using a standard solution, such as

potassium chloride (, according to the manufacturer’s guidelines to ensure accurate

readings. Next, collect a representative water sample carefully, avoiding contamination,

air bubbles, and visible particles. Insert the conductivity probe into the sample, keeping

the temperature consistent or using the meter’s built-in temperature compensation

feature. Record the electrical conductivity (EC) reading shown on the device. Convert the

EC value to salinity using an appropriate conversion factor, either supplied by the meter

or referenced in scientific literature, taking into account variables such as temperature

and the water’s ionic composition. Report the salinity in parts per thousand (ppt) or as a

percentage, noting that accurate results rely on proper calibration, temperature stability,

and correct sampling techniques. (Corwin & Yemoto, 2020).

Temperature

Start by choosing the right thermocouple for your job. Type K is the most popular

because it works well in a wide range of temperatures and holds up in tough conditions
like wastewater. Before you use it, give the thermocouple a quick inspection. Look for

any signs of damage, corrosion, or wear. If it’s dirty or has residue on the tip, clean it

gently. A clean, intact probe gives you more reliable readings. (Support, 2023). Next,

connect to reader or data logger, attach leads to a compatible device with cold-junction

compensation; terminal orientation matters (Appliance Reliance, LLC, 2025). If your

setup doesn’t auto-calibrate, it's smart to double-check accuracy with a known reference,

like an ice bath (0 °C) or boiling water (100 °C at sea level) (Texas Instruments, 2023).

Then, stick the sensing tip directly into the water or press it firmly against the surface you

want to measure (Pacanowsky, 2025). Let the temperature reading settle for a few

moments, thermocouples work by picking up tiny voltage changes caused by temperature

shifts it takes a few seconds to get steady (Ld100coreipm, 2021). Once it stabilizes, go

ahead and read the temperature off your screen, the device converts the microvolt signal

into temperature using built-in lookup tables or polynomial equations (Smith, 2023).

Lastly, take the probe out, rinse it off if it touched anything dirty, and dry it well. Store it

somewhere safe so it stays in good shape. If you use it a lot, you might want to

recalibrate it now and then (Heatconsensors, 2024).

Turbidity

First, if possible, allow samples to come to room temperature before analysis.

Then, mix the sample to thoroughly disperse the solids. Wait until air bubbles disappear

then pour the sample into the turbidimeter tube. Read the turbidity directly from the

instrument scale or from the appropriate calibration curve. 11.2 Turbidities exceeding 40

units: Dilute the sample with one or more volumes of turbidity-free water until the

turbidity falls below 40 units. Lastly, the turbidity of the original sample is then
computed from the turbidity of the diluted sample and the dilution factor. For example, if

5 volumes of turbidity-free water were added to 1 volume of sample, and the diluted

sample showed a turbidity of 30 units, then the turbidity of the original sample was 180

units. 11.2.1 Some turbidimeters are equipped with several separate scales. The higher

scales are to be used only as indicators of required dilution volumes to reduce readings to

less than 40 NTU (EPA, 1993 as cited in Pomelo, 2025).

Total Dissolved Solids

Start by passing the water sample through a 0.45 µm membrane filter to eliminate

suspended solids and particulate matter. Then, pour a measured volume of the filtered

sample into a pre-weighed evaporating dish or crucible. Heat the dish in an oven at

around 180°C to evaporate the water, continuing until a stable weight is reached,

ensuring all the solvent is removed without losing any dissolved substances. Let the dish

cool in a desiccator to avoid moisture uptake. Finally, weigh the remaining dry residue to

determine the amount of dissolved solids. Calculate the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

concentration by dividing the mass of the residue by the volume of the original water

sample, and report the result in milligrams per liter (mg/L) (CloudLIMS, 2023).

Total Suspended Solids

Start by gently shaking or stirring the water sample to evenly distribute the

suspended particles. Choose a clean filter—such as a glass-fiber or cellulose ester

membrane—with a pore size smaller than 2 µm, and accurately weigh it before use.

Pour a known volume of the thoroughly mixed sample through the pre-weighed filter

to trap the suspended solids. Place the filter with the captured solids in a drying oven

set to around 103–105°C and dry it for at least one hour, or until its weight stabilizes.
Once dry, let the filter cool in a desiccator before reweighing. To determine the Total

Suspended Solids (TSS) concentration, subtract the initial filter weight from the final

weight, then divide by the volume of water filtered. Report the result in milligrams

per liter (mg/L) (Rocker, 2025).

Water analysis will be conducted again after the filtration process.

The data would be analyze according to or based on the standard parameters of

water for water quality of domestic use in terms of Alkalinity the normal range of

alkalinity in drinking water is typically 20 to 200 mg/L as CaCO3. For E. coli the

acceptable or safe level in domestic water is zero colony-forming units (CFU) per 100

milliliters of water. The recommended pH range for domestic water is generally between

6.5 and 8.5, which protects both water infrastructure and human health. The acceptable

salinity range for domestic water should not exceed 0.5 parts per thousand (ppt), which

ensures potable water quality and prevents adverse effects associated with high salt

content. For domestic use, the temperature is typically maintained between 10°C and

22°C (50°F to 72°F). Turbidity in domestic drinking water should ideally be less than 0.3

NTU, with an absolute maximum limit of 1 NTU to ensure effective disinfection and

clear water appearance. The ideal Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentration is typically

below 300 to 500 mg/L. And the typical range for Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in

domestic water is generally maintained below 10 mg/L. To compare the wastewater

before and after the filtration process.

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PARAMETERS PRETEST SETUP 1 SETUP 2 SETUP 3 POSTTEST

ALKALINITY

[Link]

PH

SALINITY

TEMPERATURE

TTS

TSS

TURBIDITY