Comprehensive Java Notes for
University Management System
1. Core Java Fundamentals
Java is a platform-independent, object-oriented programming language. At its core are basic
constructs like data types,
control statements, operators, and methods which form the building blocks of every
program.
1.1 Data Types
Java provides two categories of data types:
1. Primitive Data Types:
- byte (8-bit), short (16-bit), int (32-bit), long (64-bit)
- float (32-bit), double (64-bit)
- char (16-bit Unicode character)
- boolean (true/false)
2. Non-Primitive (Reference) Data Types:
- String, Arrays, Objects, Classes
Example:
int rollno = 101;
String name = "Ila";
float percentage = 85.6f;
boolean passed = true;
1.2 Control Statements
Control statements define the flow of execution in Java programs:
- if-else statements
- switch-case
- loops (for, while, do-while)
- break and continue
Example:
int marks = 75;
if(marks >= 40) {
System.out.println("Pass");
} else {
System.out.println("Fail");
}
1.3 Methods
Methods allow code reusability by grouping statements into callable units.
- Syntax:
returnType methodName(parameters) { ... }
- Types: static methods, instance methods, constructors
Example:
public int add(int a, int b) {
return a+b;
}
2. Object-Oriented Programming
Java is fully object-oriented and follows OOP principles: Encapsulation, Inheritance,
Polymorphism, and Abstraction.
These help in modularity, reusability, and maintainability of code.
2.1 Encapsulation
Encapsulation means restricting direct access to class data using private fields and exposing
them via getters/setters.
class Student {
private String name;
public void setName(String n){ name = n; }
public String getName(){ return name; }
}
2.2 Inheritance
Inheritance allows one class to acquire properties of another. In Java, this is achieved using
the 'extends' keyword.
class Person { String name; }
class Student extends Person { int rollno; }
2.3 Polymorphism
Polymorphism allows one interface with multiple implementations.
- Compile-time (method overloading)
- Runtime (method overriding)
class Calculator {
int add(int a, int b){ return a+b; }
double add(double a, double b){ return a+b; } // overloading
}
class Animal { void sound(){ System.out.println("Animal sound"); } }
class Dog extends Animal { void sound(){ System.out.println("Bark"); } } // overriding
2.4 Abstraction
Abstraction hides implementation details and shows only essential features.
Implemented using abstract classes and interfaces.
abstract class Shape { abstract void draw(); }
class Circle extends Shape { void draw(){ System.out.println("Drawing Circle"); } }
3. Exception Handling
Exceptions handle runtime errors gracefully. Mechanisms include try-catch, throw, throws,
and finally.
try {
int x = 10/0;
} catch(ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Error: "+e);
} finally {
System.out.println("Always executes");
}
Custom Exception Example:
class InvalidAgeException extends Exception {
InvalidAgeException(String msg){ super(msg); }
}
4. Collections Framework
Collections provide dynamic data structures for storing and manipulating groups of objects.
Main Interfaces: List, Set, Map.
4.1 List
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("Alice");
list.add("Bob");
for(String s: list){ System.out.println(s); }
4.2 Set
HashSet<Integer> set = new HashSet<>();
set.add(1);
set.add(2);
4.3 Map
HashMap<Integer,String> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put(1,"CSE");
map.put(2,"ECE");
5. Java I/O
I/O in Java allows reading/writing files and serializing objects.
FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("out.txt");
fw.write("Hello World");
fw.close();
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("out.txt"));
System.out.println(br.readLine());
6. Java Swing (UI)
Swing provides GUI components in Java: JFrame, JButton, JLabel, JTable.
JFrame f = new JFrame("Demo");
JButton b = new JButton("Click");
b.setBounds(50,100,80,30);
f.add(b);
f.setSize(300,300);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
b.addActionListener(e -> System.out.println("Button clicked"));
7. JDBC (Database Connectivity)
Steps to connect Java with MySQL:
1. Load driver
2. Establish connection
3. Create statement
4. Execute query
5. Close connection
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");
Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/university","root","password"
);
String query = "INSERT INTO student VALUES(?,?,?,?)";
PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(query);
ps.setInt(1,1);
ps.setString(2,"Ila");
ps.setString(3,"CSE");
ps.setInt(4,3);
ps.executeUpdate();
8. SQL Queries for UMS
CREATE TABLE student(rollno INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(50), course
VARCHAR(50), branch VARCHAR(50));
INSERT INTO student VALUES(1,'Ila','CSE','AI');
SELECT * FROM student WHERE rollno=1;
UPDATE student SET course='ECE' WHERE rollno=1;
DELETE FROM student WHERE rollno=1;
9. Advanced Topics
- Multithreading: run multiple tasks simultaneously.
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run(){ System.out.println("Thread running"); }
}
- Synchronization: ensures thread safety.
synchronized void print(){ ... }
- Lambda Expressions: introduced in Java 8, simplify anonymous classes.
(a,b) -> a+b;
- Stream API: process collections in functional style.
list.stream().filter(x->x.startsWith("A")).forEach(System.out::println);
