ID: 54804e10

While scholars believe many Mesoamerican cities influenced each other, direct evidence of such influence is difficult to
ascertain. However, recent excavations in a sector of Tikal (Guatemala) unearthed a citadel that shows ______ Teotihuacán
(Mexico) architecture—including a near replica of a famed Teotihuacán temple—providing tangible evidence of outside
influence in portions of Tikal.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. refinements of

B. precursors of

C. commonalities with

D. animosities toward
 ID: 9aa44886
The following text is from F. Scott Fitzgerald’s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby.

[Jay Gatsby] was balancing himself on the dashboard of his car with that resourcefulness of movement that is so
peculiarly American—that comes, I suppose, with the absence of lifting work in youth and, even more, with the formless
grace of our nervous, sporadic games. This quality was continually breaking through his punctilious manner in the
shape of restlessness.

As used in the text, what does the word “quality” most nearly mean?

A. Standard

B. Prestige

C. Characteristic

D. Accomplishment
 ID: e8c26398
To develop a method for measuring snow depth with laser beams, NASA physicist Yongxiang Hu relied on ______; identifying
broad similarities between two seemingly different phenomena, Hu used information about how ants move inside colonies
to calculate how the particles of light that make up laser beams travel through snow.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. a collaboration

B. an accessory

C. a contradiction

D. an analogy
 ID: b0f7541b
The following text is adapted from Herman Melville’s 1857 novel The Confidence-Man. Humphry Davy was a prominent
British chemist and inventor.

Years ago, a grave American savant, being in London, observed at an evening party there, a certain coxcombical fellow,
as he thought, an absurd ribbon in his lapel, and full of smart [banter], whisking about to the admiration of as many as
were disposed to admire. Great was the savant’s disdain; but, chancing ere long to find himself in a corner with the
jackanapes, got into conversation with him, when he was somewhat ill-prepared for the good sense of the jackanapes,
but was altogether thrown aback, upon subsequently being [informed that he was] no less a personage than Sir
Humphry Davy.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. It portrays the thoughts of a character who is embarrassed about his own behavior.

B. It presents an account of a misunderstanding.

C. It offers a short history of how a person came to be famous.

D. It explains why one character dislikes another.

 ID: df46a2ee
The following text is from Joseph Conrad’s 1907 novel The Secret Agent: A Simple Tale. Mr. Verloc is navigating the London
streets on his way to a meeting.
Before reaching Knightsbridge, Mr. Verloc took a turn to the left out of the busy main thoroughfare, uproarious with the traffic
of swaying omnibuses and trotting vans, in the almost silent, swift flow of hansoms [horse-drawn carriages]. Under his hat,
worn with a slight backward tilt, his hair had been carefully brushed into respectful sleekness; for his business was with an
Embassy. And Mr. Verloc, steady like a rock—a soft kind of rock—marched now along a street which could with every
propriety be described as private.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined phrase in the text as a whole?

A. It qualifies an earlier description of Mr. Verloc.

B. It emphasizes an internal struggle Mr. Verloc experiences.

C. It contrasts Mr. Verloc with his surroundings.

D. It reveals a private opinion Mr. Verloc holds.

 ID: 8de51658
58
Text 1
The idea that time moves in only one direction is instinctively understood, yet it puzzles physicists. According to the second
law of thermodynamics, at a macroscopic level some processes of heat transfer are irreversible due to the production of
entropy—after a transfer we cannot rewind time and place molecules back exactly where they were before, just as we cannot
unbreak dropped eggs. But laws of physics at a microscopic or quantum level hold that those processes should be
reversible.
Text 2
In 2015, physicists Tiago Batalhão et al. performed an experiment in which they confirmed the irreversibility of
thermodynamic processes at a quantum level, producing entropy by applying a rapidly oscillating magnetic field to a system
of carbon-13 atoms in liquid chloroform. But the experiment “does not pinpoint ... what causes [irreversibility] at the
microscopic level,” coauthor Mauro Paternostro said.

Based on the texts, what would the author of Text 1 most likely say about the experiment described in Text 2?

It would suggest an interesting direction for future research were it not the case that two of the physicists who
A. conducted the experiment disagree on the significance of its findings.

It provides empirical evidence that the current understanding of an aspect of physics at a microscopic level must be
B. incomplete.

C. It is consistent with the current understanding of physics at a microscopic level but not at a macroscopic level.

It supports a claim about an isolated system of atoms in a laboratory, but that claim should not be extrapolated to a
D. general claim about the universe.
 ID: 66c47028
In 1934 physicist Eugene Wigner posited the existence of a crystal consisting entirely of electrons in a honeycomb-like
structure. The so-called Wigner crystal remained largely conjecture, however, until Feng Wang and colleagues announced in
2021 that they had captured an image of one. The researchers trapped electrons between two semiconductors and then
cooled the apparatus, causing the electrons to settle into a crystalline structure. By inserting an ultrathin sheet of graphene
above the crystal, the researchers obtained an impression—the first visual confirmation of the Wigner crystal.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Researchers have obtained the most definitive evidence to date of the existence of the Wigner crystal.

B. Researchers have identified an innovative new method for working with unusual crystalline structures.

C. Graphene is the most important of the components required to capture an image of a Wigner crystal.

D. It’s difficult to acquire an image of a Wigner crystal because of the crystal’s honeycomb structure.
 ID: 1a2b29c9
The following text is adapted from María Cristina Mena’s 1914 short story “The Vine-Leaf.”

It is a saying in the capital of Mexico that Dr. Malsufrido carries more family secrets under his hat than any archbishop.
The doctor’s hat is, appropriately enough, uncommonly capacious, rising very high, and sinking so low that it seems to
be supported by his ears and eyebrows, and it has a furry look, as if it had been brushed the wrong way, which is
perhaps what happens to it if it is ever brushed at all. When the doctor takes it off, the family secrets do not fly out like a
flock of parrots, but remain nicely bottled up beneath a dome of old and highly polished ivory.

Based on the text, how do people in the capital of Mexico most likely regard Dr. Malsufrido?

A. Many have come to tolerate him despite his disheveled appearance.

B. Few feel concerned that he will divulge their confidences.

C. Some dislike how freely he discusses his own family.

D. Most would be unimpressed by him were it not for his professional expertise.
 ID: 2fdfe002
The following text is adapted from Countee Cullen’s 1926 poem “Thoughts in a Zoo.”

They in their cruel traps, and we in ours, Survey each other’s rage, and pass the hours
Commiserating each the other’s woe, To mitigate his own pain’s fiery glow. Man could but little proffer in exchange
Save that his cages have a larger range. That lion with his lordly, untamed heart
Has in some man his human counterpart, Some lofty soul in dreams and visions wrapped,
But in the stifling flesh securely trapped.

Based on the text, what challenge do humans sometimes experience?

A. They cannot effectively tame certain wild animals because of a lack of compassion.

B. They cannot focus on setting attainable goals because of a lack of motivation.

C. They quickly become frustrated when faced with difficult tasks because of a lack of self-control.

D. They have aspirations that cannot be fulfilled because of certain limitations.

 ID: d5b9ed0d

Participants’ Responses to Three

(1–9; higher values = more positive)

Review Conditions
7
Participants’ mean rating

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
iew uct
d
f rev pro
o ed
ess ew
fuln revi
lp
He
ward
o
det
u
t tit
A

no anger (control)
high anger
low anger

To understand how expressions of anger in reviews of products affect readers of those reviews, business scholar Dezhi Yin
and colleagues measured study participants’ responses to three versions of the same negative review—a control review
expressing no anger, a review expressing a high degree of anger, and a review expressing a low degree of anger. Reviewing
the data, a student concludes that the mere presence of anger in a review may not negatively affect readers’ perceptions of
the review, but a high degree of anger in a review does worsen readers’ perceptions of the review.

Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the students’ conclusion?

On average, participants’ ratings of the helpfulness of the review were substantially higher than were participants’ ratings
A. of the reviewed product regardless of which type of review participants had seen.

Compared with participants who saw the control review, participants who saw the low-anger review rated the review as
B. slightly more helpful, whereas participants who saw the high-anger review rated the review as less helpful.

Participants who saw the low-anger review rated the review as slightly more helpful than participants who saw the
control review did, but participants’ attitude toward the reviewed product was slightly worse when participants saw the
C. low-anger review than when they saw the no-anger review.
 Compared with participants who saw the low-anger review, participants who saw the high-anger review rated the review
D. as less helpful and had a less positive attitude toward the reviewed product.
 ID: ccb1ab92

Fur Seal REM Sleep on Land

after an Extended Period
in Water
baseline was not statistically
REM sleep as % of baseline

180
(mean difference from

160
140
significant)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Day 1 Day 2
Sleep on land

Seal B
Seal A
Seal C

Research suggests that REM sleep in animals is homeostatically regulated: animals compensate for periods of REM sleep
deprivation by increasing subsequent REM sleep. When on land, fur seals get enough REM sleep, but during the weeks
they’re in the water, they get almost none. In a study of fur seals’ sleep habits, researchers recorded the REM sleep (as a
percentage of baseline) of fur seals once they had returned to land. They concluded that REM sleep may not be
homeostatically regulated in fur seals, citing as evidence the fact that the seals in the study ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?

A. didn’t show significantly less REM sleep during the second day after returning to land than they did during the first day.

B. showed no significant differences from one another in baseline levels of REM sleep.

C. didn’t consistently demonstrate a significant increase in REM sleep after their period of deprivation in the water.

D. showed no significant difference between REM sleep after returning to land and REM sleep while in the water.
 ID: be19faa1

Home Heating Needs Met with Subsurface

Thermal Pollution for Two Temperature
Conditions, by Percentage of Sites
Percentage of all sites analyzed

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0% 25% 25%
p to ha
n
U e t
or
M
Local heating needs met

Current surface temperature

Maximum plausible surface
temperature

Urbanization, industrialization, and the warming climate create thermal pollution (excess heat) in the shallow subsurface
soil. Susanne A. Benz and colleagues analyzed thousands of sites on three continents under one scenario in which surface
temperature remains at the current level and under another in which the surface reaches the maximum plausible
temperature. They then categorized each site according to the percentage of local home heating needs that could be met
using this excess subsurface heat. The team concluded that if surface temperature approaches the maximum plausible
level, the percentage of sites where thermal pollution could feasibly contribute to meeting home heating needs will increase.

Which choice best describes data in the graph that support Benz and colleagues’ conclusion?

Under both temperature conditions, less than 10% of sites were in the up-to-25% group, but at the maximum plausible
A. surface temperature, almost 80% of sites could have all their local heating needs met by thermal pollution.

At current surface temperatures, more than 80% of the sites have no need for supplemental local home heating from
subsurface thermal pollution, but at the maximum plausible surface temperature, more than 70% of sites exhibit
B. significantly greater home heating needs.

At current surface temperatures, more than 80% of sites can meet, at most, 25% of local home heating needs with
subsurface thermal pollution, but at the maximum plausible surface temperature, more than 80% of sites can meet
C. greater than 25% of local home heating needs.
 At current surface temperatures, more than 80% of the sites cannot use subsurface thermal pollution to meet any portion
D. of local home heating needs, but at the maximum plausible surface temperature, that percentage drops below 20%.
 ID: c83e0b43
O Pioneers! is a 1913 novel by Willa Cather. In the novel, Cather depicts Alexandra Bergson as a person who takes comfort in
understanding the world around her: ______

Which quotation from O Pioneers! most effectively illustrates the claim?

“She looked fixedly up the bleak street as if she were gathering her strength to face something, as if she were trying with
A. all her might to grasp a situation which, no matter how painful, must be met and dealt with somehow.“

“She had never known before how much the country meant to her. The chirping of the insects down in the long grass had
been like the sweetest music. She had felt as if her heart were hiding down there, somewhere, with the quail and the
plover and all the little wild things that crooned or buzzed in the sun. Under the long shaggy ridges, she felt the future
B. stirring.“

“Alexandra drove off alone. The rattle of her wagon was lost in the howling of the wind, but her lantern, held firmly
C. between her feet, made a moving point of light along the highway, going deeper and deeper into the dark country.”

“Alexandra drew her shawl closer about her and stood leaning against the frame of the mill, looking at the stars which
glittered so keenly through the frosty autumn air. She always loved to watch them, to think of their vastness and distance,
and of their ordered march. It fortified her to reflect upon the great operations of nature, and when she thought of the law
D. that lay behind them, she felt a sense of personal security.”
 ID: 58e9e497
58
In the early nineteenth century, some Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States used agricultural techniques
developed by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) people centuries earlier, but it seems that few of those farmers had actually
seen Haudenosaunee farms firsthand. Barring the possibility of several farmers of the same era independently developing
techniques that the Haudenosaunee people had already invented, these facts most strongly suggest that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. those farmers learned the techniques from other people who were more directly influenced by Haudenosaunee practices.

the crops typically cultivated by Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States were not well suited to
B. Haudenosaunee farming techniques.

C. Haudenosaunee farming techniques were widely used in regions outside the northeastern United States.

Euro-American farmers only began to recognize the benefits of Haudenosaunee farming techniques late in the
D. nineteenth century.
 ID: e185a21f
One theory behind human bipedalism speculates that it originated in a mostly ground-based ancestor that practiced four-
legged “knuckle-walking,” like chimpanzees and gorillas do today, and eventually evolved into moving upright on two legs.
But recently, researchers observed orangutans, another relative of humans, standing on two legs on tree branches and using
their arms for balance while they reached for fruits. These observations may suggest that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. bipedalism evolved because it was advantageous to a tree-dwelling ancestor of humans.

B. bipedalism must have evolved simultaneously with knuckle-walking and tree-climbing.

C. moving between the ground and the trees would have been difficult without bipedalism.

D. a knuckle-walking human ancestor could have easily moved bipedally in trees.

 ID: db876fd5
Songbirds learn to respond to and imitate their species’ songs from an early age. With each generation, small differences are
introduced that result in distinct variations—called dialects—among geographically isolated populations of the same
species. A research study examined whether twelve-day-old Ficedula hypoleuca (pied flycatcher) nestlings prefer local
dialects over the unfamiliar dialects of nonlocal F. hypoleuca populations: the more begging calls the nestlings made in
response to a song, the stronger their preference. The researchers found that nestlings produced more begging calls in
response to their own dialect than to nonlocal dialects. Since song preference plays a role in songbird mate selection, the
finding suggests that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

F. hypoleuca nestlings’ preference for their own dialect likely disappears as they mature to promote socialization between
A. different F. hypoleuca populations.

F. hypoleuca nestlings who show an early preference for their own dialect are likely to receive more food from their
B. caretakers than nestlings who show no preferences among any F. hypoleuca dialects.

F. hypoleuca nestlings’ preference for their own dialect likely drives them when they mature to reproduce with other F.
C. hypoleuca from local rather than nonlocal populations.

F. hypoleuca nestlings show a preference for both local F. hypoleuca dialects and the songs of other local songbirds over
D. the songs of nonlocal birds of any species.
 ID: a9e5b788
In discussing Mary Shelley’s 1818 epistolary novel Frankenstein, literary theorist Gayatri Spivak directs the reader’s attention
to the character of Margaret Saville. As Spivak points out, Saville is not the protagonist of Shelley’s ______ as the recipient of
the letters that frame the book’s narrative, she’s the “occasion” of it.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. novel

B. novel,

C. novel; rather,

D. novel, rather,
 ID: d2b81427
In assessing the films of Japanese director Akira Kurosawa, ______ have missed his equally deep engagement with Japanese
artistic traditions such as Noh theater.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. many critics have focused on Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources but

B. Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources has been the focus of many critics, who

C. there are many critics who have focused on Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources, but they

D. the focus of many critics has been on Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources; they
 ID: b74f676f
Classical composer Florence Price’s 1927 move to Chicago marked a turning point in her career. It was there that Price
premiered her First Symphony—a piece that was praised for blending traditional Romantic motifs with aspects of Black folk
music—and ______ supportive relationships with other Black artists.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. developing

B. developed

C. to develop

D. having developed
 ID: 145d5ca7
Gathering accurate data on water flow in the United States is challenging because of the country’s millions of miles of ______
the volume and speed of water at any given location can vary drastically over time.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. waterways and the fact that,

B. waterways, and the fact that,

C. waterways, and, the fact that

D. waterways and the fact that

 ID: be34a3df
In 2008, two years after the death of science fiction writer Octavia Butler, the Huntington Library in ______ received a
collection of more than 8,000 items, including Butler’s private notes, research materials, manuscripts, photos, and drawings.
Today, the Octavia E. Butler Collection is one of the most researched archives at the library.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. California,

B. California:

C. California—

D. California
 ID: 3bceeb93
When they were first discovered in Australia in 1798, duck-billed, beaver-tailed platypuses so defied categorization that one
scientist assigned them the name Ornithorhynchus paradoxus: “paradoxical bird-snout.” The animal, which lays eggs but also
nurses ______ young with milk, has since been classified as belonging to the monotremes group.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. they’re

B. their

C. its

D. it’s
 ID: 11df9b99
Because an achiral molecule is symmetrical, flipping it yields a structurally identical molecule. A flipped chiral molecule,
______ can be compared to a glove that has been turned inside out: it produces a structurally inverted molecule rather than
an identical one.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. in other words,

B. by contrast,

C. for example,

D. similarly,
 ID: 30438650
Jhumpa Lahiri’s story collection Interpreter of Maladies features multiple stories about romantic relationships. In “This
Blessed House,” newlyweds argue over whether to replace items left by the previous owners of their new home. ______ in “A
Temporary Matter,” a husband and wife attempt to rekindle their relationship during a four-night blackout.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Granted,

B. For example,

C. Likewise,

D. Hence,
 ID: 6e0c60da
When one looks at the dark craggy vistas in Hitoshi Fugo’s evocative photo series, one’s mind might wander off to the
cratered surfaces of faraway planets. ______ it’s the series’ title, Flying Frying Pan, that brings one back to Earth, reminding
the viewer that each photo is actually a close-up view of a familiar household object: a frying pan.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Consequently,

B. Alternatively,

C. Ultimately,

D. Additionally,
 ID: 16631d34
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Million Song Dataset (MSD) includes main audio features and descriptive tags for popular songs.
Audio features include acoustic traits such as loudness and pitch intervals.
Many algorithms use these audio features to predict a new song’s popularity.
These algorithms may fail to accurately identify main audio features of a song with varying acoustic traits.
Algorithms based on descriptive tags that describe fixed traits such as genre are more reliable predictors of song
popularity.

The student wants to explain a disadvantage of relying on audio features to predict a song’s popularity. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Many popularity-predicting algorithms are based on a song’s audio features, such as loudness and pitch intervals.

Algorithms based on audio features may misidentify the main features of a song with varying acoustic traits, making
B. such algorithms less reliable predictors of popularity than those based on fixed traits.

Audio features describe acoustic traits such as pitch intervals, which may vary within a song, whereas descriptive tags
C. describe fixed traits such as genre, which are reliable predictors of popularity.

D. The MSD’s descriptive tags are reliable predictors of a song’s popularity, as the traits they describe are fixed.
 ID: 84e108cf
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Platinum is a rare and expensive metal. It is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions.
Platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.
Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum with liquid gallium.
Their catalyst was highly effective and required only trace amounts of platinum (0.0001% of the atoms in the
mixture).

The student wants to explain an advantage of the new platinum catalyst developed by Jianbo Tang and his colleagues.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum, a rare and expensive
A. metal, with liquid gallium.

B. Like other platinum catalysts, the new platinum catalyst requires a particular amount of the metal to be effective.

Platinum is a rare and expensive metal that is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions; however, platinum catalysts
C. typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.

While still highly effective, the new platinum catalyst requires far less of the rare and expensive metal than do other
D. platinum catalysts.