This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D412 − 16 (Reapproved 2021)

SINGLE USER LICENSE ONLY. SUPPLIED BY BSB EDGE UNDER LICENCE FROM ASTM FOR MAEON LABORATORIES - CHENNAI VIDE BSB EDGE ORDER NO. EST07-0657 ON
Standard Test Methods for
Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers—
Tension1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope D3182 Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and Pro-

1.1 These test methods cover procedures used to evaluate cedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing
the tensile (tension) properties of vulcanized thermoset rubbers Standard Vulcanized Sheets
and thermoplastic elastomers. These methods are not appli- D3183 Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Pieces for Test
cable to ebonite and similar hard, low elongation materials. Purposes from Products
The methods appear as follows: D3767 Practice for Rubber—Measurement of Dimensions
D4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method
Test Method A—Dumbbell and Straight Section Specimens
Test Method B—Cut Ring Specimens Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing
Industries
NOTE 1—These two different methods do not produce identical results.
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.2 The values stated in either SI or non-SI units shall be
2.2 ASTM Adjunct:
regarded separately as normative for this standard. The values
Cut Ring Specimens, Method B (D412)3
in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each
system must be used independently, without combining values. 2.3 ISO Standards:

20-06-2023
ISO 37 Rubber, Vulcanized and Thermoplastic Determina-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tion of Tensile Stress-Strain Properties4
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3. Terminology
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.1 Definitions:
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- 3.1.1 tensile set—the extension remaining after a specimen
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- has been stretched and allowed to retract in a specified manner,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the expressed as a percentage of the original length. (D1566)
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 3.1.2 tensile set-after-break—the tensile set measured by
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical fitting the two broken dumbbell pieces together at the point of
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. rupture.
3.1.3 tensile strength—the maximum tensile stress applied
2. Referenced Documents in stretching a specimen to rupture. (D1566)
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 3.1.4 tensile stress—a stress applied to stretch a test piece
D1349 Practice for Rubber—Standard Conditions for Test- (specimen). (D1566)
ing
3.1.5 tensile stress at-given-elongation—the stress required
D1566 Terminology Relating to Rubber
to stretch the uniform cross section of a test specimen to a
given elongation. (D1566)
1
3.1.6 thermoplastic elastomers—a diverse family of rubber-
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 on
Rubber and Rubber-like Materials and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee like materials that unlike conventional vulcanized rubbers can
D11.10 on Physical Testing. be processed and recycled like thermoplastic materials.
Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally
approved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D412 – 16ε1. DOI:
10.1520/D0412-16R21.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Detailed drawings are available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Drive, Conshohocken, PA 19428. Order Adjunct No. ADJD0412-E-PDF.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 D412 − 16 (2021)

SINGLE USER LICENSE ONLY. SUPPLIED BY BSB EDGE UNDER LICENCE FROM ASTM FOR MAEON LABORATORIES - CHENNAI VIDE BSB EDGE ORDER NO. EST07-0657 ON
3.1.7 ultimate elongation—the elongation at which rupture machine shall have both a suitable dynamometer and an
occurs in the application of continued tensile stress. indicating or recording system for measuring the applied force
3.1.8 yield point—that point on the stress-strain curve, short within 62 %. If the capacity range cannot be changed for a test
of ultimate failure, where the rate of stress with respect to (as in the case of pendulum dynamometers) the applied force at
strain, goes through a zero value and may become negative. break shall be measured within 62 % of the full scale value,
(D1566) and the smallest tensile force measured shall be accurate to
within 10 %. If the dynamometer is of the compensating type
3.1.9 yield strain—the level of strain at the yield point.
for measuring tensile stress directly, means shall be provided to
(D1566)
adjust for the cross-sectional area of the specimen. The
3.1.10 yield stress—the level of stress at the yield point. response of the recorder shall be sufficiently rapid that the
(D1566) applied force is measured with the requisite accuracy during
the extension of the specimen to rupture. If the testing machine
4. Summary of Test Method
is not equipped with a recorder, a device shall be provided that
4.1 The determination of tensile properties starts with test indicates, after rupture, the maximum force applied during
pieces taken from the sample material and includes the extension. Testing machine systems shall be capable of mea-
preparation of the specimens and the testing of the specimens. suring elongation of the test specimen in minimum increments
Specimens may be in the shape of dumbbells, rings or straight of 10 %.
pieces of uniform cross-sectional area.
NOTE 2—A rate of elongation of 1000 6 100 mm/min (40 6 4 in./min)
4.2 Measurements for tensile stress, tensile stress at a given may be used and notation of the speed made in the report. In case of
elongation, tensile strength, yield point, and ultimate elonga- dispute, the test shall be repeated and the rate of elongation shall be at 500
tion are made on specimens that have not been prestressed. 6 50 mm/min (20 6 2 in./min).
Tensile stress, yield point, and tensile strength are based on the 6.2 Test Chamber for Elevated and Low Temperatures—The
original cross-sectional area of a uniform cross-section of the test chamber shall conform with the following requirements:
specimen. 6.2.1 Air shall be circulated through the chamber at a
4.3 Measurement of tensile set is made after a previously velocity of 1 to 2 m/s (3.3 to 6.6 ft/s) at the location of the grips
unstressed specimen has been extended and allowed to retract or spindles and specimens maintained within 2°C (3.6°F) of the
by a prescribed procedure. Measurement of “set after break” is specified temperature.

20-06-2023
also described. 6.2.2 A calibrated sensing device shall be located near the
grips or spindles for measuring the actual temperature.
5. Significance and Use 6.2.3 The chamber shall be vented to an exhaust system or
to the outside atmosphere to remove fumes liberated at high
5.1 All materials and products covered by these test meth-
temperatures.
ods must withstand tensile forces for adequate performance in
6.2.4 Provisions shall be made for suspending specimens
certain applications. These test methods allow for the measure-
vertically near the grips or spindles for conditioning prior to
ment of such tensile properties. However, tensile properties
test. The specimens shall not touch each other or the sides of
alone may not directly relate to the total end use performance
the chamber except for momentary contact when agitated by
of the product because of the wide range of potential perfor-
the circulating air.
mance requirements in actual use.
6.2.5 Fast acting grips suitable for manipulation at high or
5.2 Tensile properties depend both on the material and the low temperatures may be provided to permit placing dumbbells
conditions of test (extension rate, temperature, humidity, speci- or straight specimens in the grips in the shortest time possible
men geometry, pretest conditioning, etc.); therefore materials to minimize any change in temperature of the chamber.
should be compared only when tested under the same condi- 6.2.6 The dynamometer shall be suitable for use at the
tions. temperature of test or it shall be thermally insulated from the
5.3 Temperature and rate of extension may have substantial chamber.
effects on tensile properties and therefore should be controlled. 6.2.7 Provision shall be made for measuring the elongation
These effects will vary depending on the type of material being of specimens in the chamber. If a scale is used to measure the
tested. extension between the bench-marks, the scale shall be located
parallel and close to the grip path during specimen extension
5.4 Tensile set represents residual deformation which is
and shall be controlled from outside the chamber.
partly permanent and partly recoverable after stretching and
retraction. For this reason, the periods of extension and 6.3 Micrometer—A digital or analogue dial micrometer
recovery (and other conditions of test) must be controlled to conforming to the requirements of Practice D3767 (Procedure
obtain comparable results. A). Ring specimens are addressed in 14.10.
6.4 Apparatus for Tensile Set Test—The testing machine
6. Apparatus described in 6.1 or an apparatus similar to that shown in Fig. 1
6.1 Testing Machine—Tension tests shall be made on a may be used. A stop watch or other suitable timing device
power driven machine equipped to produce a uniform rate of measuring in minute intervals for at least 30 min, shall be
grip separation of 500 6 50 mm/min (20 6 2 in./min) for a provided. A scale or other device shall be provided for
distance of at least 750 mm (30 in.) (see Note 2). The testing measuring tensile set to within 1 %.

2
 D412 − 16 (2021)

SINGLE USER LICENSE ONLY. SUPPLIED BY BSB EDGE UNDER LICENCE FROM ASTM FOR MAEON LABORATORIES - CHENNAI VIDE BSB EDGE ORDER NO. EST07-0657 ON
20-06-2023
FIG. 1 Apparatus for Tensile Set Test

7. Selection of Test Specimens 0.3 mm. Specimens of other thickness will not necessarily give
7.1 Consider the following information in making selec- comparable results. Specimens are to be tested in directions
tions: both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of flow in the
7.1.1 Since anisotropy or grain directionality due to flow mold. Sheet or plaque dimensions must be sufficient to do this.
introduced during processing and preparation may have an 7.1.3 Ring specimens enable elongations to be measured by
influence on tensile properties, dumbbell or straight specimens grip separation, but the elongation across the radial width of
should be cut so the lengthwise direction of the specimen is the ring specimens is not uniform. To minimize this effect the
parallel to the grain direction when this direction is known. width of the ring specimens must be small compared to the
Ring specimens normally give an average of with and across diameter.
the grain properties. 7.1.4 Straight specimens tend to break in the grips if normal
7.1.2 Unless otherwise noted, thermoplastic rubber or ther- extension-to-break testing is conducted and should be used
moplastic elastomer specimens, or both, are to be cut from
only when it is not feasible to prepare another type of
injection molded sheets or plaques with a thickness of 3.0 6

3
 D412 − 16 (2021)

SINGLE USER LICENSE ONLY. SUPPLIED BY BSB EDGE UNDER LICENCE FROM ASTM FOR MAEON LABORATORIES - CHENNAI VIDE BSB EDGE ORDER NO. EST07-0657 ON
specimen. For obtaining non-rupture stress-strain or material Method B. Place each specimen in the test chamber at intervals
modulus properties, straight specimens are quite useful. ahead of testing so that all specimens of a series will be in the
7.1.5 The size of specimen type used will be determined by chamber the same length of time. The preheat time at elevated
the material, test equipment and the sample or piece available temperatures must be limited to avoid additional vulcanization
for test. A longer specimen may be used for rubbers having low or thermal aging.
ultimate elongation to improve precision of elongation mea-
9.3 For testing at temperatures below 23°C (73.4°F) condi-
surement.
tion the specimens at least 10 min prior to testing.
8. Calibration of the Testing Machine
TEST METHOD A—DUMBBELL AND STRAIGHT
8.1 Calibrate the testing machine in accordance with Proce- SPECIMENS
dure A of Practices E4. If the dynamometer is of the strain-
gauge type, calibrate the tester at one or more forces in addition 10. Apparatus
to the requirements in Sections 7 and 18 of Practices E4.
Testers having pendulum dynamometers may be calibrated as 10.1 Die—The shape and dimensions of the die for prepar-
follows: ing dumbbell specimens shall conform with those shown in
8.1.1 Place one end of a dumbbell specimen in the upper Fig. 2. The inside faces in the reduced section shall be
grip of the testing machine. perpendicular to the plane formed by the cutting edges and
8.1.2 Remove the lower grip from the machine and attach it, polished for a distance of at least 5 mm (0.2 in.) from the
by means of the gripping mechanism to the dumbbell specimen cutting edge. The die shall at all times be sharp and free of
in the upper grip. nicks (see 9.2).
8.1.3 Attach a hook to the lower end of the lower specimen NOTE 4—The condition of the die may be determined by investigating
grip mechanism. the rupture point on any series of broken (ruptured) specimens. Remove
8.1.4 Suspend a known mass from the hook of the lower such specimens from the grips of the testing machine, stack the joined-
specimen grip mechanism in such a way as to permit the mass together specimens on top of each other, and note if there is any tendency
for tensile breaks to occur at the same position on each of the specimens.
assembly to temporarily rest on the lower testing machine grip Rupture consistently at the same place indicates that the die may be dull,
framework or holder (see Note 3). nicked, or bent at that location.
8.1.5 Start the grip separation motor or mechanism, as in
10.2 Bench Marker—The two marks placed on the speci-

20-06-2023
normal testing, and allow it to run until the mass is freely
men and used to measure elongation or strain are called “bench
suspended by the specimen in the upper grip.
marks” (see Note 5). The bench marker shall consist of a base
8.1.6 If the dial or scale does not indicate the force applied
plate containing two raised parallel projections. The surfaces of
(or its equivalent in stress for a compensating type tester)
the raised projections (parallel to the plane of the base plate)
within specified tolerance, thoroughly inspect the testing ma-
are ground smooth in the same plane. The raised projection
chine for malfunction (for example, excess friction in bearings
marking surfaces shall be between 0.05 and 0.08 mm (0.002
and other moving parts). Ensure that the mass of the lower grip
and 0.003 in.) wide and at least 15 mm (0.6 in.) long. The
mechanism and the hook are included as part of the known
angles between the parallel marking surfaces and the sides of
mass.
the projections shall be at least 75°. The distance between the
8.1.7 After machine friction or other malfunction has been
centers of the two parallel projections or marking surfaces shall
removed, recalibrate the testing machine at a minimum of three
be within 1 % of the required or target bench mark distance. A
points using known masses to produce forces of approximately
handle attached to the back or top of the bench marker base
10, 20 and 50 % of capacity. If pawls or rachets are used during
plate is normally a part of the bench marker.
routine testing, use them for calibration. Check for friction in
the head by calibrating with the pawls up. NOTE 5—If a contact extensometer is used to measure elongation, bench
marks are not necessary.
NOTE 3—It is advisable to provide a means for preventing the known
mass from falling to the floor in case the dumbbell should break. 10.3 Ink Applicator—A flat unyielding surface (hardwood,
8.2 A rapid approximate calibration of the testing machine metal, or plastic) shall be used to apply either ink or powder to
may be obtained by using a spring calibration device. the bench marker. The ink or powder shall adhere to the
specimen, have no deteriorating effect on the specimen and be
9. Test Temperature of contrasting color to that of the specimen.
9.1 Unless otherwise specified, the standard temperature for 10.4 Grips—The testing machine shall have two grips, one
testing shall be 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F). Specimens shall be of which shall be connected to the dynamometer.
conditioned for at least 3 h when the test temperature is 23°C 10.4.1 Grips for testing dumbbell specimens shall tighten
(73.4°F). If the material is affected by moisture, maintain the automatically and exert a uniform pressure across the gripping
relative humidity at 50 6 5 % and condition the specimens for surfaces, increasing as the tension increases in order to prevent
at least 24 h prior to testing. When testing at any other slippage and to favor failure of the specimen in the straight
temperature is required use one of the temperatures listed in reduced section. Constant pressure pneumatic type grips also
Practice D1349. are satisfactory. At the end of each grip a positioning device is
9.2 For testing at temperatures above 23°C (73.4°F) preheat recommended for inserting specimens to the same depth in the
specimens for 10 6 2 min for Method A and for 6 6 2 min for grip and for alignment with the direction of pull.

4
 D412 − 16 (2021)

SINGLE USER LICENSE ONLY. SUPPLIED BY BSB EDGE UNDER LICENCE FROM ASTM FOR MAEON LABORATORIES - CHENNAI VIDE BSB EDGE ORDER NO. EST07-0657 ON
20-06-2023
FIG. 2 Standard Dies for Cutting Dumbbell Specimens

Dimensions of Standard Dumbbell DiesA (Metric Units)

Dimension Units Tolerance Die A Die B Die C Die D Die E Die F
A mm ±1 25 25 25 16 16 16
B mm max 40 40 40 30 30 30
C mm min 140 140 115 100 125 125
D mm ±6B 32 32 32 32 32 32
D-E mm ±1 13 13 13 13 13 13
F mm ±2 38 38 19 19 38 38
G mm ±1 14 14 14 14 14 14
H mm ±2 25 25 25 16 16 16
L mm ±2 59 59 33 33 59 59
W mm +0.05, –0.00 12 6 6 3 3 6
Z mm ±1 13 13 13 13 13 13
A
Dies whose dimensions are expressed in metric units are not exactly the same as dies whose dimensions are expressed in U.S. customary units. Dies dimensioned in
metric units are intended for use with apparatus calibrated in metric units.
B
For dies used in clicking machines it is preferable that this tolerance be ±0.5 mm.

FIG. 2 (continued)

5
 D412 − 16 (2021)

SINGLE USER LICENSE ONLY. SUPPLIED BY BSB EDGE UNDER LICENCE FROM ASTM FOR MAEON LABORATORIES - CHENNAI VIDE BSB EDGE ORDER NO. EST07-0657 ON
Dimensions of Standard Dumbbell DiesA (U.S. Customary Units)
Dimension Units Tolerance Die A Die B Die C Die D Die E Die F
A in. ±0.04 1 1 1 0.62 0.62 0.62
B in. max 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.2
C in. min 5.5 5.5 4.5 4 5 5
D in. ±0.25B 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
D-E in. ±0.04 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
F in. ±0.08 1.5 1.5 0.75 0.75 1.5 1.5
G in. ±0.04 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56
H in. ±0.08 1 1 1 0.63 0.63 0.63
L in. ±0.08 2.32 2.32 1.31 1.31 2.32 2.32
W in. +0.002, –0.000 0.500 0.250 0.250 0.125 0.125 0.250
Z in. ±0.04 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
A
Dies whose dimensions are expressed in metric units are not exactly the same as dies whose dimensions are expressed in U.S. customary units.
B
For dies used in clicking machines it is preferable that this tolerance by ±0.02 in.

FIG. 2 (continued)

10.4.2 Grips for testing straight specimens shall be constant 11.1.6 Measuring Thickness of Dumbbell Specimens—
pressure pneumatic, wedged, or toggle type designed to trans- Three measurements shall be made for the thickness, one at the
mit the applied gripping force over the entire width of the center and one at each end of the reduced section. The median
gripped specimen. of the three measurements shall be used as the thickness in
calculating the cross sectional area. Specimens with a differ-
11. Specimens ence between the maximum and the minimum thickness
11.1 Dumbbell Specimens—Prepare five specimens for test- exceeding 0.08 mm (0.003 in.), shall be discarded. The width
ing. of the specimen shall be taken as the distance between the
11.1.1 The test specimens may be injection molded or cut cutting edges of the die in the restricted section.
from a flat sheet not less than 1.3 mm (0.05 in.) nor more than 11.2 Straight Specimens—Straight specimens may be pre-
3.3 mm (0.13 in.) thick and of a size which will permit cutting pared if it is not practical to cut either a dumbbell or a ring
a specimen by one of the standard methods (refer to Fig. 2 for

20-06-2023
specimen as in the case of a narrow strip, small tubing or
the standard methods). Refer to 7.1 regarding thermoplastic narrow electrical insulation material. These specimens shall be
rubber or thermoplastic elastomer specimens. of sufficient length to permit their insertion in the grips used for
11.1.1.1 Sheets may be prepared directly by processing or the test. Bench marks shall be placed on the specimens as
from finished articles by cutting and buffing. If obtained from described for dumbbell specimens in 11.1.5. To determine the
a manufactured article, the specimen shall be free of surface cross sectional area of straight specimens in the form of tubes,
roughness, fabric layers, etc. in accordance with the procedure the mass, length, and density of the specimen may be required.
described in Practice D3183. The cross sectional area shall be calculated from these mea-
11.1.2 The preferred method of preparing specimens is by surements as follows:
compression molding. The mold shall have cavities in depth
A 5 M/DL (1)
and of a configuration described in subsection 8.2.2 of Practice
D3182. where:
11.1.2.1 The specimens may be die-cut from the molded A = cross-sectional area, cm2,
piece using Die C (refer to Fig. 2) unless otherwise specified. M = mass, g,
Cut the specimens from the sheet with a single impact stroke D = density, g/cm3, and
(hand or machine) to ensure smooth cut surfaces. L = length, cm.
11.1.3 All specimens shall be cut so that the lengthwise NOTE 6—A in square inches = A (cm2) × 0.155.
portion of the specimens is parallel to the grain unless
otherwise specified. Refer to 7.1.1 regarding anisotropy or 12. Procedure
grain directionality. 12.1 Determination of Tensile Stress, Tensile Strength and
11.1.4 An alternative method of preparing dumbbell speci- Yield Point—Place the dumbbell or straight specimen in the
mens is to mold them directly in the form of the dies described grips of the testing machine, using care to adjust the specimen
in Fig. 2 to the depth and of a configuration described in symmetrically to distribute tension uniformly over the cross
subsection 8.2.2 of Practice D3182. section. This avoids complications that prevent the maximum
11.1.5 Marking Dumbbell Specimens—Dumbbell speci- strength of the material from being evaluated. Unless otherwise
mens shall be marked with the bench marker described in 10.2, specified, the rate of grip separation shall be 500 6 50 mm/min
with no tension on the specimens at the time of marking. Marks (20 6 2 in./min) (see Note 7). Start the machine and note the
shall be placed on the reduced section, equidistant from its distance between the bench marks, taking care to avoid
center and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The between parallax. Record the force at the elongation(s) specified for the
bench mark distance shall be as follows: for Die C or Die D of test and at the time of rupture. The elongation measurement is
Fig. 2, 25.00 6 0.25 mm (1.00 6 0.01 in.); for any other Die made preferably through the use of an extensometer, an
of Fig. 2, 50.00 6 0.5 mm (2.00 6 0.02 in.). autographic mechanism or a spark mechanism. At rupture,

6
 D412 − 16 (2021)

SINGLE USER LICENSE ONLY. SUPPLIED BY BSB EDGE UNDER LICENCE FROM ASTM FOR MAEON LABORATORIES - CHENNAI VIDE BSB EDGE ORDER NO. EST07-0657 ON
measure and record the elongation to the nearest 10 %. See 13.5 Calculate the elongation (at any degree of extension) as
Section 13 for calculations. follows:
NOTE 7—For materials having a yield point (yield strain) under 20 % E 5 100@ L 2 L ~ o ! # /L ~ o ! (5)
elongation when tested at 500 6 50 mm/min (20 6 2 in./min), the rate of
elongation shall be reduced to 50 6 5 mm/min (2.0 6 0.2 in./min). If the where:
material still has a yield point (strain) under 20 % elongation, the rate shall E = the elongation in percent (of original bench mark
be reduced to 5 6 0.5 mm/min (0.2 6 0.002 in./min). The actual rate of distance),
separation shall be reported.
L = observed distance between bench marks on the ex-
12.2 Determination of Tensile Set—Place the specimen in tended specimen, and
the grips of the testing machine described in 6.1 or the L(o) = original distance between bench marks (use same
apparatus shown in Fig. 1, and adjust symmetrically so as to units for L and L(o)).
distribute the tension uniformly over the cross section. Sepa-
rate the grips at a rate of speed as uniformly as possible, that 13.6 The breaking or ultimate elongation is evaluated when
requires 15 s to reach the specified elongation. Hold the L is equal to the distance between bench marks at the point of
specimen at the specified elongation for 10 min, release specimen rupture.
quickly without allowing it to snap back and allow the 13.7 Calculate the tensile set, by using Eq 5, where L is
specimen to rest for 10 min. At the end of the 10 min rest equal to the distance between bench marks after the 10 min
period, measure the distance between the bench marks to the retraction period.
nearest 1 % of the original between bench mark distance. Use
13.8 Test Result—A test result is the median of three
a stop watch for the timing operations. See Section 13 for
individual test measurement values for any of the measured
calculations.
properties as described above, for routine testing. There are
12.3 Determination of Set-After-Break—Ten minutes after a two exceptions to this and for these exceptions a total of five
specimen is broken in a normal tensile strength test, carefully specimens (measurements) shall be tested and the test result
fit the two pieces together so that they are in good contact over reported as the median of five.
the full area of the break. Measure the distance between the 13.8.1 Exception 1—If one or two of the three measured
bench marks. See Section 13 for calculations. values do not meet specified requirement values when testing
for compliance with specifications.

20-06-2023
13. Calculation
13.8.2 Exception 2—If referee tests are being conducted.
13.1 Calculate the tensile stress at any specified elongation
as follows: TEST METHOD B—CUT RING SPECIMENS
T ~ xxx! 5 F ~ xxx! /A (2)
14. Apparatus
where: 14.1 Cutter—A typical ring cutter assembly is illustrated in
T(xxx) = tensile stress at (xxx) % elongation, MPa (lbf/in.2), Fig. 3. This is used for cutting rings from flat sheets by
F(xxx) = force at specified elongation, MN or (lbf), and mounting the upper shaft portion of the cutter in a rotating
A = cross-sectional area of unstrained specimen, m2 housing that can be lowered onto a sheet held by the rubber
(in.2). holding plate as shown in Fig. 4.
13.2 Calculate the yield stress as follows: 14.1.1 Blade Depth Gauge—This gauge consists of a cylin-
Y ~ stress! 5 F ~ y ! /A (3) drical disk having a thickness of at least 0.5 mm (0.02 in.)
greater than the thickness of the rubber to be cut and a diameter
where: less than the inside diameter of the specimen used for adjusting
Y(stress) = yield stress, that stress level where the yield point the protrusion of the blades from the body of the cutter. See
occurs, MPa (lbf/in.2), Fig. 3.
F(y) = magnitude of force at the yield point, MN (lbf), and
A = cross-sectional area of unstrained specimen, m2 14.2 Rubber Holding Plate—The apparatus for holding the
(in.2). sheet during cutting shall have plane parallel upper and lower
surfaces and shall be a rigid polymeric material (hard rubber,
13.3 Evaluate the yield strain as that strain or elongation polyurethane, polymethylmethacrylate) with holes approxi-
magnitude, where the rate of change of stress with respect to mately 1.5 mm (0.06 in.) in diameter spaced 6 or 7 mm (0.24
strain, goes through a zero value. or 0.32 in.) apart across the central region of the plate. All the
13.4 Calculate the tensile strength as follows: holes shall connect to a central internal cavity which can be
TS 5 F ~ BE! /A (4)
maintained at a reduced pressure for holding the sheet in place
due to atmospheric pressure. Fig. 4 illustrates the design of an
where: apparatus for holding standard sheets (approximately 150 ×
TS = tensile strength, the stress at rupture, MPa (lbf/in.2), 150 × 2 mm) during cutting.
F(BE) = the force magnitude at rupture, MN (lbf), and 14.3 Source of Reduced Pressure—Any device such as a
A = cross-sectional area of unstrained specimen, m2
vacuum pump that can maintain an absolute pressure below
(in.2).
10 kPa (0.1 atm) in the holding plate central cavity.

7
 D412 − 16 (2021)

SINGLE USER LICENSE ONLY. SUPPLIED BY BSB EDGE UNDER LICENCE FROM ASTM FOR MAEON LABORATORIES - CHENNAI VIDE BSB EDGE ORDER NO. EST07-0657 ON
20-06-2023
NOTE 1—Dimension C to be 2 mm (0.08 in.) less than the inside diameter of the ring.
FIG. 3 Typical Ring Cutter Assembly

14.4 Soap Solution—A mild soap solution shall be used on 14.9 Test Chamber—A chamber for testing at high and low
the specimen sheet to lubricate the cutting blades. temperatures shall be provided as specified in 6.2.
14.5 Cutter Rotator—A precision drill press or other suit- 14.9.1 The fixtures specified in 14.8 are satisfactory for
able machine capable of rotating the cutter at an angular speed testing at other than room temperature. However at extreme
of at least 30 rad/s (approximately 300 r/min) during cutting temperatures, a suitable lubricant shall be used to lubricate the
shall be used. The cutter rotator device shall be mounted on a spindle bearings.
horizontal base and have a vertical support orientation for the 14.9.2 The dynamometer shall be suitable for use at the
shaft that rotates the spindle and cutter. The run-out of the temperature of test or thermally insulated from the chamber.
rotating spindle shall not exceed 0.01 mm (0.004 in.).
14.10 Micrometer—A digital or analogue dial micrometer
14.6 Indexing Table—A milling table or other device with conforming to the requirements of Practice D3767. Procedure
typical x-y motions shall be provided for positioning the sheet A2 is the preferred method for measuring the dimensions of the
and holder with respect to the spindle of the cutter rotating cut-rings. Either the dome-dome contact arrangement de-
device. scribed in 9.2.2.1 or the dome-flat contact arrangement de-
14.7 Tensile Testing Machine—A machine as specified in scribed in 9.2.2.3 of Practice D3767 are acceptable.
6.1 shall be provided. 14.11 The radial width of the cut-ring is measured using a
14.8 Test Fixture—A test fixture as shown in Fig. 5 shall be micrometer with a base that shall consist of an upper cylindri-
provided for testing the ring specimens. The testing machine cal surface (with its axis oriented in a horizontal direction) at
shall be calibrated as outlined in Section 8. least 12 mm (0.5 in.) long and 15.5 6 0.5 mm (0.61 6 0.02 in.)

8
 D412 − 16 (2021)

SINGLE USER LICENSE ONLY. SUPPLIED BY BSB EDGE UNDER LICENCE FROM ASTM FOR MAEON LABORATORIES - CHENNAI VIDE BSB EDGE ORDER NO. EST07-0657 ON
Dimension mm in. Dimension mm in.

20-06-2023
A 178 7.0 F 19 0.75
B 152 6.0 G 23 0.90
C 89 3.5 H 1.5 0.062
D 229 9.0
E 6 0.25

FIG. 4 Rubber Holding Plate

FIG. 5 Assembly, Ring Tensile Test Fixture

in diameter. To accommodate small diameter rings that ap- 15. Ring Specimen
proach the 15.5 mm (0.61 in.) diameter of the base and to avoid
15.1 ASTM Cut Rings—Two types of cut ring specimens
any ring extension in placing the ring on the base, the bottom
half of the cylindrical surface may be truncated at the cylinder may be used. Unless otherwise specified, the Type 1 ring
centerline, that is, a half cylinder shape. This permits placing specimen shall be used.
small rings on the upper cylindrical surface without interfer- 15.1.1 Ring Dimensions:
ence fit problems. Curved feet on the end of the dial microm- mm in.
eter shaft to fit the curvature of the ring(s), may be used. Type 1

9
 D412 − 16 (2021)

SINGLE USER LICENSE ONLY. SUPPLIED BY BSB EDGE UNDER LICENCE FROM ASTM FOR MAEON LABORATORIES - CHENNAI VIDE BSB EDGE ORDER NO. EST07-0657 ON
Circumference (inside) 50.0 ± 0.01 2.0 ± 0.004 16. Procedure
Diameter (inside) 15.92 ± 0.003 0.637 ± 0.001
Radial width 1.0 ± 0.01 0.040 ± 0.0004 16.1 Determination of Tensile Stress, Tensile Strength,
Thickness, minimum 1.0 0.040 Breaking (Ultimate) Elongation and Yield Point—In testing
maximum 3.3 0.13 ring specimens, lubricate the surface of the spindle with a
Type 2
Circumference mean 100.0 ± 0.2 4.0 ± 0.0004 suitable lubricant, such a mineral oil or silicone oil. Select one
Diameter (inside) 29.8 ± 0.06 1.19 ± 0.0001 with documented assurance that it does not interact or affect the
Radial width 2.0 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.0008 material being tested. The initial setting of the distance
Thickness, minimum 1.0 0.04
maximum 3.3 0.13 between the spindle centers may be calculated and adjusted
according to the following equation:
15.2 ISO Cut Rings—The normal size and the small size
ring specimens in ISO 37 have the following dimensions given IS 5 @ C ~ TS! 2 C ~ SP! # /2 (6)
in mm. See ISO 37 for specific testing procedures for these
where:
rings.
IS = initial separation of spindle centers, mm (in.),
Normal Small
Diameter, inside 44.6 ± 0.2 mm 8.0 ± 0.1 mm
C(TS) = circumference of test specimen, inside circumfer-
Diameter, outside 52.6 ± 0.2 mm 10.0 ± 0.1 mm ence for Type 1 rings, mean circumference for Type
Thickness 4.0 ± 0.2 mm 1.0 ± 0.1 mm 2 rings, mm (in.), and
15.3 Rings Cut from Tubing—The dimensions of the ring C (SP) = circumference of either (one) spindle, mm (in.).
specimen(s) depend on the diameter and wall thickness of the Unless otherwise specified the rate of spindle separation
tubing and should be specified in the product specification. shall be 500 6 50 mm/min (20 6 2 in./min) (see Note 8). Start
15.4 Preparation of Cut Ring Specimens—Place the blades the test machine and record the force and corresponding
in the slots of the cutter and adjust the blade depth using the distance between the spindles. At rupture, measure and record
blade depth gauge. Place the cutter in the drill press and adjust the ultimate (breaking) elongation and the tensile (force)
the spindle or table so that the bottom of the blade holder is strength. See Section 17 for calculations.
about 13 mm (0.5 in.) above the surface of the holding plate. NOTE 8—When using the small ISO ring, the rate of spindle separation
Set the stop on the vertical travel of the spindle so that the tips shall be 100 6 10 mm/min (4 6 0.4 in./min).
of the cutting blades just penetrate the surface of the plate. 16.2 Tests at Temperatures Other than Standard—Use the
Place the sheet on the holding plate and reduce the pressure in

20-06-2023
test chamber described in 6.2. For tests at temperatures above
the cavity to 10 kPa (0.1 atm) or less. Lubricate the sheet with 23°C (73.4°F), preheat the specimens 6 6 2 min at the test
mild soap solution. Lower the cutter at a steady rate until it temperature. For below room temperature tests cool the speci-
reaches the stop. Be sure that the blade holder does not contact mens at the test temperature for at least 10 min prior to test.
the sheet. If necessary, readjust the blade depth. Return the Use test temperatures prescribed in Practice D1349. Place each
spindle to its original position and repeat the operation on specimen in the test chamber at intervals such that the
another sheet. recommendations of 9.2 are followed.
15.5 Preparation of Ring Specimens from Tubing—Place the
tubing on a mandrel preferably slightly larger than the inner 17. Calculation
diameter of the tubing. Rotate the mandrel and tubing in a 17.1 Stress-strain properties for ring specimens are in gen-
lathe. Cut ring specimens to the desired axial length by means eral calculated in the same manner as for dumbbell and straight
of a knife or razor blade held in the tool post of the lathe. Lay specimens with one important exception. Extending a ring
thin wall tubing flat and cut ring specimens with a die or specimen generates a nonuniform stress (or strain) field across
cutting mechanism having two parallel blades. the width (as viewed from left to right) of each leg of the ring.
15.6 Ring Dimension Measurements: The initial inside dimension (circumference) is less than the
15.6.1 Circumference—The inside circumference can be outside dimension (circumference), therefore for any extension
determined by a stepped cone or by “go-no go” gauges. Do not of the grips, the inside strain (or stress) is greater than the
use any stress in excess of that needed to overcome any outside strain (or stress) because of the differences in the initial
ellipticity of the ring specimen. The mean circumference is (unstrained) dimensions.
obtained by adding to the value for the inside circumference, 17.2 The following options are used to calculate stress at a
the product of the radial width and π (3.14). specified elongation (strain) and breaking or ultimate elonga-
15.6.2 Radial Width—The radial width is measured at three tion.
locations distributed around the circumference using the mi- 17.2.1 Stress at a Specified Elongation—The mean circum-
crometer described in 14.11. ference of the ring is used for determining the elongation. The
15.6.3 Thickness—For cut rings, the thickness of the disk rationale for this choice is that the mean circumference best
cut from the inside of the ring is measured with a micrometer represents the average strain in each leg of the ring.
described in Practice D3767, Procedure A2, refer to 14.10. 17.2.2 Ultimate (Breaking) Elongation—This is calculated
15.6.4 Cross-Sectional Area—The cross-sectional area is on the basis of the inside circumference since this represents
calculated from the median of three measurements of radial the maximum strain (stress) in each leg of the ring. This
width and thickness. For thin wall tubing, the area is calculated location is the most probable site for the initiation of the
from the axial length of the cut section and wall thickness. rupture process that occurs at break.

10
 D412 − 16 (2021)
19. Precision and Bias5

SINGLE USER LICENSE ONLY. SUPPLIED BY BSB EDGE UNDER LICENCE FROM ASTM FOR MAEON LABORATORIES - CHENNAI VIDE BSB EDGE ORDER NO. EST07-0657 ON
17.3 Calculate the tensile stress at any specified elongation
by using Eq 2 in 13.1. 19.1 This precision and bias section has been prepared in
17.3.1 The elongation to be used to evaluate the force as accordance with Practice D4483. Refer to Practice D4483 for
specified in Eq 2 (13.1), is calculated as follows: terminology and other statistical details.
E 5 200@ L/MC~ TS! # (7) 19.2 The precision results in this precision and bias section
where: give an estimate of the precision of these test methods with the
materials used in the particular interlaboratory program as
E = elongation (specified), percent,
L = increase in grip separation at specified elongation, described below. The precision parameters should not be used
mm (in.), and for acceptance/rejection testing of any group of materials
MC(TS) = mean circumference of test specimen, mm (in.). without documentation that the parameters are applicable to
those particular materials and the specific testing protocols that
17.3.2 The grip separation for any specified elongation can include these test methods.
be found by rearranging Eq 7, as given below:
19.3 Test Method A (Dumbbells):
L 5 E 3 MC~ TS! /200 (8) 19.3.1 For the main interlaboratory program a Type 1
17.4 Calculate the yield stress by using Eq 3 in 13.2. precision was evaluated in 1986. Both repeatability and repro-
ducibility are short term, a period of a few days separates
17.5 Evaluate the yield strain as given in 13.3. Since yield replicate test results. A test result is the median value, as
strain may be considered to be an average bulk property of any specified by this test method, obtained on three determina-
material, use the mean circumference for this evaluation. tion(s) or measurement(s) of the property or parameter in
17.6 Calculate the tensile strength by using Eq 4 in 13.4. question.
19.3.2 Three different materials were used in this interlabo-
17.7 Calculate the breaking or ultimate elongation as fol- ratory program, these were tested in ten laboratories on two
lows (see Notes 8 and 9): different days.
E 5 200 3 @ L/IC~ TS! # (9) 19.3.3 For the main interlaboratory program cured sheets of
each of the three compounds were circulated to each laboratory
where: and stress-strain (dumbbell) specimens were cut, gauged, and
E = breaking or ultimate elongation, percent,

20-06-2023
tested. A secondary interlaboratory test was conducted for one
L = increase in grip separation at break, mm (in.), and of the compounds (R19160). For this testing, uncured com-
IC(TS) = inside circumference of ring test specimen, mm pound was circulated and sheets were cured at a specified time
(in.). and temperature (10 min at 157°C) in each laboratory. From
17.8 The inside circumference is used for both types of these individually cured sheets, test specimens were cut and
rings, see 15.1.1 for dimensions. Use the inside diameter to tested on each of two days one week apart as in the main
calculate the inside circumference for Type 2 rings. program. The main program results are referred to as “Test
Only” and the secondary program results are referred to as
NOTE 9—Eq 7, Eq 8, and Eq 9 are applicable only if the initial setting “Cure and Test.”
of the spindle centers is adjusted in accordance with Eq 6.
19.3.4 The results of the precision calculations for repeat-
NOTE 10—The user of these test method should be aware that because
of the different dimensions used in calculating (1) stress at a specified ability and reproducibility are given in Tables 1 and 2, in
elongation (less than the ultimate elongation) and (2) the ultimate ascending order of material average or level, for each of the
(breaking) elongation (see 17.1 and 17.2), it is possible that a stress at a materials evaluated and for each of the three properties
specified elongation, slightly less (4 to 5 %) than the ultimate elongation evaluated.
cannot be measured (calculated).
19.3.5 The precision of this test method may be expressed in
the format of the following statements that use what is called
18. Report
an “appropriate value” of r, R, (r), or (R), that is, that value to
18.1 Report the following information: be used in decisions about test results (obtained with the test
18.1.1 Results calculated in accordance with Section 13 or method). The appropriate value is that value of r or R
17, whichever is applicable, associated with a mean level in Tables 1-4 closest to the mean
18.1.2 Type or description of test specimen and with Section level under consideration at any given time, for any given
13 which type of die, either U.S. Customary Units or Metric material in routine testing operations.
Units, was used. 19.3.6 Repeatability—The repeatability, r, of this test
18.1.3 Date of test, method has been established as the appropriate value tabulated
in Tables 1 and 2. Two single test results, obtained under
18.1.4 Rate of extension if not as specified,
normal test method procedures, that differ by more than this
18.1.5 Temperature and humidity of test room if not as
tabulated r (for any given level) must be considered as derived
specified,
from different or nonidentical sample populations.
18.1.6 Temperature of test if at other than 23 6 2°C (73.4 6
3.6°F) and
18.1.7 Date of vulcanization, preparation of the rubber, or 5
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
both, if known. be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D11-1099.

11
 D412 − 16 (2021)

SINGLE USER LICENSE ONLY. SUPPLIED BY BSB EDGE UNDER LICENCE FROM ASTM FOR MAEON LABORATORIES - CHENNAI VIDE BSB EDGE ORDER NO. EST07-0657 ON
TABLE 1 Type 1 (Test Only) Precision on Method A Die C Dumbbell Test Specimens
NOTE 1—
Sr = repeatability standard deviation.
r = repeatability = 2.83 times the square root of the repeatability variance.
(r) = repeatability (as percentage of material average).
SR = reproducibility standard deviation.
R = reproducibility = 2.83 times the square root of the reproducibility variance.
(R) = reproducibility (as percentage of material average).
Part 1 Tensile Strength, MPa:
Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
1. N18081 9.88 0.200 0.568 5.75 0.293 0.829 8.40
3. E17074 15.38 0.467 1.323 8.60 0.482 1.366 8.88
2. R19160 25.70 0.436 1.235 4.80 1.890 5.351 20.82
Pooled ValuesA 16.99 0.385 1.090 6.42 1.102 3.120 18.37

Part 2 Percent Elongation:

Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
3. E17074 156.3 6.304 17.842 11.41 11.481 32.492 20.78
2. R19160 510.4 11.471 32.464 6.36 21.243 60.120 11.77
1. N18081 591.6 17.810 50.402 8.52 27.198 76.972 13.01
Pooled ValuesA 419.4 12.761 36.114 8.61 20.999 59.427 14.16

Part 3 Stress at 100 % Elongation, MPa:

Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
1. N18081 1.17 0.053 0.151 12.96 0.061 0.1744 14.92
2. R19160 2.01 0.050 0.142 7.10 0.274 0.7755 38.62
3. E17074 9.08 0.489 1.385 15.25 0.738 2.0910 23.02
Pooled ValuesA 4.09 0.285 0.808 19.79 0.456 1.2915 31.60
A
No values omitted.

20-06-2023
TABLE 2 Type 1 (Cure and Test) Precision on Method A Die C Dumbbell Test SpecimensA
NOTE 1—
Sr = repeatability standard deviation.
r = repeatability = 2.83 times the square root of the repeatability variance.
(r) = repeatability (as percentage of material average).
SR = reproducibility standard deviation.
R = reproducibility = 2.83 times the square root of the reproducibility variance.
(R) = reproducibility (as percentage of material average).
NOTE 2—
N18081—highly extended, low durometer CR (Neoprene).
R19160—high tensile NR.
E17047—moderately filled EPDM.
Part 1 Tensile Strength, MPa:
Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
1. R19160 26.0 0.613 1.73 6.66 1.74 4.95 19.0

Part 2 Percent Elongation:

Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
1. R19160 526.9 13.32 37.7 7.15 19.6 55.70 10.5

Part 3 Stress at 100 % Elongation, MPa:

Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
1. R19160 1.83 0.072 0.205 11.21 0.226 0.641 34.5
A
Seven laboratories participated in this cure and test program.

19.3.7 Reproducibility—The reproducibility, R, of this test that differ by more than the tabulated R (for any given level)
method has been established as the appropriate value tabulated must be considered to have come from different or nonidentical
in Tables 1 and 2. Two single test results obtained in two sample populations.
different laboratories, under normal test method procedures,

12
 D412 − 16 (2021)

SINGLE USER LICENSE ONLY. SUPPLIED BY BSB EDGE UNDER LICENCE FROM ASTM FOR MAEON LABORATORIES - CHENNAI VIDE BSB EDGE ORDER NO. EST07-0657 ON
TABLE 3 Type 1 Precision—Test Method B (Rings)
NOTE 1—
Sr = repeatability standard deviation.
r = repeatability = 2.83 times the square root of the repeatability variance.
(r) = repeatability (as percentage of material average).
SR = reproducibility standard deviation.
R = reproducibility = 2.83 times the square root of the reproducibility variance.
(R) = reproducibility (as percentage of material average).
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
5. MATL 5 11.5 0.666 1.885 16.3 1.43 4.06 35.3
6. MATL 6 12.7 0.274 0.775 6.0 0.83 2.35 18.5
1. MATL 1 14.6 0.367 1.040 7.1 0.40 1.15 7.9
4. MATL 4 15.0 0.553 1.565 10.4 3.03 8.59 57.2
2. MATL 2 20.3 1.293 3.660 18.0 2.47 6.99 34.4
3. MATL 3 22.3 1.556 4.405 19.6 1.55 4.40 19.6
Pooled ValuesA 15.9 0.942 2.666 16.7 1.87 5.31 33.3
A
No values omitted.

TABLE 4 Type 1 Precision—Test Method B (Rings)

NOTE 1—
Sr = repeatability standard deviation.
r = repeatability = 2.83 times the square root of the repeatability variance.
(r) = repeatability (as percentage of material average).
SR = reproducibility standard deviation.
R = reproducibility = 2.83 times the square root of the reproducibility variance.
(R) = reproducibility (as percentage of material average).
Ultimate Elongation, %
Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)

20-06-2023
1. MATL 1 322.1 15.25 43.18 13.40 33.4 94.7 29.4
2. MATL 2 445.4 11.35 32.12 7.21 34.1 96.6 21.7
4. MATL 4 509.4 27.44 77.65 15.24 51.1 144.8 28.4
5. MATL 5 545.0 2.91 8.25 1.51 56.3 159.5 29.2
6. MATL 6 599.7 12.91 36.55 6.09 14.0 39.6 6.60
3. MATL 3 815.8 16.25 45.99 5.63 90.6 256.5 31.4
Pooled ValuesA 539.6 16.54 46.82 8.67 48.2 136.4 25.2
A
No values omitted.

19.3.8 Repeatability and reproducibility expressed as a 19.4.3 The results of the precision calculations for repeat-
percentage of the mean level, (r) and (R), have equivalent ability and reproducibility are given in Tables 3 and 4, in
application statements as above for r and R. For the (r) and (R) ascending order of material average or level, for each of the
statements, the difference in the two single test results is materials evaluated.
expressed as a percentage of the arithmetic mean of the two test 19.4.4 Repeatability, r, varies over the range of material
results. levels as evaluated. Reproducibility, R, varies over the range of
19.3.9 Bias—In test method terminology, bias is the differ- material levels as evaluated.
ence between an average test value and the reference (or true)
test property value. Reference values do not exist for this test 19.4.5 The precision of this test method may be expressed in
method since the value (of the test property) is exclusively the format of the following statements that use what is called
defined by the test method. Bias, therefore, cannot be deter- an “appropriate value” of r, R, (r), or (R), that is, that value to
mined. be used in decisions about test results (obtained with the test
method). The appropriate value is that value of r or R
19.4 Test Method B (Rings):
associated with a mean level in Tables 1-4 closest to the mean
19.4.1 A Type 1 precision was evaluated in 1985. Both
level under consideration at any given time, for any given
repeatability and reproducibility are short term, a period of a
few days separates replicate test results. A test result is the material in routine testing operations.
mean value, as specified by this test method, obtained on three 19.4.6 Repeatability—The repeatability, r, of this test
determinations or measurements of the property or parameter method has been established as the appropriate value tabulated
in question. in Tables 3 and 4. Two single test results, obtained under
19.4.2 Six different materials were used in the interlabora- normal test method procedures, that differ by more than this
tory program, these were tested in four laboratories on two tabulated r (for any given level) must be considered as derived
different days. from different or nonidentical sample populations.

13
 D412 − 16 (2021)
19.4.7 Reproducibility—The reproducibility, R, of this test 19.4.9 Bias—In test method terminology, bias is the differ-
method has been established as the appropriate value tabulated ence between an average test value and the reference (or true)
in Tables 3 and 4. Two single test results obtained in two test property value. Reference values do not exist for this test
different laboratories, under normal test method procedures, method since the value (of the test property) is exclusively
that differ by more than the tabulated R (for any given level) defined by the test method. Bias, therefore, cannot be deter-
must be considered to have come from different or nonidentical mined.
sample populations.
19.4.8 Repeatability and reproducibility expressed as a 20. Keywords
percentage of the mean level, (r) and (R), have equivalent
application statements as 19.3.6 and 19.3.7 for r and R. For the 20.1 elongation; set after break; tensile properties; tensile
(r) and (R) statements, the difference in the two single test set; tensile strength; tensile stress; yield point
results is expressed as a percentage of the arithmetic mean of
the two test results.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

14