LPG GAS DETECTION SYSTEM SESSION 2024-2025

TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter No. Contents Page No.
1 Introduction 4

1.1 Need Of Gas Leakage Detector

1.2 Application of using gas detection sensor

2 Literature Survey 7
3 Objectives 8
4 Methodology 9
5 Algorithm 12
6 Components 15

6.1 ESP8266
6.2 DHT11
6.2.1 Communication process
6.3 MQ-6 Gas Sensor
6.4 Servo motor
6.4.1 Servo mechanism
6.4.2 Working principle of servo motor
6.5 Relay
6.6 Exhaust Fan
6.7 Buzzer
6.8 Jumpire wire
7 Circuit Diagram 26
8 Code 27
9 Result 30
10 Applications 32
11 Future Scope 35
12 Conclusion 37
13 References 38

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. CONTENT PAGE

NO.
1 Comparison Table 7
2 Block Diagram 9
3 Algorithm Of Code 12
4 ESP8266 15
5 DHT11 16
6 Interfacing DHT11 With ESP8266 17
7 MQ6 Gas Sensor 18
8 Interfacing MQ6 With ESP8266 19
9 Servo Motor 20
10 Internal Structure of Servo Motor 21
11 Relay 22
12 Exhaust Fan 23
13 Block Diagram Of Buzzer 24
14 Jumper Wire 25
15 Circuit Diagram 26
16 Example of Code 27

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

• LPG - Liquefied Petroleum Gas

• MQ6 - Metal Oxide Gas Sensor (Model MQ6)
• DHT - Digital Humidity and Temperature Sensor
• DHT11 - A specific model of the DHT sensor
• Blynk - A cloud-based platform for IoT and mobile app integration
• Arduino - A popular open-source electronics platform based on microcontrollers
• Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity (a standard for wireless networking)
• SSID - Service Set Identifier (the name of a Wi-Fi network)
• IP - Internet Protocol (used for identifying devices in a network)
• HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocol (protocol for transferring web data)
• Wi-Fi Module - A hardware component (like ESP8266 or ESP32) that enables Wi-Fi
connectivity for Arduino
• GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications (for SMS-based notifications, if used)
• Blynk Token - A unique identifier for connecting your Arduino with the Blynk platform
• PIN - Personal Identification Number (also used for digital pins in hardware)
• VPin - Virtual Pin (used to link physical pins to the Blynk app interface)
• V1, V2, V3 - Virtual pins used in the Blynk app for mapping data or control actions
• LCD - Liquid Crystal Display (optional display for showing sensor data, if used)
• LED - Light Emitting Diode (often used for status indicators)
• GPIO - General Purpose Input/Output (pins on a microcontroller for input or output)
• PWM - Pulse Width Modulation (a method for controlling power to devices like motors or
fans)

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CHAPTER-1

1.) INTRODUCTION
A gas leak refers to a leak of natural gas or another gaseous product from a pipeline or
other containment into any area where the gas should not be present. Gas leaks can be
hazardous to health as well as the environment. Even a small leak into a building or other
confined space may gradually build up an explosive or lethal gas concentration. Natural gas
leaks and the escape of refrigerant gas into the atmosphere are especially harmful, because of
their global warming potential and ozone depletion potential.
Leaks of gases associated with industrial operations and equipment are also generally
known as fugitive emissions. Natural gas leaks from fossil fuel extraction and use are known
as fugitive gas emissions. Such unintended leaks should not be confused with similar
intentional types of gas release, such as:
• gas venting emissions which are controlled releases, and often practiced as a part of
routine operations, or
• "Emergency pressure releases" prevent equipment damage and safeguard life.
Gas leaks should also not be confused with "gas seepage" from the earth or oceans - either
natural or due to human activity.

The Bhopal disaster or Bhopal gas tragedy was a chemical accident on the night of 2–3
December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh, India. In what is considered the world's worst industrial disaster, over 500,000 people
in the small towns around the plant were exposed to the highly toxic gas methyl
isocyanate (MIC). Estimates vary on the death toll, with the official number of immediate
deaths being 2,259. In 2008, the Government of Madhya Pradesh paid compensation to the
family members of 3,787 victims killed in the gas release, and to 574,366 injured victims. A
government affidavit in 2006 stated that the leak caused 558,125 injuries, including 38,478
temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling
injuries. Others estimate that 8,000 died within two weeks, and another 8,000 or more have
since died from gas-related diseases.

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1.1) NEED OF GAS LEAKAGE DETECTOR

The proliferation of LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) cylinders in household and
industrial settings underscores the critical importance of safety measures against potential gas
leaks. Traditional gas leakage detection systems, relying solely on general toxic gas sensors
and alarm systems, often lack the efficiency and immediacy required to mitigate risks
effectively. However, with the advent of IoT (Internet of Things) technology, a paradigm shift
is underway in gas leak detection and response mechanisms. The Automatic LPG Gas Leakage
Detection and Cut-off System represents a groundbreaking advancement in gas safety
protocols. By integrating IoT capabilities, this system not only detects gas leaks but also swiftly
activates a cut-off mechanism in the event of a detected leak. This proactive approach
significantly reduces the likelihood of gas-related accidents and minimizes potential damages.
Furthermore, the incorporation of IoT technology enables seamless communication
between the gas detection system and connected mobile devices. Instant alert messages are
dispatched to users, providing real-time notifications of gas leaks and facilitating prompt
response measures, even from remote locations. This level of interconnectedness and
responsiveness fundamentally transforms the way we perceive and manage gas-related
incidents. In essence, the convergence of IoT technology and safety features in the Automatic
LPG Gas Leakage Detection and Cut-off System heralds a new era in gas safety protocols.
The goal of the Automatic LPG Gas Leakage Detection and Cut-off System project is
to revolutionize gas safety using IoT technology. It addresses limitations in current detection
systems by enhancing proactive leak detection and immediate response. Specific objectives
include developing a robust detection system for accurate identification of LPG leaks and
implementing an automatic cut-off mechanism. Seamless communication with mobile devices
enables real-time alerts for prompt action, aiming to ensure safety across households,
businesses, and industries. This project aims to set a new standard for gas safety protocols,
empowering users with enhanced awareness and control.
1. Enhance Safety: The primary objective of the Automatic LPG Gas Leakage Detection and
Cut-off System is to significantly improve safety measures in households and industrial settings
by promptly detecting gas leaks and activating a cut-off mechanism to prevent potential
accidents and hazards.
2. Minimize Risks: By leveraging IoT technology, the system aims to minimize the risks
associated with gas leaks by providing real-time detection and immediate response capabilities,
thereby reducing the likelihood of fire outbreaks, explosions, and other gas-related incidents.
3. Enable Remote Monitoring: Another key objective is to enable remote monitoring of gas
leakage situations through the integration of IoT-enabled communication. This allows users to
receive instant alert messages on their mobile devices, regardless of their location, empowering
them to take necessary actions promptly.

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APPLICATIONS OF USING GAS SENSOR

Harmful Gas Detection: The sensing of toxic gases such as H2S, Methane, and CO is of great
importance in any industry to avoid unwanted leakage and consequences like poisoning or
explosions. The presence of these gases can be easily detected in the industrial facilities and
commercial buildings with the help of IoT-powered gas monitoring solution. Moreover, a gas
detector or sensor device is a crucial part to carry out safe industrial operations. The sensor-
enabled solution helps prevent the high risk of gas explosions and affecting any casualties
within and outside the premises.
Fire Hazard Prevention: The gas sensors help detect the concentration of the gases present in
the atmosphere to avoid hazardous consequences like fire breakouts. Also, it is an imperative
solution to keep the plant workers and equipment safe from fire hazards. It effectively detects
the presence of hazardous gases like propane and methane and alerts the plant authorities,
preventing the premises from unexpected ignition. Moreover, a gas monitoring solution uses
gas analyzers to generate alerts regarding the temperature increase. This allows the
management to take immediate actions to curb harmful fire explosions.
Oxygen Level Measurement: Sensing the presence of gases is a necessity to conduct
industrial operations as several pitmen had lost their lives due to lack of oxygen in the
process of mining explorations. A sudden decrease in the oxygen levels can result in
dizziness, brain damage, or even death among the workers working in mines or close-packed
industrial premises. A gas monitoring system significantly benefits the industries by
maintaining proper oxygen levels that reflect the optimal performance of your workers. This
system also creates alerts in real-time about the decreasing oxygen levels, which gives
enough time to take necessary measures to evacuate the facilities much before the health gets
affected.

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CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY
The device which is used to detect the gas is already present the market which is widely
used in many places like industries where there is plenty of chances of the explosion which
may lead to massive destruction and the loss of man power; in homes, where the LPG gas used
most widely in our daily necessity where it can detect the leakage of LPG gas; in cars, where
most of the vehicles contains the cylinder and many more places.

Fig.1 Comparison Table

The reviewed literature outlines various approaches to gas leakage detection, emphasizing the
trade-offs between system capabilities and limitations. While advancements in sensor
technology and communication protocols enhance reliability and functionality, issues such as
false alarms, power dependency, and limited response mechanisms present ongoing challenges.
Future research should aim to address these limitations, focusing on improving sensor
accuracy, enhancing power solutions, and developing more integrated response systems.

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CHAPTER-3

OBJECTIVES
The primary objective of the LPG gas detection system using the listed
components is to enhance safety in environments where LPG (Liquefied Petroleum
Gas) is used. The specific objectives of the system are as follows:

1. Real-time LPG Gas Detection: To detect the presence of LPG gas in the
environment using the MQ-6 gas sensor. The system shouldbe able to identify even
low concentrations of gas, providing early detection to prevent accidents.

2. Immediate Hazard Mitigation: To automatically activate an exhaust fan when a gas

leak is detected. The fan helps ventilate the area and reduce the accumulation of
dangerous gas, thereby preventing potential hazards such as fire or explosion.

3. Automated Safety Actions: To control a servo motor to take additional safety

actions, such as closing a gas valve or performing another predefined safety
mechanism when a gas leak is detected.

4. Environmental Monitoring: To monitor and record the environmental temperature

using the DHT11 temperature sensor. Temperature data can help in identifying
abnormal heating due to gas leak or other factors, providing an extra layer of safety
and system monitoring.

5. IoT-Based Monitoring and Control: Enable remote monitoring of the gas levels,
temperature, and system status through IoT integration. The ESP8266 Wi-Fi
module transmits real-time data to a cloud-based platform, whichcan be accessed
via mobile or web [Link] provide instant notifications (SMS, email, or app
alerts) to the user when the gas concentration exceeds a safe threshold, ensuring
prompt action can be taken even if the user is not physicallypresent.

6. Increased Safety and Prevention: To reduce the risk of LPG-related accidents by

combining multiple safety features like gas detection, environmental monitoring,
and immediate corrective actions such as ventilation and system shutdown.

7. Energy Efficiency: To automate the operation of safety devices (such as the

exhaust fan and servo motor) based onsensor data, reducing the need for manual
intervention and ensuring that energy is used only when necessary, thus improving
system efficiency.

8. Cost -Effective and Scalable Solution: To provide a low-cost, efficient solution for
domestic and industrial gas leak safety. The use ofArduino and affordable
components ensures the system is accessible, and the IoT implementation adds.
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CHAPTER-4

METHODOLOGY

Fig.2 Block Diagram

The methodology of the Smart LPG Gas Level Monitoring and Leakage
Detection System using IoT involves the following steps:

SENSOR INSTALLATION: Sensor installation involves securely mounting

and configuring the gas sensor, such as an MQ-6, in an optimal location to
accurately detect the presence of LPG, which is heavier than air. The sensor should
be placed near the ground, typically 6-12 inches above floor level,to detect gas
accumulation effectively. It must be positioned in a well-ventilated area, free from
obstructions, and away from direct airflow to ensure accurate readings. The sensor
is connected to the control system, such as an Arduino, through its power, ground,
and signal pins, and calibrated to establish baseline readings and detection
thresholds. Proper installation is crucial for the reliability, safety, and
responsiveness of the LPG detection system.

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CONNECTIVITY: Connectivity refers to the integration and communication

between various components of the system, enabling them to work together to
detect and respond to gas leaks. The gas sensor (e.g., MQ-2 or MQ-6) connects to
the microcontroller, such as an Arduino, through its power, ground, and signal pins.
The microcontroller processes the sensor's data and communicates with output
devices like buzzers, LEDs, or relays to trigger alarms or safety mechanisms.
CLOUD PLATFORM: A cloud platform enables real-time monitoring, data storage,
and management of gasdetection information through internet connectivity. It allows
the gas detector to transmit sensor datato the cloud, where users can access it via a
web dashboard or mobile app. This platform provides real-time alerts, SMS or email
notifications during gas leaks, and long-term storage for analyzing gas concentration
trends. Additionally, it supports remote control of safety mechanisms, such as
activating exhaust fans or shutting off gas supply, ensuring enhanced safety and
conveniencefor users.

VISUALIZATION AND ALERTS : It refer to the methods of presenting data

and notifying users in the event of agas leak. Visualization involves displaying real-
time data, such as gas concentration levels, on a user interface (like a mobile app,
web dashboard), enabling users to monitor the situation at any time. This helps
users quickly assess the environment and determine if gas levels are within safe
limits. Alerts are automatic notifications triggered when the gas concentration
exceeds a predefined threshold. These alerts can be in the form of visual indicators
(e.g., red LED), audible alarms (e.g., buzzer), or remote notifications through SMS,
email, or mobile app, ensuring that users are immediately informed of a potential
hazard, even if they are not physically near the detection site. Together,
visualization andalerts play a critical role in ensuring safety and prompt action in
the event of an LPG leak.

MACHINE LEARNING: Machine learning enhances the system’s ability to

predict, identify patterns, and make intelligent decisions based on sensor data.
Unlike traditional systems that rely on predefined thresholds, machine learning
algorithms can analyze historical data to detect abnormal patterns or predict
potential gas leaks before they reach dangerous levels. By using techniques such
as anomaly detection, the system can recognize subtle changes in gas
concentrations and environmental conditions, reducing false alarms. Machine
learning also enables predictive analytics, helping forecast future gas levels and
trends. Additionally, it can improve the calibration of sensors by automatically
adjustingsensitivity and thresholds based on learned patterns, providing more
accurate detection. Thisintegration allows the gas detection system to be more
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adaptive, efficient, and precise in ensuring safety.

GAS DETECTION SYSTEM: A gas detection system is a safety device designed to

monitor the concentration of gases in the environment and detect potential leaks or
hazardous conditions. It typically consists of gas sensors that detect specific gases, a
microcontroller or processor that processes sensor data, and an alarm system (visual and
audible) that alerts users when gas levels exceed predefined thresholds. Some advanced
systems integrate connectivity features, such as IoT, to enable remote monitoring and
notifications via mobile apps or cloud platforms. These systems are commonly used in
industrial settings, homes, laboratories, and other environments where gas leaks could
pose a safety risk. The system works by detecting the presence of gas, processing the
data, and triggering alarms or safety actions to prevent accidents. While they provide
early warnings and enhance safety, gas detection systems require periodic calibration and
maintenance to ensure their reliability and accuracy.
ESP8266: The ESP8266 can be used in a gas leakage detector project by connecting it to a gas
sensor like the MQ-6, which detects combustible gases. The sensor outputs an analog signal
proportional to the gas concentration, which the ESP8266 reads through its ADC pin. If the gas
concentration exceeds a predefined threshold, the ESP8266 can trigger a local alarm using a
buzzer or LED and send alerts over Wi-Fi to a smartphone or web dashboard. It can also control
a relay module to activate safety measures like turning off the gas supply or starting an exhaust
fan, ensuring real-time safety monitoring and response.
EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN : In an LPG gas detection system with an
emergency shutdown feature, the system is designed to automatically stop the gas
flow or turn off connected equipment when dangerous gas levels are detected. This
is typically achieved by incorporating a relay module and a solenoid valve. The
Arduino controls the relay based on the readings from the gas sensor. When the
sensor detects gas levels exceeding a predefined threshold, the Arduino activates the
relay, which in turn either shuts off the gas supply through the solenoid valve or cuts
power to gas-powered appliances. This feature enhances safety by preventing the
continued release of gas during a leak or hazardous situation. The relay and
solenoid valve must be appropriately wired to handle the power requirements,
and thesystem can be further augmented with visual (LED) and audible (buzzer)
alerts to inform users of the detected gas leak before the emergency shutdown
occurs.

Alert and notification : The system can send alerts and notifications to the user in
case of any gas leakage detected or when the gas level false below a certain
threshold. This insure timely action can be taken to avoid any mishaps.

Overall, the Smart LPG Gas Level Monitoring and Leakage Detection System using
IoT is a combination of hardware, software and cloud based technology that work.
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CHAPTER-5

ALGORITHM

GAS Level

Exhaust
Fan

Servo motor

Cut-off regulator
switch

Fig.3 Algorithm of Code

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This flowchart illustrates the process of a smart LPG gas level monitoring and leakage
detectionsystem using IoT.

Here's a breakdown of the steps:

1. Start

2. Initialization:
Declare variables, constants, and functions needed
for the [Link] the input/output pins for the
microcontroller.
Set up the timer and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for the load cell.
Initialize the buzzer, LCD display, and establish a connection to the Blynk cloud
platform.

3. Read Voltage :
Measure the voltage from the load cell pins, which represents the weight of the gas
cylinder.

4. Gas level :
In an LPG gas detector project, "gas level" refers to the concentration of LPG
(Liquefied Petroleum Gas) in the air, typically measured in parts per million
(PPM) or percentage of the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL). The sensor detects
the gas level and triggers alerts or actions if the concentration reaches
dangerous levels.

5. Gas Leakage Detection:

Simultaneously, check for gas leakage using a gas sensor. If a leak is detected,
activate the buzzer and proceed to the "Leakage" branch.

6. Gas Level Monitoring:

If no gas leakage is detected, proceed to check the gas level based on the
weight [Link] flowchart defines four different levels:
Level 1 (Count < 16500): Indicates a nearly
empty cylinder. Level 2 (Count < 20000):
Indicates a low gas level.
Level 3 (Count < 24000):
Indicates a medium gas level.
Level 4 (Count < 30000):
Indicates a high gas level.\

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7. Notification:
If a gas leak is detected or the gas level reaches a critical point (e.g., Level 1), a
notification is sent to the Blynk app and the service provider.

8. Exhaust fan :
An exhaust fan expels gas from a room and allows fresh air to enter when a gas
leak is detected.

9. Servo motor:
The system also includes a servo motor that turns on and assists the regulator
to disconnect, so thatit cuts off the gas supply when a gas leakage is detected.

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CHAPTER-6

6.) COMPONENTS:-

6.1) ESP8266
The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microcontroller, with built-in TCP/IP networking
software, and microcontroller capability.
The chip was popularized in the English-speaking maker community in August 2014
via the ESP-01 module, made by a third-party manufacturer Ai-Thinker. This small module
allows microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connections
using Hayes-style commands. However, at first, there was almost no English-language
documentation on the chip and the commands it accepted. The very low price and the fact that
there were very few external components on the module, which suggested that it could
eventually be very inexpensive in volume, attracted many hackers to explore the module, the
chip, and the software on it, as well as to translate the Chinese documentation.
The ESP8285 is a similar chip with a built-in 1 MiB flash memory, allowing the design
of single-chip devices capable of connecting via Wi-Fi.
These microcontroller chips have been succeeded by the ESP32 family of devices.

Fig.4 ESP8266

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6.2) DHT11
DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity sensor
complex with a calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive digital-signal-
acquisition technique and temperature & humidity sensing technology, it ensures high
reliability and excellent long-term stability. This sensor includes a resistive-type humidity
measurement component and an NTC temperature measurement component, and connects to
a high performance 8-bit microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast response, anti-
interference ability and cost-effectiveness.
Each DHT11 element is strictly calibrated in the laboratory that is extremely accurate
on humidity calibration. The calibration coefficients are stored as programmes in the OTP
memory, which are used by the sensor’s internal signal detecting process. The single-wire serial
interface makes system integration quick and easy. Its small size, low power consumption and
up-to-20-meter signal transmission making it the best choice for various applications, including
those most demanding ones. The component is 4-pin single row pin package. It is convenient
to connect and special packages can be provided according to users’ request.

Fig.5 DHT11

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Items Measurement Humidity Temperature Resolution Package

Range Accuracy Accuracy
DHT11 20-90%RH ±5%RH ±2℃ 1 4 Pin Single
0-50℃ Row

Table 1 Technical Specification

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COMMUNICATION PROCESS
When ESP8266 sends a start signal, DHT11 changes from the low-power-consumption
mode to the running-mode, waiting for ESP8266 completing the start signal. Once it is
completed, DHT11 sends a response signal of 40-bit data that include the relative humidity and
temperature information to ESP8266. Users can choose to collect (read) some data. Without
the start signal from ESP8266, DHT11 will not give the response signal to ESP8266. Once data
is collected, DHT11 will change to the low power-consumption mode until it receives a start
signal from ESP8266 again.
Data Single-bus free status is at high voltage level. When the communication between
ESP8266 and DHT11 begins, the program of ESP8266 will set Data Single-bus voltage level
from high to low and this process must take at least 18ms to ensure DHT’s detection of
ESP8266 signal, then ESP8266 will pull up voltage and wait 20-40us for DHT’s response.
Once DHT detects the start signal, it will send out a low-voltage-level response signal, which
lasts 80us. Then the programme of DHT sets Data Single-bus voltage level from low to high
and keeps it for 80us for DHT’s preparation for sending data. When DATA Single-Bus is at the
low voltage level, this means that DHT is sending the response signal.
Once DHT sent out the response signal, it pulls up voltage and keeps it for 80us and
prepares for data transmission. When DHT is sending data to ESP8266, every bit of data begins
with the 50us low-voltage-level and the length of the following high-voltage-level signal
determines whether data bit is "0" or "1".

Fig.6 Interfacing DHT11 with ESP8266

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6.3) MQ-6 GAS SENSOR

A MQ-6 gas sensor is a device which detects the presence or concentration of gas in the
atmosphere. Based on the concentration of the gas the sensor produces a corresponding
potential difference by changing the resistance of the material inside the sensor , which can be
measured as output voltage . based on this voltage value the type and the concentration of the
gas can be estimated.
The type of the gas sensor could detect depends on the sensing material present inside
the sensor. Normally these sensors are available as modules with comparators . These
comparators can be set for a particular threshold value of gas concentration . When the
concentration of the gas exceeds this threshold value the digital pins goes high .The analog pin
can be used to measure the concentration of gas.
In this semiconductor sensors are used to detect LPG gas. An MQ6 semiconductor
sensor is used. Sensitive material of the MQ-6 gas sensor is SnO2, which has lower
conductivity in clean air. When the target combustible gas exists, the sensor conductivity
increases along with the rising gas concentration. The MQ6 gas sensor has a high sensitivity to
Propane, Butane and LPG, and response to Natural gas. The sensor could be used to detect
different combustible gasses, especially Methane; it has a low cost and is suitable for different
applications. The MQ-6 can detect gas concentrations anywhere from 200 to 10,000 ppm. The
sensor’s output is an analog resistance.
This system is based on the ESP8266 and MQ-6 gas sensor. When the sensor detects
gas in the atmosphere, it will give digital output 1 and if gas in not detected the sensor will give
digital output 0. Arduino will receive the sensor output as digital input. If the sensor output is
high, then the buzzer will start tuning along with the LCD that will show that “Gas detected:
Yes”. If the sensor output is low then buzzer will not be tuning, and the LCD will show that
“Gas detected: No”.

Fig.7 MQ-6 Gas Sensor

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Each MQ-6 sensor has a heating element and a sensing resistance. Depending on the
concentration of the gas, the sensing resistance gets changed and by detecting the changing
resistance, the gas concentration can be measured. To measure the gas concentration in PPM
all MQ-6 sensors provide a logarithmic graph which is very important.

Fig.8 Interfacing MQ-6 with ESP8266

6.4) SERVO MOTOR

A servomotor (or servo motor or simply servo) is a rotary or linear actuator that allows
for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity, and acceleration in a mechanical
system. It constitutes part of a servomechanism, and consists of a suitable motor coupled to
a sensor for position feedback and a controller (often a dedicated module designed specifically
for servomotors). Servomotors are not a specific class of motor, although the
term servomotor is often used to refer to a motor suitable for use in a closed-loop
control system.

6.4.1) SERVO MECHANISM

A servo system primarily consists of three basic components – a controlled device, a
output sensor, a feedback system. A servomechanism is an automatic closed loop control

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system that regulates a device using a feedback signal. This signal is generated from the
differences between the output and a reference input.
When reference input signal or command signal is applied to the system, it is compared
with output reference signal of the system produced by output sensor, and a third signal
produced by a feedback system. This third signal acts as an input signal of controlled device.
The input signal continues to adjust the device as long as there is a discrepancy between the
reference input and the system’s output signal. After the device achieves its desired output,
there will be no longer the logical difference between reference input signal and reference
output signal of the system. Then, the third signal produced by comparing theses above said
signals will not remain enough to operate the device further and to produce a further output of
the system until the next reference input signal or command signal is applied to the system.
Hence, the primary task of a servomechanism is to maintain the output of a system at the desired
value in the presence of disturbances.

Fig.9 Servo Motor

6.4.2) WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SERVO MOTOR

A servo motor is basically a DC motor (in some special cases it is AC motor) along with
some other special purpose components that make a DC motor a servo. In a servo unit, you
will find a small DC motor, a potentiometer, gear arrangement and an intelligent circuitry. The
intelligent circuitry along with the potentiometer makes the servo to rotate according to our
wishes. As we know, a small DC motor will rotate with high speed but the torque generated by
its rotation will not be enough to move even a light load.
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This is where the gear system inside a servomechanism comes into the picture. The gear
mechanism will take high input speed of the motor (fast) and at the output, we will get an output
speed which is slower than original input speed but more practical and widely applicable.
Initially, the servo motor shaft is positioned so that the potentiometer knob generates
no signal. This output from the potentiometer and an external signal are fed into an error
detector amplifier. The amplifier then boosts the difference between these signals to control the
motor.
This amplified error signal acts as the input power of the DC motor and the motor starts
rotating in desired direction. As the motor shaft progresses the potentiometer knob also rotates
as it is coupled with motor shaft with help of gear arrangement.
As the potentiometer knob turns, it generates a signal that increases with its rotation.
Once it reaches the desired position, this signal matches the external signal provided to the
amplifier, causing the motor to stop.
At this condition, there will be no output signal from the amplifier to the motor input
as there is no difference between external applied signal and the signal generated at
potentiometer. As the input signal to the motor is nil at that position, the motor stops rotating.
This is how a simple conceptual servo motor works.

Fig.10 Internal structure of servo motor

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6.5) RELAY
A Relay is a simple electromechanical switch. While we use normal switches to close
or open a circuit manually, a Relay is also a switch that connects or disconnects two circuits.
But instead of a manual operation, a relay uses an electrical signal to control an electromagnet,
which in turn connects or disconnects another circuit.

Fig.11 Relay

RELAY WORKING PRINCIPLE

• Relay works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
• When the electromagnet is applied with some current, it induces a magnetic field
around it.
• Above image shows working of the relay. A switch is used to apply DC current to the
load.
• In the relay, Copper coil and the iron core acts as electromagnet.
• When the coil is applied with DC current, it starts attracting the contact as shown. This
is called energizing of relay.
• When the supply is removed it retrieves back to the original position. This is called De
energizing of relay.
There are also such relays, whose contacts are initially closed and opened when there is supply
i.e. exactly to opposite to the above shown relay.
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6.6) EXHAUST FAN

Exhaust fans serve as another crucial component in a computer’s cooling system,
functioning as the counterpart to intake fans. While intake fans draw in cool air, exhaust fans
expel hot air from the inside of the computer case to the outside environment.
The primary role of exhaust fans is providing ventilation. They function by sucking
moist or hot air from an area, replacing it with fresh and cool air. The ducting system is
significant in expelling out the warm or stale air. Hence, the stale and humid air is forced out
through the exhaust vent, exiting the area.

Fig.12 Exhaust fan

The fans use electricity to operate. Some exhaust fans are installed with sensors that
detect steam or humidity and automatically turn on. At the same time, others are fitted with a
thermostat that senses the temperature changes and then operates accordingly.
Exhaust fans operate by utilizing a power source to activate the motor. As the motor
starts, it initiates the rotation of the fan blades, which then creates airflow in a specific direction.
This airflow effectively creates a negative pressure within the area, drawing out stale air and
unpleasant odors.
The expelled air is typically guided through ductwork or vented directly outside.
Exhaust fans are commonly used in various settings such as bathrooms, kitchens, and industrial
spaces, where proper ventilation is essential to maintain air quality. By removing excess
moisture and odors, exhaust fans help in preventing the growth of mold, improving indoor air
circulation, and cooling down hot areas without relying solely on air conditioning systems.

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6.7) BUZZER
A buzzer, also known as an audio alarm, is an electronic device that produces sound. In
the context of the LPG gas leakage detector, it is used as an alarm, to alert the user of the
presence of LPG gas leaks. The buzzer used in this project is a small round 2 pin buzzer, which
is an electronic device that produces sound. It is connected to the ESP8266 to receive a signal
from the MQ6 gas sensor. When the gas sensor detects an LPG gas leak, it sends a signal to the
ESP8266 which then triggers the buzzer to produce a loud sound as an alarm. The loud sound
produced by the buzzer ensures that the user is alerted even in noisy environments.
Additionally, small round 2 pin buzzers are also resistant to vibration, shock and humidity,
making them a durable and reliable sound producing option for gas leakage detection systems.

Fig.13 Block diagram of buzzer

HERE'S HOW A TYPICAL BUZZER WORKS:
Power Source: The buzzer requires a power source to operate, typically a direct current (DC)
supply.
Electromagnetic Coil: Inside the buzzer, there is an electromagnetic coil. When electricity is
supplied, the coil becomes magnetized.
Metal Diaphragm: Adjacent to the coil, there's a metal diaphragm. This diaphragm is usually
made from a ferromagnetic material, which means it's attracted to magnets.
Operation Mechanism: When the current flows through the coil, it creates a magnetic field.
This magnetic field causes the metal diaphragm to be attracted towards the coil, moving away
from its original position.
Sound Production: As the diaphragm moves, it compresses and rarefies the air in front of it,
creating sound waves. The rapid movement back and forth of the diaphragm produces the
buzzing sound we hear.
Oscillation: In some buzzers, particularly piezoelectric types, the electric current causes the
piezoelectric material (usually a ceramic disc) to bend back and forth. This bending motion
creates the sound. The frequency of the current determines the frequency of the sound, and thus
its pitch.
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6.8) JUMPER WIRE

Jumper wires are simply wires that have connector pins at each end, allowing them to
be used to connect two points to each other without soldering. Jumper wires are typically used
with breadboards and other prototyping tools in order to make it easy to change a circuit as
needed.
Generally, jumpers are tiny metal connectors used to close or open a circuit part. They
have two or more connection points, which regulate an electrical circuit board. Their function
is to configure the settings for computer peripherals, like the motherboard. Suppose our
motherboard supported intrusion detection. A jumper can be set to enable or disable it. Jumper
wires are electrical wires with connector pins at each end. They are used to connect two points
in a circuit without soldering.

Fig.14 Jumper wire

TYPES OF JUMPER WIRES

Jumper wires come in three versions:
➢ Male-to-male jumper
➢ Male-to-female jumper
➢ Female-to-female jumper
The difference between each is in the endpoint of the wire. Male ends have a pin protruding
and can plug into things, while female ends do not but are also used for plugging. Moreover, a
male connector is referred to as a plug and has a solid pin for centre conduction. Meanwhile, a
female connector is referred to as a jack and has a centre conductor with a hole in it to accept
the male pin. Male-to-male jumper wires are the most common and what you will likely use
most often. For instance, when connecting two ports on a breadboard, a male-to-male wire is
what you will need.
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CHAPTER-7

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 15 Circuit Diagram

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CHAPTER-8

8.) CODE
This LPG gas detection system using the ESP8266 microcontroller is designed to monitor
environmental conditions by detecting the presence of LPG gas and measuring temperature
and humidity. The system utilizes an MQ-6 gas sensor, a DHT11 temperature and humidity
sensor, a buzzer for alerts, and an exhaust fan that can be activated to ventilate the area when
dangerous gas levels are detected. Additionally, the system uses WiFi connectivity to connect
to the Blynk platform, allowing users to remotely monitor these conditions and receive real-
time updates and [Link], this gas detection system combines multiple layers of safety
through real-time monitoring, local and remote alerts, and automated exhaust control. It is a
simple yet effective setup for protecting indoor environments from the risks of LPG leaks and
provides users with peace of mind through continuous monitoring and instant notifications.

Fig .16 Example of Code

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HOW THE BLYNK CONNECTION WORKS:

1. Establishing Connection:
o The Arduino connects to the Blynk cloud using a Wi-Fi module (like the
ESP8266). The device sends a unique authentication token (provided by the
Blynk app) to identify the device and establish a secure connection.
o In the Arduino code, the Blynk library handles this connection process using the
credentials (SSID and password for Wi-Fi) and the unique authentication token.
2. Data Transmission:
o Once the connection is established, the Arduino can start reading sensors (e.g.,
gas, temperature, and humidity). The readings are sent to the Blynk app via
virtual pins (for example, V1 for temperature and V2 for gas sensor value).
o The Arduino code uses the [Link]() function to transmit sensor data
to the app. For example, the line [Link](V1, temp); sends the
temperature value to the virtual pin V1 in the app.
3. App Control:
o The Blynk app also allows users to interact with the hardware. For instance, if
the user presses a button in the app to turn on/off an LED or an actuator, the app
sends a signal to the Blynk server, which forwards it to the Arduino.
o The Arduino reads the virtual pin’s state (for example, [Link](Vx))
and responds accordingly. The device can turn on/off components like a buzzer
or fan based on the user's input from the app.
4. Sending Notifications:
o Notifications are sent from the Blynk platform to the user’s phone when certain
conditions are met (e.g., if gas is detected).
o The Arduino triggers the notification using the [Link]() function in the
code. This function sends a message to the Blynk cloud, which then routes the
notification to the app on the smartphone.

SENDING NOTIFICATIONS USING THE BLYNK APP AND PHONE NUMBER:

1. [Link]():
o The notification feature in Blynk is triggered by the [Link]() function,
which sends a message from the Arduino to the Blynk cloud. The message can
be any string (e.g., "Warning: Gas Leak Detected!").

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o This function requires the Arduino to be connected to the internet and the Blynk
cloud. Once triggered, the Blynk cloud forwards the notification to the
associated mobile device running the Blynk app.

2. Notification Mechanism:
o The Blynk app is connected to the Blynk cloud and listens for incoming
notifications. When the Arduino sends a notification, the Blynk cloud forwards
it to the app.
o The Blynk app will then push this notification to the user’s phone, even if the
app is not actively open, provided the phone has an internet connection and push
notifications are enabled.
3. Phone Number for Notifications:
o Blynk does not directly use a phone number for notifications. Instead, it uses
the push notification service provided by the mobile operating system (iOS or
Android).
o The phone receives notifications as app alerts through the notification center,
based on the phone’s settings for the Blynk app (if the app is allowed to send
push notifications).
o If you want to receive a notification directly on your phone without using the
Blynk app, you would need to use a service like Twilio or IFTTT, which can
send SMS alerts to a specific phone number. This would require additional
integration.

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CHAPTER-9

RESULT
Results of LPG Gas Detection Using ESP8266, MQ-6 Gas Sensor, Exhaust Fan, Servo
Motor, DHT11 Temperature Sensor, and IoT Implementation
The LPG gas detection system built using the mentioned components produces the following
results:
1. Gas Detection Response:
The MQ-6 gas sensor successfully detects the presence of LPG gas. When LPG gas
concentrations exceed the predefined threshold, the sensor triggers the detection system.
The system responds by activating the exhaust fan and servo motor (if applicable), helping to
mitigate the risk by venting the gas or closing the gas valve.

2. Tempreature Monitoring:
The DHT11 temperature sensor monitors the environmental temperature. It helps in ensuring
that excessive heat buildup is detected, which can be indicative of a fire or other hazardous
condition related to the gas leak.

3. Real-Time Notifications:
The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module ensures that the data from the gas sensor, temperature sensor,
and system status are transmitted to a cloud platform (IoT-based).
When gas levels exceed the safety threshold, an alert (such as email, SMS, or mobile app
notification) is sent to the user, notifying them of the potential hazard.
This provides remote monitoring capabilities, enabling users to stay informed regardless of
their location.

4. Actutator Response:
The exhaust fan is activated upon detection of gas leaks to ventilate the area and reduce the
risks associated with gas accumulation.
The servo motor can be programmed to perform tasks such as closing the gas valve to stop
further leakage or other safety mechanisms in place.

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5. System Performance:
The system was tested under different environmental conditions to ensure its robustness. The
gas sensor showed consistent results when exposed to various concentrations of LPG gas, with
accurate triggering of alerts and actuator responses.
The temperature sensor (DHT11) successfully detected temperature fluctuations in the
environment, providing additional context to the gas levels.

6. IoT Platform Integration:

The system seamlessly integrated with an IoT platform, where the gas sensor's data,
temperature readings, and system status were uploaded to a web dashboard or mobile app.
This made remote monitoring convenient, as the user could access real-time data on gas
levels, temperature, and system status from anywhere with internet access.

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CHAPTER-10

APPLICATION

The LPG gas detection system with the mentioned components offers several
practical applications across various domains, particularly in enhancing safety and
monitoring in environments where LPG is used. Below are the key applications of
this system:

1. Home Safety:
Domestic Kitchens: This system can be used in homes, especially in kitchens,
where LPG is commonly used for cooking. It can detect gas leaks, activate an
exhaust fan to ventilate the area, and send alerts to homeowners' smartphones or
other devices in case of an emergency.
Gas Leak Detection: In the event of a gas leak, the system can trigger automatic
safety responses(such as turning off the gas supply via a servo motor) to prevent
accidents, including fires orexplosions.

2. Industrial and Commercial Facilities:

Industrial Kitchens and Factories: Many industrial kitchens, cafeterias, and
factories use LPG for heating or cooking. This system can be deployed in such
facilities to ensure that any LPG leak is detected quickly and mitigated
automatically by activating ventilation or gas cut-off mechanisms.
Storage and Distribution Centers: LPG storage and distribution centers, where
large quantities of gas are stored, require constant monitoring for safety. This
system can help detect gas leaks in suchfacilities, ensuring immediate action is
taken to prevent potential hazards.

3. Gas Cylinder Storrage Areas:

Warehouses and Distribution Units: For places that store LPG cylinders, such
as warehouses and distribution centers, this system can be used to monitor the
surrounding environment for gas [Link] detection can prevent dangerous
situations before they escalate.

4. Remote Monitoring and Control:

IoT-Based Remote Monitoring: By integrating the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, the
system allows usersto monitor LPG gas levels, temperature, and system status
remotely via a smartphone or web application. This is especially useful for
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owners of large facilities who may not be present on-site atall times.
Smart Home Integration: In a smart home ecosystem, this system can be integrated
with other IoT devices (e.g., smart locks, security cameras) to enhance overall
safety and automation. The user can receive real-time notifications about gas leaks
or abnormal temperature conditions.

5. Hospitality Sector:
Restaurants and Hotels: In restaurants or hotels where LPG is commonly
used for cooking, thesystem can ensure a safe working environment by detecting
gas leaks and triggering automatic safety measures, including fan activation and
gas shutoff. This reduces the risk of fire or poisoning.

6. Agricultural Use:
Greenhouses: In some agricultural applications, LPG may be used for heating
greenhouses or other agricultural environments. The detection system can help
ensure safety in these settings by monitoring for gas leaks and environmental
conditions.

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7. Safety and Emergency Services:

Disaster Response: The system can be used by emergency response teams in areas
prone to gas leaks or explosions. It can be deployed in temporary shelters, relief
camps, or emergency setups where LPG is used for cooking or heating.
Remote Notification for Emergencies: In areas where a gas leak is detected,
emergency services canbe immediately alerted via the IoT-based system to take
appropriate action without delay.

8. Energy Conservation:
Energy Efficiency in Ventilation: By automatically turning on the exhaust fan only
when necessary (when gas concentration reaches a critical level), the system ensures
that energy is used efficiently, preventing unnecessary power consumption.

9. Smart City Infrastructure:

Urban Safety: In smart cities, where safety and environmental monitoring are
becoming increasingly important, this system can be integrated into the city's
infrastructure to monitor public spaces or buildings using LPG. Gas detection and
ventilation systems could be automated, enhancing public safety.

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CHAPTER-12

FUTURE SCOPE

The future scope of an LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) gas detection project using
components like Arduino Uno, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, MQ-6 gas sensor, DHT11
temperature sensor, exhaust fan, servo motor, and IoT implementation has several
promising possibilities. As technology continues to evolve, such projects can be
enhanced and applied in various industries and homes for safety and automation
purposes. Here are some potential directions for this project:

1. Improved Accuracy and Reliability:

Integration with advanced sensors: Future projects could integrate more advanced
gas sensors (like CCS811, Figaro TGS series) that offer more precise and accurate
detection, which can work in a wider range of environmental conditions (such as
different temperatures or humidity levels).
Machine Learning Algorithms: By using machine learning models, the project could
be made smarter to better detect not just LPG but also other gases (e.g., methane, CO)
and differentiate between various typesof gas leaks.

2. Automation and Smart Home Integration:

Automated Fan Control: The exhaust fan can be linked with more complex
algorithms that take into account not just the LPG concentration but also real-time
environmental data (e.g., temperature, humidity, air quality) to optimize ventilation
automatically.
Smart Alerts and Notifications: With IoT capabilities, the system can be enhanced to
send immediate notifications (e.g., SMS, email, app notification) to the user when an
LPG leak is detected. Additionally, the system could notify emergency contacts or
automatically trigger emergency responses (such as shutting off the gas supply).

3. Cloud-based Monitoring and Data Logging:

Cloud Integration: The system can be upgraded to send real-time data to a cloud
platform for monitoringgas levels, temperature, and system status remotely. Platforms
like ThingSpeak, Blynk, or AWS IoT can be used to track the data over time.
Data Analytics and Reporting: By collecting and analyzing data from multiple
units, trends (such asfrequent gas leaks) can be identified, and predictive maintenance
can be applied (e.g., cleaning the sensorsor replacing components). This will help in
ensuring long-term reliability.

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4. Energy Efficiency and Sustainable:

Power Management: The project can incorporate energy-efficient modules and
components to minimize power consumption, especially when integrated into a larger
IoT network. Using low-power wireless communication protocols like LoRa or Zigbee
might reduce the overall energy requirements.
Solar Power Integration: To make the system more sustainable, solar panels could
be used to power the device, especially in remote locations where power supply might
be a concern.

5. User Interface Enhancements:

Mobile App Development: A dedicated mobile app could be developed to allow
users to view gas levels, control the exhaust fan, and receive alerts. Features like push
notifications and real-time updates on theapp would enhance user experience.
Web Dashboard: Users could monitor their home or business LPG systems through an
online dashboard. This could be particularly useful for managers of large facilities, such
as restaurants or gas stations, where there are multiple sensors to monitor.

6. Safety protocols and compliance :

Automated Gas Shut-off: A future version of the system could automatically
shut off the gas supplywhen a dangerous level of leakage is detected, adding an extra
layer of safety.
Regulatory Compliance: The system can be upgraded to meet local safety standards
and regulations related to gas leakage detection, which would make it suitable for
industrial applications and public safety use.
Integration with Fire Safety Systems: The gas detection system could be integrated
with existing fire safety systems to trigger alarms and evacuation protocols when a
critical gas leak is detected.

7. Commercial and Industrial Applications :

Industrial Use: The system can be scaled for use in industries that store or use LPG.
For example, large-scale gas storage facilities or cooking gas stations could adopt the
technology to ensure safe operations. Sensors can be spread across multiple rooms,
with the ability to control ventilation fans and give real- time status updates.
Integration with Building Management Systems (BMS): In commercial or
industrial settings, this system could be integrated with BMS to monitor all
aspects of facility safety, including LPG gas detection, temperature, humidity, air
quality, and even energy usage.

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CHAPTER-13

CONCLUSION
The LPG gas detection system built with components such as ESP8266,
MQ-6 gas sensor, exhaust fan, servo motor, and DHT11 temperature sensor
effectivelymonitors and manages the presence of gas leaks in real-time. The
system functions as follows:
1. Gas Leak Detection:
The MQ-6 gas sensor detects the presence of LPG gas. When a gas leak is
detected, the system is designed to send alerts via the ESP8266 to a remote
monitoring platform,ensuring quick response actions.

2. Safety Response:
In response to a detected gas leak, the exhaust fan is activated to ventilate
the area and minimize the risks associated with gas accumulation.
Additionally, a servo motor can be usedto close a gas valve or take other
safety measures.

3. Gas Leak Detection:

The DHT11 temperature sensor monitors the temperature, which can be
critical for detecting abnormal conditions like heat buildup due to gas leakage.
This information, combined with gas detection, provides a comprehensive safety
overview.

4. IoT Integration:
The IoT implementation via the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module allows for
remote monitoring. Thedata from the gas sensor and temperature readings
can be accessed via a mobile or web app, ensuring the user is always
informed about the status of the system.

5. Real-Time Alerts:
The system can send notifications (such as emails or SMS) in case of high
gas levels or any system malfunction. This ensures that the system can
trigger immediate action even when the user is not on-site.

5. Overall Conclusion:
The integration of various sensors, actuators, and IoT capabilities in
this LPG gas detection system enhances safety by providing real-time.

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CHAPTER-14

REFERENCES

1. MQ-6 Gas Sensor Datasheet. (n.d.). Technical Specifications and Applications.

Retrieved from [Link]
o Offers detailed information on the MQ-6 sensor’s functionality and integration
in gas detection systems.
2. ESP8266 Community Forum. (n.d.). ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module Documentation.
Retrieved from [Link]
o Covers the usage of the ESP8266 module for wireless communication.
3. DHT11 Temperature Sensor Datasheet. (n.d.). Technical Details and Example
Projects. Retrieved from [Link]
sensor
o Explains the DHT11 sensor, including how to measure temperature and
humidity in real-time.
4. Servo Motor Control with Arduino. (2023). Tutorial and Example Codes. Retrieved
from [Link]
o Demonstrates how to integrate and control servo motors with Arduino in
practical projects.
5. Electronics Hub. (n.d.). LPG Gas Leakage Detection and Alert System. Retrieved
from [Link]
o Provides an overview of LPG gas detection projects and system design
principles.
6. DFRobot. (n.d.). Using Gas Sensors with Arduino. Retrieved from
[Link]
o Offers guides for connecting and using gas sensors like the MQ series in
Arduino projects.
7. ResearchGate. (2021). Design and Implementation of Gas Detection Systems.
Retrieved from [Link]
o Academic paper providing insights into gas detection and safety mechanisms.
8. All About Circuits. (n.d.). Understanding Relays for Circuit Design. Retrieved from
[Link]
o Explains the working of relays and their applications in automation projects
like gas detection systems.
9. Blynk Documentation. (n.d.). IoT Applications for ESP8266. Retrieved from
[Link]
o Discusses the integration of IoT with ESP8266 for real-time monitoring and
notifications.

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