Step To STEM

English
 Agenda
Important vocabulary page 1

Important verbs page 12

Phrasal verbs page 15

Prepositions with verbs page 19

Grammer page 20

Reported speech page 27

Passive page 30

Practice page 32

Reading comprehension page 43

Stories page 51
 A-Important vocabulary:
Newspapers

• Examples:
o article, editor, headline

Television

• Examples:
o channel, remote control, soap opera

On the Phone

• Examples:
o engaged, operator

Computers

• Examples:
o screen, software, save, data

School

• Examples:
o primary school, subject, term

University

• Examples:
o do a degree, do research, lecture

Law and Order

• Examples:
o court, trial, arrest, guilty

Crime

• Examples:
o murder, commit a crime, steal, deprive, manipulate, violate
Politics

• Examples:
o political party, democracy, elect

Bureaucracy and the Environment

• Examples:
o driving license, nature

War and Peace

• Examples:
o peace talks, attack, terrorism, invade, oath

Pollution and the Environment

• Examples:
o protect, destroy, recycle, waste

Air Travel

• Examples:
o flight, take off, passport control

Tourism - Hotels

• Examples:
o bill, single room, book, in advance

Tourism - A Sightseeing Holiday

• Examples:
o guidebook, castle, souvenir, take photos

On the Beach and in the Country

• Examples:
o sand, sunbathe, hiking, picnic
Time

• Examples:
o for ages, at, on, during, last, recently

Numbers

• Examples:
o two and a half, divide, nought point six

Distance and Dimension

• Examples:
o a long way, deep, width

Shapes, Colours, and Patterns

• Examples:
o round, square, pattern, grey, greenish

Partitives

• Examples:
o piece of cake, group of people

The Senses

• Examples:
o smells fresh, tastes like ..., see and watch

Notices and Warnings

• Examples:
o mind your head, beware of pickpockets

Vague Language

• Examples:
o sort of ..., things, stuff
American English

• Examples:
o sidewalk, vacation, elevator

• The Physical World

• Examples:
o oceans, mountains, deserts, hurricane

• Weather
• Examples:
o showers, cloudy, fog, pour with rain

• Using the Land

• Examples:
o plants, agriculture, mining, gold, harness

• Animals and Insects

• Examples:
o lion, wild, spider, rabbit

• Countries, Nationalities and Languages

• Examples:
o Sweden, Swiss, Arabic

• The Body and What It Does

• Examples:
o bend your knees, bite your nails
• Describing People’s Appearance
• Examples:
o tall and blond with broad shoulders

• Describing Character
• Examples:
o shy, friendly, unpleasant, resourceful, reliable

• Human Feelings and Actions

• Examples:
o pride, jealous(y), (of), stare, whisper, empathy, outrage

• Family and Friends

• Examples:
o niece, relatives, surname, best friend

• Ages and Stages

• Examples:
o teenager, grow up, adult, pregnant

• Daily Routines
• Examples:
o get up, leave home, go to sleep

• Homes and Buildings

• Examples:
o flat, on the ground floor, roof
• Around the Home 1
• Examples:
o lounge, on the sofa, food mixer

• Around the Home 2

• Examples:
o washbasin, tidy, hoover, polish

• Everyday Problems
• Examples:
o it’s not working, drop, break

• Money
• Examples:
o coins, borrow, I can't afford it, abundant

• Health: Illness and Disease

• Examples:
o flu, sore throat, sneezing, insomnia

• Health: Injuries
• Examples:
o twist my ankle, bleeding, bruise

• Clothes
• Examples:
o shirt, trousers, take off, get dressed
• Shops and Shopping
• Examples:
o chemist, shop assistant

• Food
• Examples:
o carrot, peach, lamb, fast

• Cooking and Restaurants

• Examples:
o fry, salty, main course, book a table

• Town and Country

• Examples:
o suburbs, noisy, fields, indigenous

• On the Road
• Examples:
o turn left, traffic lights, accident, collision

• Transport
• Examples:
o coach, bus stop, platform, get off

• Work: Duties, Conditions and Pay

• Examples:
o What do you do? salary, do overtime
 • Jobs
• Examples:
o dentist, lawyer, plumber

• The Career Ladder

• Examples:
o be promoted, resign, unemployed, administrator

• In the Office and in the Factory

• Examples:
o show sb. around, assembly line, goods

• Business and Finance

• Examples:
o turnover, make a profit, rise and fall, demand, income, assess

• Sales and Marketing

• Examples:
o market share, competitors, image, retail

Leisure and Entertainment

• Hobbies
• Examples:
o photography, play cards, spare time
• Games, People and Places
• Examples:
o tennis court, racket, goal, referee, pitch, competitors

• Winning, Losing and Scoring

• Examples:
o win, draw, lose, latest score, half-time, point

• Cinema and Theatre

• Examples:
o audience, actor, a thriller, stage, performance

• Music, Art and Literature

• Examples:
o orchestra, composer, painting, novelist, poetry, band

• Environmental
• Examples:

o Coastal, arid, tropical, aquatic

• Environmental disasters
• Examples:

o Drought, floods, typhoons, desertification, scarcity

• Celestials

• Examples:

o Planets, shooting stars, moons, comets, galaxy

• History
• Examples:
o Civilizations, mythology, architecture, art

• Science
• Examples:
o Theoretical, observations, laws, molecule

• Body’s activity
• Example:
o Digest, breathe, think and imagine, produce

Important verbs:

1. be (were, been)
2. have (had, had)
3. do (did, done)
4. say (said, said)
5. go (went, gone)
6. get (got, got)
7. make (made, made)
8. know (knew, known)
9. think (thought, thought)
[Link] (took, taken)
[Link] (saw, seen)
[Link] (came, come)
[Link] (wanted, wanted)
[Link] (looked, looked)
[Link] (used, used)
[Link] (found, found)
17.
[Link] (gave, given)
[Link] (told, told)
[Link] (worked, worked)
[Link] (called, called)
[Link] (tried, tried)
[Link] (asked, asked)
[Link] (needed, needed)
[Link] (felt, felt)
[Link] (became, become)
[Link] (left, left)
[Link] (put, put)
[Link] (meant, meant)
[Link] (kept, kept)
[Link] (let, let)
[Link] (began, begun)
[Link] (seemed, seemed)
[Link] (helped, helped)
[Link] (talked, talked)
[Link] (turned, turned)
[Link] (started, started)
[Link] (showed, shown)
[Link] (heard, heard)
[Link] (played, played)
[Link] (ran, run)
[Link] (moved, moved)
[Link] (liked, liked)
[Link] (lived, lived)
[Link] (believed, believed)
[Link] (held, held)
[Link] (brought, brought)
[Link] (happened, happened)
[Link] (wrote, written)
[Link] (provided, provided)
[Link] (sat, sat)
[Link] (stood, stood)
[Link] (lost, lost)
[Link] (paid, paid)
[Link] (met, met)
[Link] (included, included)
[Link] (continued, continued)
[Link] (set, set)
[Link] (learnt, learnt)
[Link] (changed, changed)
[Link] (led, led)
[Link] (understood, understood)
[Link] (watched, watched)
[Link] (followed, followed)
[Link] (stopped, stopped)
[Link] (created, created)
[Link] (spoke, spoken)
[Link] (read, read)
[Link] (allowed, allowed)
[Link] (added, added)
[Link] (spent, spent)
[Link] (grew, grown)
[Link] (opened, opened)
[Link] (walked, walked)
[Link] (won, won)
[Link] (offered, offered)
[Link] (remembered, remembered)
[Link] (loved, loved)
[Link] (considered, considered)
[Link] (appeared, appeared)
[Link] (bought, bought)
[Link] (waited, waited)
[Link] (served, served)
[Link] (died, died)
[Link] (sent, sent) expect (expected, expected)
[Link] (built, built)
[Link] (stayed, stayed)
[Link] (fell, fallen)
[Link] (cut, cut)
[Link] (reached, reached)
[Link] (killed, killed)
[Link] (remained, remained)
[Link] (suggested, suggested)
[Link] (raised, raised)
[Link] (passed, passed)
[Link] (sold, sold)
[Link] (required, required)
[Link] (reported, reported)
[Link] (decided, decided)
100. pull (pulled, pulled)

84.
 Phrasal verbs that come with (get):
Get along (with) - To have a good relationship with someone.
• "I get along well with my coworkers."

Get around - To move from place to place.

• "It's easy to get around the city with public transportation."

Get away (with) - To escape punishment for something.

• "He got away with cheating on the test."

Get back - To return.

• "I need to get back home by 6 PM."

Get back at - To take revenge on someone.

• "She plans to get back at him for the prank he pulled."

Get by - To manage or survive.

• "Even though money is tight, we manage to get by."

Get down to - To start doing something seriously.

• "Let's get down to business."

Get in - To enter a place, especially a vehicle or a building.

• "What time did you get in last night?"

Get off - To leave a place, especially a vehicle.

• "We need to get off at the next stop."

Get on - To board a vehicle or to have a good relationship.

• "I need to get on the bus."

• "Do you get on with your neighbors?"

Get out - To leave or escape from a place.
• "I need to get out of here."

Get over - To recover from something.

• "It took him a while to get over the flu."

Get through - To successfully make contact or finish something.

• "I couldn't get through to customer service."

• "She finally got through the difficult exam."

Get up - To rise from bed.
• "I have to get up early tomorrow."
 Phrasal verbs that come with (look):
Look after - To take care of someone or something.
• "Can you look after my cat while I'm away?"

Look ahead - To think about and plan for the future.

• "It's important to look ahead and prepare for retirement."

Look back - To think about something that happened in the past.

• "When I look back on my childhood, I feel very nostalgic."

Look down on - To think that you are better than someone else.
• "She tends to look down on people who don't share her opinions."

Look for - To search for something or someone.

• "I've been looking for my keys everywhere."

Look forward to - To anticipate something with pleasure.

• "I'm really looking forward to the concert next week."

Look in on - To make a short visit to someone, especially if they are sick or need
help.
• "I promised to look in on my elderly neighbor this evening."

Look into - To investigate or examine something.

• "The company is looking into ways to improve customer service."

Look out - To be careful or watchful.

• "Look out! There's a car coming."

Look out for - To watch for something or someone.

• "Please look out for my package; it should arrive today."

Look over - To examine something quickly.

• "Can you look over my essay for any mistakes?"

Look through - To examine or read something quickly.

• "I need to look through these documents before the meeting."

Look to - To rely on someone or something for help or advice.

• "Many people look to their friends for support."

Look up - To search for information or to improve.

• "I need to look up the directions to the restaurant."

• "Things are starting to look up for us."

Look up to - To admire or respect someone.
• "I've always looked up to my older brother."
 Phrasal verbs that come with (keep):
Keep at - To continue working on something persistently.
• "You need to keep at it if you want to improve your skills."

Keep away (from) - To avoid going near something or someone.

• "Please keep away from the construction site."

Keep back - To maintain a safe distance or to withhold something.

• "The police kept the crowd back from the accident scene."

• "She kept back some information during the interview."

Keep down - To prevent something from increasing or to stay low.
• "We need to keep costs down to stay within our budget."

• "Keep down! There's someone coming."

Keep from - To prevent oneself or someone else from doing something.
• "I couldn't keep from laughing during the movie."

Keep off - To stay away from something or avoid something.

• "Please keep off the grass."

• "I try to keep off junk food."

Keep on - To continue doing something.
• "He kept on talking despite the interruptions."

Keep out - To prevent from entering.

• "There's a sign that says, 'Keep out' on the gate."

Keep to - To follow or adhere to something.

• "Please keep to the designated path."

Keep up - To maintain the same level or pace.

• "If you keep up this hard work, you'll succeed."

• "Keep up with the latest news by reading the newspaper."

Keep up with - To stay informed or to stay at the same level as someone or
something.
• "She always keeps up with the latest fashion trends."

• "I can't keep up with him; he runs too fast."

Keep in - To make someone stay indoors, especially as a punishment.
• "The teacher kept the students in for detention."

Keep under - To suppress or control something.

• "They struggled to keep their emotions under control."
 Phrasal verbs that come with (go):
Go after - To pursue or try to obtain something.
• "She's going after her dream of becoming a doctor."

Go against - To oppose or be in conflict with something.

• "His decision to quit school goes against his parents' wishes."

Go ahead - To start or proceed with something.

• "You can go ahead with your presentation."

Go along (with) - To agree with or support someone or something.

• "I decided to go along with her idea."

Go away - To leave a place or to stop happening.

• "The pain finally went away."

Go back - To return to a place.

• "I have to go back to the office to pick up some documents."

Go by - To pass (time) or to use a particular method.

• "As time goes by, we learn more about ourselves."

Go down - To decrease or to happen.

• "The price of oil is going down."

Go for - To try to achieve something or to choose something.

• "I think I'll go for the salad."

Go in for - To enjoy or engage in a particular activity.

• "He really goes in for extreme sports."

Go off - To explode, to stop working, or to become spoiled.

• "The lights went off during the storm."

Go on - To continue or to happen.
• "Please go on with your story."

• "What's going on here?"

Go out - To leave one's home for social activities or to stop burning.
• "The fire went out after an hour."

Go over - To review or examine something.

• "Let's go over the plans one more time."

Go through - To experience or endure something.

• "She's going through a difficult time right now."

.
• "The company went under due to poor management."
 1- Prepositions that come with (of):
Complain of accuse of the advantage of proud of
Hear of ashamed of the cause of a way of
Consist of scared of the function of remind of
Frightened of dream of the price of lack of
Example of think of afraid of suspicious of

2- Prepositions that come with (from):

Borrow from suffer from protect from receive from
Stop from differ from recover from prevent from

3- Prepositions that come with (with):

Sympathize with delighted with replace with

Satisfied with provide with compare with
Charged with angry with difficulty with

4- Prepositions that come with (at):

Good at bad at hopeless at wonderful at
Laugh at quick at gaze at aim at
Slow at angry at clever at blame at

5- Prepositions that come with (on):

Concentrate on insist on keen on work on
Congratulate on put on spend on depend on
Rely on count on feed on experiment on

Attack on act on
6- Prepositions that come with (in):
Interested in believe in take in succeed in
Fail in breath in help in result in
Trade in fill in increase/decrease in
 B- Grammer:
Should-Shouldn’t
Must-Mustn’t

1- Should + inf. Affirmative

*Advice / Suggestion
You should study hard. Or
You ought to study hard.
You should see a doctor. Or
You had better see a doctor.
(these are equal grammatically and meaningfully)
*Regret / Blame
Should have + P. P
You should have taken your medicine.
*If I were you, I would + inf.
If I were you, I would study hard.
2- Shouldn’t + inf.
Shouldn’t have + inf Negative
You shouldn’t skip school.
You ought not to ignore the dress code.
You hadn’t better prank your friends.
3- Should be + P. P
Should have been + P. P passive
A doctor should be seen.

2- must + inf. Affirmative

*Law article
Motorcycle drivers must wear helmets.
Buildings must meet safety codes.
Businesses must have licenses.
Parents must send children to school.
*Obligation from the speaker
I must submit the report on time.
I must pay the fine before it’s too late.
I must complete the training.
*Strong advice/ invitation
You must see a doctor.
You must stay hydrated.
Don’t have to
Doesn’t have to
Mustn’t + inf. Negative
You mustn’t smoke in hospitals.
You must not enter this area without authorization.
You must not use your phone while driving.
(you can also use forbidden, banned, prohibited or not allowed to
instead of mustn’t)
3- Must be + P. P Passive
3-Have to + inf.
Has to + inf.
*Law application
I have to pay my taxes.
Citizens have to obey the law.
I have to report my income.
*Necessity
I have to meet the deadline.
I have to report for jury duty.
We have to pass our exams to go to university.
(Past of both is had to + inf.
Future of both will have to + inf.)
4-Need to + inf. Affirmative
I have no money. I need to get some from the bank.
5-needn’t + inf.
I needn’t have bought it (here you already bought the thing, but you
got scammed or you regrated it)
Don’t/doesn’t need to + inf Negative.
I didn’t have to buy it (here you didn’t buy it because you knew you
already have it)
 IF Conditionals
1-Zero Conditional:
• Structure: If + present simple, present simple.

• Usage: This type of conditional is used to state facts, scientific

truths, or general truths that are always true under certain

conditions. It expresses a cause-effect relationship where the
result is always the same when the condition is fulfilled.
• Examples:

o If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.

o If you mix red and blue paint, you get purple.

o If demand exceeds supply, prices rise.

2- First Conditional:
• Structure: If + present simple, will + base verb.

• Usage: The first conditional is used to talk about real and possible

situations in the present or future. It implies a cause-effect

relationship where the condition has a realistic chance of
happening and the result is likely to follow.
• Examples:

o If she studies hard, she will pass the exam.

o If it rains tomorrow, we will stay indoors.

3- Second Conditional:
• Structure: If + past simple, would + base verb.

• Usage: The second conditional is used to talk about hypothetical

or unlikely situations in the present or future. It expresses a

condition that is not currently true or unlikely to be true, and its
hypothetical result.
• Examples:

o If I were you, I would quit that job.

o If she spoke fluent French, she would apply for the job in
Paris.
4- Third Conditional:
• Structure: If + past perfect, would have + past participle.

• Usage: The third conditional is used to talk about hypothetical

situations in the past that did not happen. It expresses a

condition that was not fulfilled and its imagined result.
• Examples:

o If they had listened to my advice, they would have avoided

the mistake.
o If I had studied medicine, I would have become a doctor.
o If she had taken the earlier flight, she would have made it to
the meeting on time.
ADDITIONAL NOTES ON CONDITIONALS
There are a few aspects of conditionals that should be noted in order
to make their use easier and clearer.
• Conditionals can be categorized as real and unreal. You can think of
this as meaning possible or impossible. Zero and first conditionals are
possible as they deal with things that are generally true or that could
be true in the future. Second, third, and mixed conditionals are
impossible because they are either hypothetical or concerned with
events in the past that we cannot change.
Real Conditionals: Zero and First
Unreal Conditionals: Second, Third, and Mixed
• In the second conditional, the simple past is used in the condition
clause. If the be verb is being used, it is typical to use were in more
formal contexts. If you’re speaking informally though, was more usual.
Formal: If I were you, I would drink more water.
Informal: If I was you, I wouldn’t stay out so late.
 Past simple
Formation of Past Simple Tense:
Formation
Regular Verbs:of Past Simple Tense:
• Regular Verbs:
Affirmative: Verb + "-ed"
• Affirmative: Verb + "-ed"
Example: I walked to school yesterday.
Example:
• Negative: SubjectI walked to school
+ did not (didn't)yesterday.
+ base form of verb
• Negative: Subject + did not (didn't) + base form of verb
Example: She didn't walk to school yesterday.
Example:
• Question: Did +She didn't
subject walk form
+ base to school yesterday.
of verb?
• Question: Did + subject + base form of verb?
Example: Did you walk to school yesterday?
Example:
Irregular Verbs:Did you walk to school yesterday?
• Irregular
IrregularVerbs:
verbs have unique past tense forms that do not follow
• Irregular verbs have unique past tense forms that do not follow
the "-ed" pattern. Examples include "go" (went), "eat" (ate), and
the "-ed"
"write" pattern. Examples include "go" (went), "eat" (ate), and
(wrote).
"write"of(wrote).
Usage Past Simple Tense:
5. Usage of Past
Completed SimpleinTense:
Actions the Past:
1. Completed
The past Actions
simple intense
the Past:
is used to describe actions or events
The
that past simpleattense
happened is used
a specific to describe
time actions
in the past or events
and are now
that happened at a specific time in the past and are now
finished.
finished.
▪ Example: She finished her homework before dinner.
Example:inShe
6. Habits or▪ Routines thefinished
Past: her homework before dinner.
2. HabitsItorcanRoutines in thehabitual
also describe Past: actions or routines that occurred
It can alsoindescribe
regularly the [Link] actions or routines that
occurred regularly
▪ Example: in the past.
He played soccer every Saturday when he
▪ Example: He played soccer every Saturday when he
was a child.
7. Past Stateswas a child.
or Conditions:
3. Past States or Conditions:
It can describe states or conditions that were true in the past.
It can describe▪ states or conditions
Example: that were
She was happy true
to see in friends.
her the past.
▪ Example: She was happy to see her friends.
8. Narrating a Story:
4. Narrating a Story: used in storytelling or recounting events in
It is commonly
It
theis past.
commonly used in storytelling or recounting events in
the▪ past.
Example: The cat chased the mouse but couldn't catch
▪ Example: The cat chased the mouse but couldn't catch
it.
it.
 9. Sequential Actions:
When narrating a series of actions in the past, the past
simple is used to indicate each action in sequence.
▪ Example: She opened the door, entered the room, and

sat down.
Additional Details:
• Time Expressions: Often used with time expressions that indicate

when the action happened, such as yesterday, last week, in 1999,

etc.
Example: He traveled to Paris last summer.
• Adverbs of Frequency: Used to describe how often something

happened in the past.

Example: She often visited her grandmother.
• Modal Verbs: Modal verbs like could, would, should, might can
also be used with the past simple tense to express past
possibilities or hypothetical situations.
Example: If I had known, I would have come earlier.

Past perfect
Formation of Past Perfect Tense:
In English, the past perfect tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb
"had" followed by the past participle of the main verb.
• Affirmative: Subject + had + past participle

Example: She had finished her homework before dinner.

• Negative: Subject + had not (hadn't) + past participle

Example: They hadn't seen the movie before last night.

• Question: Had + subject + past participle?

Example: Had you finished your work before she arrived?

Usage of Past Perfect Tense:
1. Sequence of Past Actions:
The past perfect tense is used to show that one action
happened before another action in the past.
▪ Example: By the time we arrived, they had already left.
 2. Cause and Effect in the Past:
It is used to indicate that the action in the past perfect tense
happened first and caused another action or state in the
simple past.
. Example: He had studied hard, so he passed the exam easily.
3. Unreal Past Situations:
It can describe hypothetical or unreal situations in the past,
often used with "if" clauses in the third conditional.
▪ Example: If I had known, I would have come to the

party.
4. Past States or Conditions Before a Point in Time:
It can describe states or conditions that existed before a
specific point in the past.
▪ Example: She had never visited Europe before last

summer.
Additional Details:
• Time Expressions: Often used with time expressions that

establish the order of events, such as before, by the time, already,

just, etc.
Example: By the time he arrived, she had already left.
• Narrative Tenses: Used frequently in storytelling or recounting
events to clarify the sequence of actions.
Example: When I arrived, they had already started the
meeting.
• Modal Verbs: Modal verbs like could, would, should, might can
also be used with the past perfect tense to express past
possibilities or hypothetical situations.
Example: She could have gone to the party if she had
wanted to.
 Reported speech
Formation of Reported Speech:
When reporting what someone else has said, the structure typically
involves:
1. Reporting Verb:
Use verbs like say, tell, mention, explain, etc., to introduce
the reported speech.
▪ Example: She said (that) she was tired.

2. Reporting Clause:
Introduce the reported speech with a noun clause (that-
clause) or a question word (wh-word) that reflects the
original statement.
▪ Example: He asked where she was going.

Changes in Verb Tenses:

The verb tense in reported speech often changes according to specific
rules:
• Present Simple → Past Simple:

o Direct: "I like pizza."

o Reported: She said (that) she liked pizza.

• Present Continuous → Past Continuous:

o Direct: "She is watching TV."

o Reported: He said (that) she was watching TV.

• Present Perfect → Past Perfect:

o Direct: "I have seen that movie."

o Reported: She said (that) she had seen that movie.

• Past Simple → Past Perfect:

o Direct: "I went to the store."

o Reported: He said (that) he had gone to the store.

 • Modals (can, will, must, etc.) → Past Modals (could, would, had
to, etc.):
o Direct: "I can swim."

o Reported: She said (that) she could swim.

Pronoun Changes:
Pronouns may change to reflect the perspective of the speaker in the
reported sentence:
• Direct:

"She is coming."
• Reported:

He said (that) she was coming.

Time and Place Expressions:
Time and place expressions often change to reflect the perspective of
the speaker in the reported sentence:
• Direct:

"I will be there tomorrow."

• Reported:

She said (that) she would be there the next day.

Reporting Questions:
When reporting questions, the structure changes slightly:
• Direct Question:

"Where do you live?"

• Indirect Question:

She asked (me) where I lived.

Reporting Commands:
Commands are reported using an infinitive or an infinitive phrase:
• Direct Command:

"Close the door."

• Indirect Command:

He told me to close the door.

Additional Details and Considerations:
• Back shifting: In reported speech, verb tenses often shift back
(from present to past, past to past perfect, etc.) to reflect that the
reported statement occurred in the past relative to the reporting
verb.
• Adverbs and Time Expressions: Adverbs and time expressions
often change to fit the new reporting context:

o Direct: "I'll see you later."

o Reported: She said (that) she would see me later.
• Emotional Changes: Sometimes, adjectives or adverbs describing
emotions may change to reflect the speaker's attitude or emotion
in the reported speech:

o Direct: "It's so amazing!"

o Reported: She exclaimed (that) it was so amazing.
Examples:
1. Direct Speech: "I have never been to Paris."
Reported Speech: She said (that) she had never been to
Paris.
2. Direct Speech: "He is studying for his exams."
Reported Speech: They mentioned (that) he was studying
for his exams.
3. Direct Speech: "We will go hiking next weekend."
Reported Speech: He told us (that) they would go hiking the
following weekend.
 Passive
• Structure of Passive Voice
Subject + form of "to be"+ past participle
Examples
Active Voice:
*The chef (subject) cooks (verb) the meal (object).
Passive Voice:
*The meal (subject) is cooked (verb) by the chef (agent).
(In the passive sentence, the meal becomes the focus rather than
the chef.)
• When to Use Passive Voice
1. When the doer of the action is unknown or irrelevant:
o Active: Someone stole my car.
o Passive: My car was stolen. (The thief is unknown or not
important)
2. When the focus is on the action or the recipient rather than
the doer:
o Active: The company will launch a new product next year.
o Passive: A new product will be launched next year by the
company. (The focus is on the product launch)
3. In scientific and technical writing:
o Active: Researchers conducted the experiment.
o Passive: The experiment was conducted. (The focus is on the
experiment itself)
 • How to Form the Passive Voice
1. Identify the object of the active sentence:
o Active: The cat (subject) chased (verb) the mouse (object).
2. Make the object the subject of the passive sentence:
o Passive: The mouse
3. Use the appropriate form of the verb "to be":
o The mouse was (past tense of "to be" because "chased" is
past tense)
4. Add the past participle of the main verb:
o The mouse was chased.
5. Optionally, include the agent:
o The mouse was chased by the cat.
• Tenses in Passive Voice
1. Present Simple:
o Active: She writes letters.
o Passive: The letters are written by her.
2. Past Simple:
o Active: They built the bridge.
o Passive: The bridge was built by them.
3. Future Simple:
o Active: We will deliver the package.
o Passive: The package will be delivered by us.
 4. Present Continuous:
o Active: They are painting the house.
o Passive: The house is being painted by them.
5. Present Perfect:
o Active: He has completed the project.
o Passive: The project has been completed by him.

Practice worksheet:
1. We ______ be punctual in school.
A. should
B. ought to
C. will
D. shouldn't
2. Advise your friend to go to the dentist.
A. you must go to the dentist.
B. you should go to the dentist.
C. you have to go to the dentist.
D. you shall go to the dentist.
3. He _____ do anything for money.
A. should
B. must
C. can
D. could
4. Take a raincoat as it ____ rain later.
A. must
B. would
C. ought to
D. could
5. WARN your brother not to touch the switch with wet hands.
A. You should not touch the switch with wet hands.
B. You must not touch the switch with wet hands.
C. You may not touch the switch with wet hands.
D. You could not touch the switch with wet hands.
6. Choose the correct synonym for hale.
A. Sickly
B. Frail
C. Weak
D. Healthy
7. This place is so awful. Choose a word similar to awful.
A. entertaining
B. terrible
C. courageous
D. intelligent
[Link] word closest in meaning to the word admit.
A. confess
B. except
C. attend
D. dissent
9. Choose the word closest in meaning to abandon.
A. postpone
B. attain
C. forsake
D. finish
10. The event held in Margao was outrageous. Pick a synonym for the
word outrageous.
A. lengthy
B. boring
C. interesting
D. fantastic
11. Choose the antonym of the word flourish.
A. proliferate
B. grow
C. prosper
D. deficient
12. Artificial flowers are better than ______ ones. Choose the
appropriate antonym.
A. natural
B. coloured
C. withered
D. plastic
13. Choose the antonym of the word foremost from the alternatives
given below.
A. midmost
B. unimportant
C. disposed
D. mature
14. Choose the antonym of the word precaution from the following
alternatives.
A. ceaseless
B. staunch
C. carelessness
D. surround
15. Correct meaning which can be substituted for the given sentence:
“The legend was sickened instantly”.
A. The legend kicked the bucket to soon.
B. The legend fell sick suddenly.
C. The legend made an untimely mistake.
D. The legend got annoyed too soon.
16. Choose the correct determiner for “once upon time there were
_________ dinosaurs”.
A. much
B. many
C. most
D. money
17. Correct article to complete the sentence, “the child was thrilled to
have ____ unicorn cake”.
A. an
B. a
C. the
D. All of the above
[Link] the sentence given below with the suitable determiner.
“Can ____ help me?”
A. many
B. nobody
C. everybody
D. somebody
19. _______of the deadlines is met.
A. neither
B. no
C. non
D. much
20. Sharmila wanted to read about _______ funny schools.
A. Much
B. One
C. Those
D. These
21. The guards will have locked the gates. (change the voice)
A. The gates will have been locked by the guards.
B. The gates will be locked by the guards.
C. The gates are going to be locked by the guards.
D. The gates will have been locking by the guards.
[Link] ring master is training the lions. (change the voice)
A. The lions were trained by the ring master.
B. The lions are being trained by the ring master.
C. The lions were being trained by the ring master.
D. The lions have been trained the ring master.
23. Who teaches you English? (change the voice)
A. Who is taught English by you?
B. Who is being taught by you English?
C. By whom are you taught English?
D. By whom is taught you English?
24. Choose the sentence in active voice.
A. The cake was packed by the chef.
B. The chef baked the cake.
C. The book was written by the author.
D. The floor was cleaned by the maid.
25. Change the voice, “I was writing an essay”.
A. An essay was being written by me.
B. An essay was written by me.
C. An essay is being written by me.
D. I wrote an essay.
26. Change into direct speech, “he requested the interviewer to repeat
the question”.
A. He said to the interviewer if he could please repeat the question.
B. He said to the interviewer, " could you please repeat the question".
C. He said to the interviewer, could you please repeat the question?
D. He said to the interviewer, "could you please repeat the question?"
27. "Get out of the car!" Said the policeman. (write in the reported
speech)
A. The policeman told him to come out of the car.
B. The policeman ordered him to get out of the car.
C. The policeman suggested that he comes out of the car.
D. The policeman advised him to come out of the car.
28. The father said to his son, “health is wealth". (write in the reported
speech)
A. The father told his son that health is wealth.
B. The father asked his son if health is wealth.
C. The father told his son that health is wealth.
D. The father told his son that health is also wealth.
29. The teacher said, “you are suspended”. (write in the reported
speech)
A. The teacher claimed that I am suspended!
B. The teacher explained to me that I was suspended.
C. The teacher informed me that “I was suspended”.
D. The teacher exclaimed that I was suspended!
30. The boss said, “call him right now”. (write in the reported speech)
A. The boss shouted and said to call him right then.
B. The boss ordered me to call him quickly.
C. The boss told me to call him now.
D. The boss ordered me to call him right then.
31. Her smile is as bright as the sun.
A. Hyperbole
B. Imagery
C. Alliteration
D. Simile
32. The baby was crawling and crying.
A. Alliteration
B. Personification
C. Hyperbole
D. Imagery
33. Lightning danced across the sky.
A. Alliteration
B. Personification
C. Hyperbole
D. Imagery
34. And miles to go before I sleep and miles to go before I sleep.
A. Repetition
B. Personification
C. Metaphor
D. Smile
35. Her cheeks like big red apples from the cold.
A. Personification
B. Paradox
C. Metaphor
D. Simile
36. The teacher _____ completed this chapter. A. have
B. has
C. is
D. are
37. A bouquet of flowers _____ required for the event.
A. are
B. have
C. has
D. is
[Link] dollars _______ a small amount.
A. are
B. has
C. have
D. is
[Link] government will ________ the order soon.
A. passed
B. passes
C. pass
D. has passed
[Link] should definitely __________ that lake.
A. visit
B. visits
C. visiting
D. visited
41. He never goes to bed before 10 O’clock, _________?
A. isn’t he
B. is he
C. doesn’t he
D. does he
42. There were many mistakes in your dictation, ______?
A. weren’t they
B. aren’t there
C. weren’t there
D. aren’t they
43. Don’t keep arguing with me for everything, ___________?
A. will you
B. would you
C. don’t you
D. should you
44. The villagers have worked very hard to clean their surroundings.
__________?
A. haven't they
B. did they
C. have they
D. will they
45. Rajveer had lived in London for ten years, _______?
A. isn’t he
B. did he
C. hadn’t he
D. hasn’t he
46. I want to finish my work _______ we go out
A. till
B. after
C. before
D. later
47.I’ll e-mail you ________ I arrive.
A. as soon as
B. while
C. till
D. when
48. Don’t cross the road __________ you see the red signal.
A. as
B. when
C. until
D. before
49. If I had been there, _______ (complete the conditional clause)
A. I would have helped
B. I will help
C. I have to help
D. I will be helping
[Link] you _____ chocolate milk?
A. like
B. likes
C. be like
D. liked
[Link]. Bean ______ his lunch as he wanted to go shopping. Choose the
correct tense.
A. gobbles
B. gobbled
C. will gobble
D. None of the above
52. Will your folks _____ before Tuesday?
A. leaving
B. leave
C. leaves
D. left
53. Listen! Somebody ________ the door.
A. is knocking
B. knocks
C is knocks
D. knock
54. "My sister and I were walking on the beach at 12 midnight last
week." The sentence is in the ______ tense.
A. Simple present
B. Present continuous
C. Past continuous
D. Past perfect continuous
55. We'll be ________ the news at 10 pm.
A. watch
B. watching
C. to watch
D. watched
56. She _________ here for one week.
A. have being
B. has being
C. have been
D. has been
57. My mom ______ for two days by the time I see her.
A. has been travelling
B. will have been travelling
C. will has been travelling
D. was travelling
58. Was he not _____ his homework?
A. doing
B. do
C. done
D. did
59. _____ I talk to the manager?
A. Might
B. May
C. Could
D. Shall
60. Will you ________ here for ten years by the time of the Christmas
party?
A. have been worked
B. have to work
C have been working
D. have worked
 Reading Comprehension Assessment:
[Link] has a favorite attraction at an amusement park, and I am no different.
However, unlike most people who seem to prefer rollercoasters, my favorite ride
is a little gentler. Every time I go to Coney Island, Navy Pier, or the Santa Monica
Pier, I absolutely have to ride the Ferris wheel.
The Ferris wheel is simple and yet also quite complex. That is, riding it is easy, but
how it works is complicated. A series of carts are attached to a wheel, which is
attached to a rim. That rim rotates vertically around an axis, and gravity keeps the
carts upright. As simple as the ride seems, only advanced engineers can make
safe and fun Ferris wheels.
What It Lacks in Thrills…
While the Ferris wheel is not as thrilling as a rollercoaster, it is still very exciting.
The fact of being high in the air makes it so much more entertaining than a lot of
rides. I mean, how often do you hang from that high up in daily life?
Nevertheless, I have to admit, I don’t seek Ferris wheels out because of their
excitement. Rather, I find them very relaxing. At the top of the Ferris wheel, you
get beautiful sights of the park. You also get a sense of calm that you don’t get in
the hustle and bustle of the park below.
Additionally, Ferris wheels are also gorgeous to look at when they are lit up at
night. In fact, the original Ferris wheel was designed as much to be seen as to be
ridden.
It Happened at the World’s Fair
The first Ferris wheel was made by and named after George Washington Gale
Ferris, Jr. He designed it for the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893. It was the tallest
attraction there, standing 264 feet high.
However, visitors to the fair were impressed by the size of the ride as well as the
mechanics of it. In 1893, anything that was not turned by hand was considered a
sight to see. And the wheel, which was a machine, was truly incredible to see.
Further, as one visitor put it, the wheel was amazing because it seemed to be
missing support. That is, it did not look like it could stand on its own. And yet it
did and even rotated!
They Keep Reaching Higher and Higher
Ferris wheel technology has only improved since then. Most of today’s Ferris
wheels are much larger than that first one. The largest in the world is the
"Singapore Flyer," which stands slightly taller than twice what Ferris’s did!
Today, the Ferris wheel is the most common amusement park ride. But that does
not mean you should take them for granted. Instead, be thankful for Ferris’
invention. The next time you’re at an amusement park, don’t just look up at the
Impressive wheel in the sky on your way to a newer attraction. Take it for a spin!
1) As used in paragraph 1, the word attraction most nearly means
A. sense
B. park
C. ride
D. vision
2) It can be understood that Coney Island, Navy Pier, and the Santa
Monica Pier are all examples of
A. amusement parks
B. Ferris wheels
C. vacation spots
D. boat docks
3) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best antonym for complex?
A. impressive
B. beautiful
C. exciting
D. simple
4) What does the author like best about Ferris wheels?
A. the impressive engineering and beauty of them
B. the excitement and thrills they guarantee
C. the beautiful sights and relaxation they allow
D. the fact that most amusement parks have one
5) According to the passage, the Ferris wheel was originally designed
for
A. Coney Island
B. the world’s fair
C. Disneyworld
D. Singapore
6) This passage was most likely written to
A. describe the author’s favorite amusement park rides
B. explain the original design of Ferris wheels and how they work today
C. describe the history of Ferris wheels and why they are so popular
D. explain the history of Ferris wheels and why the author likes them
7) Using information in the passage, the reader can understand that the
tallest Ferris wheel in the world is
A. under 250 feet tall
B. between 250 and 500 feet tall
C. between 500 and 750 feet tall
D. over 750 feet tall

[Link] is the art of convincing someone to agree with your point of view.
According to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, there are three basic tools
of persuasion: ethos, pathos, and logos. Ethos is a speaker’s way of convincing the
audience that she is a credible source. An audience will consider a speaker
credible if she seems trustworthy, reliable, and sincere. This can be done in many
ways. For example, a speaker can develop ethos by explaining how much
experience or education she has in the field. After all, you would be more likely to
listen to advice about how to take care of your teeth from a dentist than a
firefighter. A speaker can also create ethos by convincing the audience that she is
a good person who has their best interests at heart. If an audience cannot trust
you, you will not be able to persuade them. Pathos is a speaker’s way of
connecting with an audience’s emotions. For example, a speaker who is trying to
convince an audience to vote for him might say that he alone can save the country
from a terrible war. These words are intended to fill the audience with fear, thus
making them want to vote for him. Similarly, a charity organization that helps
animals might show an audience pictures of injured dogs and cats. These images
are intended to fill the viewers with pity. If the audience feels bad for the animals,
they will be more likely to donate money. Logos is the use of facts, information,
statistics, or other evidence to make your argument more convincing. An audience
will be more likely to believe you if you have data to back up your claims. For
example, a commercial for soap might tell you that laboratory tests have shown
that their soap kills all 7,000,000 of the bacteria living on your hands right now.
This piece of information might make you more likely to buy their brand of soap.
Presenting this evidence is much more convincing than simply saying “our soap is
the best!” Use of logos can also increase a speaker’s ethos; the more facts a
speaker includes in his argument, the more likely you are to think that he is
educated and trustworthy. Although ethos, pathos, and logos all have their
strengths, they are often most effective when they are used together. Indeed,
most speakers use a combination of ethos, pathos, and logos to persuade their
audiences. The next time you listen to a speech, watch a commercial, or listen to a
friend try to convince you to lend him some money, be on the lookout for these
ancient Greek tools of persuasion.
1) As used in paragraph 2, what is the best antonym for credible?
A. unintelligent
B. boring
C. dishonest
D. amazing
2) Amy is trying to convince her mother to buy her a pair of $200 shoes.
She says: “Mom, the shoes I have are really old and ugly. If I don’t get
these new shoes, everyone at school is going to laugh at me. I will be so
embarrassed that I will want to die.” What form of persuasion is Amy
using here?
A. pathos
B. ethos
C. logos
D. a combination of ethos, pathos, and logos
3) According to the passage, logos can build ethos because
A. an audience is more easily convinced by facts and information than
simple appeals to emotions like pity or fear
B. an audience is more likely to trust a speaker who uses evidence to
support his argument
C. a speaker who overuses pathos might make an audience too
emotional; audiences who are too frightened or too sad are unlikely to
be persuaded
D. a speaker can use misleading or false information to make his
argument seem more convincing
4) Gareth is running for mayor. He tells his audience: “Under our
current mayor, there have been 15,000 new cases of unemployment. If
he stays in office, who knows how many more people will lose their
jobs? The number could go up even higher. When I was the CEO of
Magnatech, I helped to create over 1,000 new jobs. I can do the same
thing for this city if you vote for me.” Which form of persuasion is
Gareth using here?
I. pathos
II. logos
III. ethos
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II, and III
5) According to the passage, the most effective tool of persuasion is
A. ethos, because you cannot persuade an audience that does not trust
you
B. logos, because it can also be used to build ethos
C. a combination of ethos, pathos, and logos
D. pathos, because human beings are most easily persuaded by
emotion
"I Have a Dream" is a public speech delivered by American civil rights activist
Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on
August 28, 1963, in which he calls for an end to racism in the United States and
called for civil and economic rights. Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights
supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., the
speech was a defining moment of the civil rights movement.
Beginning with a reference to the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed
millions of slaves in 1863, King observes that: "one hundred years later, the Negro
still is not free". Toward the end of the speech, King departed from his prepared
text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme "I have a dream", prompted
by Mahalia Jackson's cry: "Tell them about the dream, Martin!" In this part of the
speech, which most excited the listeners and has now become its most famous,
King described his dreams of freedom and equality arising from a land of slavery
and hatred. Jon Meacham writes that, "With a single phrase, Martin Luther King
Jr. joined Jefferson and Lincoln in the ranks of men who've shaped modern
America". The speech was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century in
a 1999 poll of scholars of public address.
1)What issues does Martin Luther King’s speech address?
[Link] of racism
[Link] to racism and civil and economic rights
3. Civil rights
[Link] War
2)What pushes King to speak: “I have a dream”?
[Link] reads out the Emancipation Proclamation
[Link] is prompted by Mahalia Jackson
[Link] is overwhelmed by the crowd
[Link] had asked him to give the speech
3)From the last paragraph, give one word for “to leave”
[Link]
2. Proclamation
[Link]
[Link]
4)What is the name of martin Luther King’s famed speech?
[Link] Emancipation Proclamation
[Link] Improvisation
3. A Peroration
4.I Have a Dream
5)In front of whom does King speak?
[Link] civil rights supporters
[Link] friends
[Link]
[Link] Negroes

Artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence

demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by
humans and other animals. In computer science AI research is defined as the
study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes
actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals. Colloquially,
the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive"
functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and
"problem solving".
The scope of AI is disputed: as machines become increasingly capable, tasks
considered as requiring "intelligence" are often removed from the definition, a
phenomenon known as the AI effect, leading to the quip, "AI is whatever hasn't
been done yet." For instance, optical character recognition is frequently excluded
from "artificial intelligence", having become a routine technology. Capabilities
generally classified as AI as of 2017 include successfully understanding human
speech, competing at the highest level in strategic game systems (such as chess
and Go), autonomous cars, intelligent routing in content delivery network and
military simulations.
Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the
years since has experienced several waves of optimism, followed by
disappointment and the loss of funding (known as an "AI winter"), followed by
new approaches, success and renewed funding. For most of its history, AI research
has been divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.
These sub-fields are based on technical considerations, such as particular goals
(e.g. "robotics" or "machine learning"), the use of particular tools ("logic" or
artificial neural networks), or deep philosophical differences. Subfields have also
been based on social factors (particular institutions or the work of particular
researchers).
The traditional problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge
representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception and
the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence is among the
field's long-term goals. Approaches include statistical methods, computational
intelligence, and traditional symbolic AI. Many tools are used in AI, including
versions of search and mathematical optimization, artificial neural networks, and
methods based on statistics, probability and economics. The AI field draws upon
computer science, mathematics, psychology, linguistics, philosophy and many
others.
1)What is the AI winter?
[Link] of funding for AI projects
[Link]-functioning AI systems
[Link] of research labs
[Link] of the above
2)Are sub-fields based only on social factors?
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] are based on machine learning
[Link] of the above
3) Leaning and problem solving by machines is a colloquial way of
understanding artificial intelligence?
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] intelligence means acquiring knowledge through books
[Link] cannot be defined colloquially
4)Are autonomous cars an example of AI?
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] of 2017, they are
[Link] of the above
5)Does AI only draw on technology and mathematics?
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] also draws upon psychology
[Link] only draws upon linguistics
‫‪[Link]
‫‪Cities-2008‬‬

‫‪[Link]
‫‪Cities-2008‬‬

‫في اآلخر حبينا نحطلكم القصتين دول عشان تقدروا تطوروا حوار انكم تقروا حاجات طويلة وتفهموها‬
‫وتربطوا االحداث بين المواضيع والقصص هتعجبكم بجد ياريت متكسلوش تقروهم حتى لو شابتر واحد كل‬
‫يوم‬

‫ومتنسوش تقولولنا رأيكم في الفايل وايه الحاجات اللي ممكن نحسنها لقدام وربنا معاكم يا شوية‬
‫راغبين‬
 Our Team
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Rewan Mohammed Mina Osama