GROUP E
SENSOR
TECHNOLOGIES
Moisture, Load Cell,
Vibration & Pressure
Introduction
Sensors play a critical role in modern
engineering, agriculture, industrial
automation, and numerous other fields
by enabling the precise measurement
and monitoring of physical, chemical,
and environmental parameters
VIBRATION
SENSORS
VIBRATION SENSORS
Devices detecting/measuring vibration, shock,
or oscillation; converting mechanical motion
into electrical signals for analysis.
Purpose: Monitor equipment performance,
diagnose faults, predict failures.
Significance: Enhances operational efficiency,
safety, cost management, and workplace
safety.
KEY FEATURES
Indirect
Classification Sensitivity
Measurement
From
Deduces Contact 10mV/g to
values from 100mV/g,
mechanical customizable
Non-contact for specific
quantities. applications.
Working Principle
Mechanism Signal Conversion
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Utilizes piezoelectric
Converts mechanical inputs
materials or
to electrical signals using
mechanical receiving and electromagnetic induction
electromechanical conversion to process vibrations into
components. analyzable data.
Application
Automotive & Industrial
Early earthquake
Aerospace: Machinery: Early
Detection and
Monitoring engine fault detection,
structural
performance, reducing
monitoring.
ensuring safety. downtime.
Sensor Configuration
Circuit Design: Power
Connect vibration Requirements:
Microcontroller:
sensor to ESP32 GPIO. ESP32 provides
ESP32.
Pull-up or pull-down 3.3V/5V depending
resistor for stability. on sensor specs.
LOAD CELL
SENSORS
LOAD CELL SENSORS
A load cell sensor is a transducer that produces an
electrical signal from force or load. This signal may
manifest as a shift in frequency, voltage, or current.
It comprises a main body and an electrical circuit. The
main body, typically made of high-grade steel or
aluminum, handles the applied weight or force,
ensuring mechanical reliability and uniform strain
distribution.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Force Application - Compression, Tension, or Bending.
Elastic Deformation.
Strain Gauges - Strain gauges attached to the load cell detect the
deformation. These are resistive sensors whose resistance
changes when stretched or compressed.
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit - The strain gauges are connected in a
Wheatstone bridge configuration, which converts small resistance
changes into a measurable electrical signal.
Signal Amplification
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Output Interpretation
Types of Load Cell
Sensors
Strain Gauge Load Cells
Hydraulic Load Cells
Pneumatic Load Cells
Compression Load Cells
Tension Load Cells
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INTEGRATION
Micro-controller : ESP - 32 Actuator : Linear Servo Motor
Sensor : Load Cell with HX711 Amplifier
INTEGRATION
APPLICATIONS AND
USE CASES OF
LOAD CELLS
Weight-Triggered
Automated Sorting Material Handling
Mechanism:
The servo can divert items Open/close a gate or Monitoring weight of
weighing above a certain activate a machine transported goods on
threshold to another based on measured conveyor belts and cranes for
conveyor or container. weight. safety and efficiency.
Component Testing (Aerospace/Auto):
Testing strength and durability of parts under
various loads.
SOIL
MOISTURE
SENSORS
SOIL MOISTURE SENSORS
A soil moisture sensor is a device used to measure
the water content in the soil. It helps in determining
whether the soil has enough moisture for plant
growth or if additional watering is required.
It consists of probes to detect moisture, a circuit to
process signals, a microcontroller for data conversion,
and an output interface for transmitting the results.
TYPES OF SOIL
MOISTURE SENSORS
1. Capacitive Sensors
Measure the dielectric constant of the soil, offering
stable and corrosion-resistant readings.
2. Resistive Sensors
Measure soil resistance, with readings affected by
moisture and salinity, but prone to corrosion over
time.
3. Tensiometers
Measure soil water tension, providing accurate
moisture levels in the root zone, often used in
agriculture.
KEY FEATURES
Signal Processing Output
Probes
Circuit Interface
Soil moisture sensors The circuit converts the The sensor provides data
use either capacitive raw data from the probes through an interface, such
into electrical signals that as analog output or digital
or resistive probes to communication protocols,
detect-moisture can be interpreted to for easy integration with
levels by measuring determine soil moisture other systems.
changes in the soil’s content.
properties.
Working Principle
The general working principle of soil moisture sensors involves detecting
changes in the soil’s physical properties, such as resistance, capacitance, or
tension, in response to varying moisture levels. As moisture content
increases, the electrical conductivity or dielectric constant of the soil
changes, which is measured by the sensor. This change is then converted
into an electrical signal, which is processed and used to determine the soil’s
moisture level.
Application
Agriculture: Optimizing Gardening: Ensuring proper Environmental Monitoring:
irrigation by monitoring watering in home gardens Tracking soil moisture in
soil moisture levels for and landscapes for healthy ecosystems to assess
efficient water usage. plant growth. drought conditions or
support conservation
efforts.
APPLICATION OF SENSOR WITH AN ACTUATOR
Micro-controller : ESP - 32 Actuator : Solenoid Valve/Water Pump
Automatic Watering System using
FC-28 Moisture Sensor with arduino
Sensor Configuration
1. Microcontroller - ESP32
The ESP32 is a versatile microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities,
making it ideal for remote monitoring and control of soil moisture sensors. It connects
the sensor to a network for data transmission, such as to a mobile app or cloud server.
Sensor Configuration
Circuit Design
The circuit typically includes the soil moisture sensor connected to an analog input pin
of the ESP32. The sensor’s output (analog or digital) is processed by the ESP32, and an
additional power regulation circuit may be used to ensure stable voltage supply to both
the sensor and the microcontroller. A level-shifter may also be necessary if the sensor
outputs in a different voltage range than the ESP32.
Sensor Configuration
Power Requirements
The ESP32 requires a 3.3V power supply, while the soil moisture sensor’s power needs vary
depending on the type. Typically, resistive and capacitive sensors can be powered using
3.3V or 5V. A stable power source such as a battery or a USB connection can be used to
power both components. If the setup is battery-powered, low-power modes on the ESP32
can be utilized to prolong battery life.
NOTES FOR INTEGRATION
• These codes assume that the sensors output an
analog signal.
• Adjust the SENSOR_PIN based on your ESP32 pin
configuration.
• The map() function converts the analog reading to
a percentage, but you may need to calibrate the
sensor output for more accurate results.
CODES FOR INTEGRATION
CODES FOR INTEGRATION
CODES FOR INTEGRATION
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, soil moisture sensors are essential tools for
efficient water management in agriculture, gardening, and
environmental monitoring. By providing accurate and real-time
data on soil moisture levels, they help optimize irrigation,
reduce water wastage, and improve plant health. With various
types such as capacitive, resistive, and tensiometers, each
sensor offers unique advantages depending on the application.
Integrating these sensors with microcontrollers like the ESP32
enables easy data collection and remote monitoring, making
them a vital component of modern precision agriculture and
sustainable resource management.
PRESSURE
SENSOR
Conclusion
The melting of the Arctic ice is a sobering warning of
the impacts of climate change. If drastic action is not
taken soon, the climate crisis will worsen the world as
a whole. Despite the enormous challenges, there is
still hope to protect the Arctic and slow the impacts of
climate change through a concerted global effort.
THANK
YOU!
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