REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROON REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON

Paix-Travail-Patrie Peace-Work-Fatherland
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MINISTERE DE L’ENSEINEMENT SUPERIEUR MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION
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COMISSION NATIONALE D’ORGANISATION DE L’EXAMEN NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE
ORGANISATION DU HND OF THE HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) EXAM
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HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) EXAMINATION

JUNE-JULY 2022 SESSION
HND SETTING TWO
PUBLIC HEALTH

1. Which is the best method of supervision?

A. Autocratic
B. Democratic
C. Anarchic
D. Bureaucratic
E. Laisez faire
2. Which process improves efficiency of solid waste management?
A. Disposal
B. collection
C. compositing
D. processing
E. All of the above
3. Vector host of malaria is
A. Aedes mosquito
B. Culex mosquito
C. Female Anopheles mosquito
D. Male Anopheles mosquito
E. None of the above

4. The sanitary disposal of excreta is important for the following points expect:
A. Food contamination
B Water pollution
C. Air pollution
D. Soil pollution
E. All of the above

5. A medical doctor views health as related to:

A. Pathological processes
B. Behavioural change
 C. Health screening
D. Minimising complications
E. All of the above

6. For primary health care to improve health, people must first have:

A) Access to medical services

B) Their basic needs met
C) A health promotion program
D) Electronic medical records
E) Have enough money

7. The key elements the World Health Organization sees as necessary to achieve better health
for all include:

F) Decreasing inclusion in health care coverage

G) Increasing stakeholder participation
H) Centralising and standardising health service delivery
I) Reducing use of collaborative models
J) Giving health personnel good training

8. Types of feedback include

K) positive feedback
L) constructive feedback
M) control feedback
N) A and B
O) None of the above

9. All of the following are examples of health information system except

P) Electronic Medical Record
Q) Practice Management Software
R) Electronic Health Record
S) Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM)
T) Primary records

10. An increase in demand within the National Health Service i.e. for healthcare which
remains free at the point of use but where medical resources are limited will result in:
U) Reduction in price of healthcare
V) Longer waiting lists
W) Rises in price of healthcare
X) Unemployment in healthcare service
Y) Increase the price of healthcare

11. Which of the following is not a key component of the health information system?
Z) Resources
AA) Indicators
BB) Data management
 CC) health determinants
DD) Data source

12. The mode of transport of an infectious agent through the environment to a susceptible host
is called a:
A. Carrier
B. Reservoir
C. Vector
D. Vehicle
E. A vector and a carrier

13. Some behaviours have more potential impact on the health than others True/false.
14. To a small extent, factors such as where we live, the state of our environment, genetics,
our income and education level, and our relationships with friends and family all have
considerable impacts on health. True/False

15. Occupational Health is the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical,
mental and social well-being of school children in all occupations by preventing departures
from health, controlling risks: a) True b) False.

16. Public health surveillance includes various activities. Which one is not part of public
health surveillance?

A. Data collection
B. Data dissemination
C. Disease control
D. Data analysis
E. None of the above

17. For a disease such as Ebola fever, which is highly fatal and of short duration, which of the
following statements is correct?

A. Incidence rate and mortality rate will be similar

B. Mortality rate will be much higher than incidence rate
C. Incidence rate will be much higher than mortality rate
D. Incidence will be unrelated to mortality rate
E. None of above

18. Epidemiologists are interested in learning about

A. the causes of diseases and how to cure or control them

B. the frequency and geographic distribution of diseases
C. the causal relationships between diseases
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
19. Total fertility rate (TFR) refers to:
A. Number of births per one thousands woman
B. Number of women between 15-49 years
C. Number of children per women approximate completed family size
D. Total number of children in the population
E. Number of women without children
20. Which of the following statements is true about contamination?
(a) Contamination is caused by the entry of germs by an insect bite
(b) Contamination is caused by the entry of germs by an animal bite
(c) Contamination is caused by the entry of germs into drinking water or edible foods.
(d) None of the above
21. Which of the following factors is necessary for a healthy person?
A. Vaccination
B. Balanced diet
C. Personal hygiene
D. B and C above
E. All of the above
22.) This approach to health promotion aims to improve and promote health by addressing
socioeconomic and environmental determinants of health within the community.

B. behaviour change approach

C. community development approach
D. biomedical approach
E. A only
F. none of these

23. Which of the following is a criticism of the behaviour change approach to health
promotion?

A. It is unable to target the major causes of ill health.

B. The choice of which behaviour to target lies with ‘experts’ whose task it is to
communicate and justify this choice to the public.
C. The behaviour change paradigm does not address the many variables other than
cognitions that influence human actions.
D. all of these
E. A and B

24. Reasons for monitoring and evaluation include all except

A. Access achievement of objectives
B. Ensure maximum use of resources
C. Improve feature programs
 D. Provide information to design future projects
E. All of the above
25. Which of the following is an approach to measure community participation in the less
poverty communities?
A) access to affordable childcare
B) access to quality education
C) access affordable housing
D) all of the above
E) None of the above
SECTION B
1. According to WHO health education is any planned activity or set of activities aimed at
increasing …………..……. and developing ……………………. conducing to health

2. March the following with the supervision style (3mks)

Democratic supervision maximum freedom

Bureaucratic supervision consults subordinates in the process of decision making

Anarchic all the subordinates are required to follow these rules and
regulations very strictly

3. Define the following terms (4mks)

a) Monitoring
b) Supervision

4. The main sources of funding for the health sector in Cameroon are: …………..., ……….
…. and ………………..…
5. Briefly explain the following
a) Poverty the major cause of ill health? (3mks)
b) vector control important (2mks)
6. List 5 importance of data collection (5mks)
7. What are the three main key considerations the government intend to put in place to fight
against poverty? (3mks)

SECTION C
1) Briefly describe the organisation of health system in Cameroon (9mks)
2) Why is community diagnosis important? (5mks)
3) Importance of health information systems (10mks)
4) Briefly talk on IEC on protective materials that must be used by workers of an industry
against occupational hazards (10 mks)
5) Briefly discuss two (2) basic components you would include in the organization of a
school health program, for the welfare of the children (6 mks).
6) briefly describe five factors that determine whether a water supply can maintain good
health effectively (10mks)

MARKING GUIDE
SECTION A
1) B
2) D
3) C
4) C
5) A
6) B
7) B
8) D
9) E
10) B
11) D
12) C
13) TRUE
14) FALSE
15) TRUE
16) C
17) A
18) D
19) A
20) C
21) D
22) B
23) D
24) E
25) D

SECTION B

1. …health literacy…life skills…. (2mks)

 2. (3mks)

Democratic - consults subordinates in the process of decision making

Bureaucratic - all the subordinates are required to follow these rules and regulations very
strictly
Anarchic - maximum freedom

3. (4mks)

a. Monitoring: Collecting and analysing information about a programme, and comparing

actual against planned results in order to judge how well the intervention is being
implemented
b. Supervision: Cooperative relationship between the leader and one or more person to
accomplish a particular job.

4. the state budget, households and external financing,

5. (4 mks)
a. Poverty the major cause of ill health? (2mks): It is the major barrier to accessing health care
services and individuals are unable to meet with their needs
b. vector control important (2mks) : Reduce the incidence of infection from diseases
6. (5mks)

Data analytics, Collaborative care, Cost control, Population health management, Organized &
Coordinated Treatment Process

7. (3mks)

ii. growth strategy,

iii. employment strategy,
iv. strategy to improve State governance and strategic management

SECTION C

1) (9mks)

I- Central level

 Central Services of the Ministry of Public Health: These services coordinate, regulate, and
develop concepts, strategies and policies in the field of health.
 Structures of care: These structures are represented by: the general hospitals in reference,
the Centres Hospital-Universities, the central hospitals and agencies under guardianship.
 Structures of SYNAME: These structures are represented by the CENAME (National
Center to supply essential drugs), wholesalers private, the central purchasing of the private
non-profit sector.
 Structures of this dialogue: There are the boards of directors or management committees.

II- Intermediate level

 Administrative Structures: These structures correspond to the different regional
delegations. They provide technical support to the health districts.
 Structures of care: These structures are represented by the regional hospitals and
assimilated.
 Structures of CENAME: These structures are represented by the CAPP (provincial Centre
for Pharmaceutical Supply) and the pharmacies in general hospitals and central.
 Structures for dialogue: which are the management committees (COGE)

III- Peripheral level

 Administrative Structures: represented by the district health services, they implement the
national programs.
 Structures of care: These structures are represented by: the district hospitals, medical
centres and district health centres.
 Structures of SYNAME: These structures are represented by the pharmacies for health
training courses of the previous levels, as well as private pharmacies.
Structures for dialogue: These are the COSADI, COGEDI, COSA, and COGE.

2. (5mks)
- To act as a data reference for the district
- To provide an overall picture of the local community and the residents’ concerns
- To suggest priority areas for intervention and the feasible solutions
- To indicate the resource allocation and the direction of work plans
- To create opportunities for intersectoral collaboration and media involvement
- To form basis of setting indicators for HCP evaluation

3. (10mks)

 Data analytics: The healthcare industry constantly produces data. Health information
systems help gather, compile and analyse health data to help manage population health
and reduce healthcare costs. Then the healthcare data analysis can improve patient care.
 Collaborative care: Patients often need treatments from different healthcare providers.
Health information systems such as health information exchanges allow healthcare
facilities to access common health records.
 Cost control: Using digital networks to exchange healthcare data creates efficiencies and
cost savings. When regional markets use health information exchanges to share data,
healthcare providers see reduced costs. On a smaller scale, hospitals aim for the same
efficiencies with electronic health records.
 Population health management: Health information systems can aggregate patient data,
analyse it and identify trends in populations. The technology also works in reverse.
Clinical decision support systems can use big data to help diagnose individual patients and
treat them.

 Organized & Coordinated Treatment Process: Health Information System is a

technology-driven system that makes the process of sharing protected health information
(PHI) between organizations and providers really possible. Also, patients are able to get
continuous and coordinated treatment from healthcare providers. And above all, it
improves the delivery of the care and outcomes of the patients.

 Improved Patient Safety: getting access to patients’ data with the help of Health
Information Systems, helps save all the information and share across multiple databases to
improve the safety of the patients. Notification could be gotten whenever there are any
issues related to patients’ health there by avoiding any serious mistake that happens.

 Betterment in Patient Care: By collecting and saving patients’ information, including

diagnosis reports, medical history, allergy reactions, vaccinations, treatment information
plans, test results, etc., Health Information Systems provide the healthcare providers a
complete and orderly framework that helps them interact with their patients in a better
way and eventually deliver care to them in a more efficient way.

 Minimized Operational Expense: Health Information Systems Enable health

organizations to assign resources in a planned manner and save potentially remarkable
amounts of expenses, energy, and supplies. In a nutshell, healthcare service can be made
better for the patients while saving lots of money.

 Saving of Time: Other than saving money, Health Information Systems help in saving
time as well. By making all the patients’ information computerized and personal activities
automated, HIS saves a significant amount of time in making patient care coordinated and
hospital management unbroken.
 Improved Patient Satisfaction: By adding value to the clinical process Health
Information Systems don’t only make the daily job of healthcare providers and
administration easy but also improves the satisfaction level of the patients. The patients
can rely on your service, and when you become a reliable name in your sector, you get
more patients and get a great return on investment.

4. (10 mks)

 Helmets : Protect the heads of those working n iron fields

 Protective glasses: Protect the eyes from damage during things like welding
 Boots: Protects the feet and legs from harmful chemicals
 Gloves: Protects the hands from harmful chemicals

5. (6 mks).

 Health education: This involves caring out educative programs on health issues. The
main purpose being to give students the knowledge but also the skills to develop and adapt
a healthy behavior. Health education could include educating the children on –
- their body
- Smoking
- Passive smoking
- Dental Hygiene
- Menstrual period
- Prevention of accidents
- Personal Hygiene
- Nutrition and Healthy diet
- HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis B
- Prevention of Drug abuse
- Sex education
- Promotion of mental health
- Adolescence etc.
 Healthy and safe school environment (Healthful School Environment):
- The School Environment here includes the physical environment (involving proper
building design, lighting, ventilation, safety, cleanliness, freedom from environmental
hazards that foster infection and handicaps, safe transportation policies, and having
emergency plans in place), the policy and administrative environment (consisting of
policies to promote health and reduce stress, and regulations ensuring an environment
free from tobacco, drugs, weapons, and violence), the psychosocial environment
(including a supportive and nurturing atmosphere, a cooperative academic setting,
respect for individual differences, and involvement of families), and health promotion
for staff (in order that staff members can become positive role models and increase
their commitment to student health).
- Programs here could involve caring for the school environment, for example, -
 Put rubbish in bins.
  look after school property.
 Respect native flora and fauna.
 Save water and turn off the taps.
 Don't waste.
 Respect school equipment and return it where you found it.
- How can we keep our school environment clean, especially at the level of the
classroom, for example, -
 Pick up any trash that is on the floor.
 Help to wipe the blackboard after school.
 Arrange the tables and chairs neatly and tidily.
 Make sure there are no books left on classroom tables.
 Be careful not to write on table and the chairs.
 Flush after using the toilet.

6. (10mks)

i. The quality of the water relates to pathogens and chemical constituents in water that can
give rise to both diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal disease.
ii. The quantity of water available and used. This is largely determined by (a) the distance of
carry involved, wealth of the user.
iii. Access to water may be primarily a matter of physical distance or climb, but it may have
socioeconomic and/or cultural dimensions if certain social groups are denied access to
particular water sources through cost or culture.
iv. The reliability of both unimproved and improved water supplies. Many cities, for example,
supply piped water for only a few hours per day, or for a few days in every week and many
unimproved rural water supplies dry up regularly.
v. The cost of water to the user. This is represented by the cash tariff that is paid to a utility or
provider or, in the case of unimproved water supplies, by the time and health penalty paid
by the user.
vi. The ease of management for the end user. In urban utility-managed supplies the user
merely pays a tariff; in rural settings in developing countries, users are expected to play a
major part in operation, maintenance, and management