Infrared Physics & Technology 53 (2010) 17–22

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Infrared Physics & Technology

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Design considerations for rectangular microstrip patch antenna on

electromagnetic crystal substrate at terahertz frequency
G. Singh *
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan 173 215, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The effects of 2-D electromagnetic crystal substrate on the performance of a rectangular microstrip patch
Received 10 April 2009 antennas at THz frequencies is simulated. Electromagnetic crystal substrate is used to obtain extremely
Available online 20 August 2009 broad-bandwidth with multi-frequency band operation of the proposed microstrip antennas. Multi-fre-
quency band microstrip patch antennas are used in modern communication systems in order to enhance
Keywords: their capacity through frequency reuse. The simulated 10 dB impedance bandwidth of the rectangular
Electromagnetic crystal patch microstrip antenna is 34.3% at THz frequency (0.6–0.95 THz). The radiation efficiency, gain and
Bandwidth
directivity of the proposed antenna are presented at different THz frequencies. The simulation has been
Multi-frequency band
Efficiency
performed using CST Microwave Studio, which is a commercially available electromagnetic simulator
Gain based on finite integral technique.
Microstrip antenna Ó 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction limiting their wide spread applications. However, there are some
techniques that may be used to increase the bandwidth [2,3], but
The growing demand of wireless applications has presented RF they all invariably increase the antenna volume by either increas-
engineers with continuing call for low cost, power efficient, and ing the patch size or the substrate thickness. Chang et al. [4] ap-
small size system designs. Depending on the applications, required proach in principle can produce bandwidths as high as 20%,
system characteristics, and system parameters such as operating greatly reduces the antenna efficiency due to the increased surface
frequency, transmitted power, and modulation scheme may vary wave losses. Brown et al. [5] proposed increasing the performance
widely. However, independent of the applications, compactness, of planar antennas on a dielectric substrate, which suffer large
wide bandwidth, high efficiency, ease of fabrication, integration radiation loss into the substrate with only 2–3% of the power radi-
and low cost are always sought in wireless systems. The demand ated in the air. The increase in substrate thickness causes the an-
for high-bit-rate, low-transmit-power, secured wireless communi- tenna to more efficiently excite the substrate and surface modes,
cation capabilities continues unabated at the present time. THz which in turn removes energy from the main radiation lobe. The
electromagnetic radiation has recently found increasing promi- surface waves may show up as spikes in the antenna pattern and
nence in communications, in which several order of magnitude can dominate the radiated power [6]. Thus, substrate of microstrip
of increase in the bandwidth, improved resolution and directivity antennas plays a major role in achieving desirable electrical and
as compared to current wireless technology is expected [1]. THz physical parameters. The problems of surface wave losses in the
communication link is most likely secure communication for microstrip antenna can be solved by using 2-D electromagnetic
short-distance, point-to-point, and demanding high information crystal as a substrate, from which the radiation will be fully
data rate. Among the practical advantages of using THz regime reflected in all directions [7–12]. The electromagnetic crystal sub-
for satellite communication system is the ability to employ smaller strate would virtually eliminate any power loss into the substrate
transmitting and receiving antennas. This allows the use of smaller when the driving frequency is within the stop band, provided there
satellite and a lighter launch vehicle. are no evanescent surface modes.
Microstrip patch antennas which are very important compo- The aim of this paper is to demonstrate a gain and bandwidth
nent of the communication systems, also known for their desirable enhancement method for the rectangular microstrip patch anten-
physical characteristics such as, low profile, low cost, low weight, nas at THz frequencies through the use of 2-D electromagnetic
easy fabrication and conformability. Because of its resonance nat- crystal substrate materials made of planar arrays of circular blocks
ure, the microstrip antenna has inherently a narrow bandwidth, (circular air implants) within the dielectric layers [13–17].
The high gain is due to the excitation of stronger leaky-wave fields.
* Tel.: +91 1792 239334; fax: +91 1792 245362.
Thus, I have suggested one important possibility for the microstrip
E-mail address: [Link]@[Link] patch antennas at THz frequencies. The organization of the paper is

1350-4495/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/[Link].2009.08.002
18 G. Singh / Infrared Physics & Technology 53 (2010) 17–22

as follows. The Section 2 is concerned with design configuration of na, since the fringing fields are tightly bound to the substrate.
the rectangular microstrip patch antenna at THz frequencies on However, because of the relatively higher loss tangents, they are
electromagnetic crystal substrate. The Section 3 discusses the sim- less efficient and have relatively smaller bandwidth.
ulated results. Finally, Section 4 concludes the work.
2.1. Electromagnetic crystal substrate
2. Terahertz antenna design configuration
A new technology has emerged which may be the key for devel-
A conventional microstrip patch antenna consists of a pair of oping ultra-wideband microstrip antennas. This technology
parallel conducting layers separated by a dielectric medium, re- manipulates the substrate in such a way that surface waves are
ferred to as substrate as shown in Fig. 1. In this configuration, completely forbidden from forming, resulting in improved antenna
upper conducting layer is the source of radiation where electro- efficiency and bandwidth, while reducing side-lobes and electro-
magnetic energy fringes off the edges of the patch and into the sub- magnetic interference levels. Although many applications have ini-
strate. The lower conducting layer acts as a perfectly reflecting tially been proposed in the field of optics, the scalability of these
ground plane, bouncing energy back through the substrate and into structures opens up the possibility of using them in millimeter
the free-space. The antenna size mostly depends on the frequency and THz wave regime. In this frequency range, electromagnetic
band of operation. There are several other factors that contribute to crystal materials have attracted a lot of attention as a substrate
deciding the dimension of the antenna and its behavior such as the for antennas. The basic idea is to match the operational bandwidth
substrate material used and its thickness. The patch material af- of the antenna with the band gap of the electromagnetic crystal.
fects the efficiency of the antenna, while the type of substrate plays The utilization of the electromagnetic crystal substrate, instead of
a major role in the calculation of the antenna dimensions [18–20]. the original bulk substrate, has shown to reduce the excitation of
The excitation of the patch is accomplished via a microstrip feed the surface wave modes and as a consequence improve the anten-
line. This feed technique will supply the patch with electrical signal na radiation efficiency, reduce the side-lobe and mitigate the prob-
to be converted into an electromagnetic wave. When the patch is lem related to coupling. Electromagnetic crystals are a new class of
excited by the feed, the bottom of the patch at a certain point of periodic metallic, dielectric or composite structures that exhibit
time will have a positive charge distribution, and the ground plane transmission and reflection band in their frequency response. Elec-
will have a negative charge distribution. The attractive forces be- tromagnetic wave propagation through such a medium is affected
tween these charges will hold most of them on the bottom and by the scattering and diffraction properties of the periodic ele-
top surfaces of the patch and ground material, respectively. On ments. Planar conducting strip or patch on such materials has al-
the patch surface, repulsive charges within the same polarity tend ready had important applications in frequency selective surfaces.
to push some of the charges towards the edges. Commercial sub- Since electromagnetic waves can be highly directional with the
strate materials are readily available for use at RF and microwave photonic band gap materials, it is conceivable that antennas with
frequencies; selection is based on desired material characteristics this material will have many unique characteristics [5]. Currently,
for optimal performance over specific frequency ranges. The thick- the electromagnetic crystals have been used in many novel micro-
ness of the substrate is of considerable importance when designing wave and optical applications [21–26]. In the proposed antenna,
microstrip antennas. The most desirable substrates for antenna planar arrays of circular blocks within the dielectric layer with ra-
performance are the ones that are thick with low dielectric con- dius 10 lm and 100 lm center-to-center distance drilled in a
stant. This tends to result in an antenna with a large bandwidth dielectric medium with a dielectric permittivity er = 9.1 as shown
and high efficiency due to loosely bound fringing fields that ema- in Fig. 1 is used. This 2-D electromagnetic crystal structure can
nate from the patch and propagate into substrate. However, this be fabricated using lithographically fabricated using custom de-
comes at expense of a large volume antenna and reduced efficiency signed lithographic mask [27,28].
due to surface wave formation. On the other hand, thin substrates The basic idea is that since an antenna placed on a dielectric
with high dielectric constants reduce the overall size of the anten- substrate radiates more efficiently into the dielectric substrate

Fig. 1. Geometrical configuration of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna on 2-D electromagnetic crystal substrate at THz frequencies.
 G. Singh / Infrared Physics & Technology 53 (2010) 17–22 19

than the air-side [29,30], one must replace the substrate with an tween the space and leaky waves. Leaky wave radiation pattern is
electromagnetic crystal whose forbidden gap encompasses the an- highly directive in contrast to the low directivity of the space
tenna excitation frequency which provided no surface modes, waves. To achieve high gain antenna, it is necessary to excite a
power previously radiated into the substrate will be reflected to- strong leaky wave [39–42].
wards the air-side, increasing the energy coupled to the radiated The simulated input return loss of the rectangular microstrip
field. Yang et al. [31], originally proposed that high gain antenna patch antenna is shown in Fig. 2, which reveals that by using 2-D
structures could be obtained by printing on a 2-D electromagnetic electromagnetic crystal substrate, we obtain extremely broad-
crystal substrate. By reducing or eliminating the effects of these bandwidth with multi-frequency band in the frequency range
electromagnetic inhibitors with electromagnetic crystals, a broad- 0.6–0.95 THz. The three different frequencies at which the antenna
band response can be obtained from inherently narrowband anten- resonates are 693.45, 797.4 and 852 GHz. The 10 dB impedance
nas. It is also useful to the reduction in pattern side-lobes resulting bandwidth of this rectangular patch microstrip antenna using elec-
in improvements in the radiation pattern front-to-back ratio and tromagnetic crystal substrate is 34.3%.
overall antenna efficiency [32]. Agi and Malloy [33] have experi- The simulated far-zone radiation pattern for the gain and direc-
mentally and computationally studied the integration of a micro- tivity at the frequencies 775, 693.45, 797.4 and 852 GHz are shown
strip patch antennas with a 2-D electromagnetic crystal substrate. in Fig. 3. The radiation patterns within the operational frequency of
the gap have been plotted for several frequencies. The radiation
patterns in both E and H plane are rather stable using a electro-
2.2. Geometrical configuration
magnetic crystal substrate, showing nearly the same radiation pat-
terns. The radiation pattern of E-plane (the plane in which surface
Fig. 1 shows the geometrical configuration of the proposed rect-
waves are more pronounced) is presented in Fig. 3. The electrical
angular microstrip patch antenna on 2-D electromagnetic crystal
parameters such as gain, directivity and radiation efficiency of
substrate. In this configuration, we have considered substrate
the rectangular patch microstrip antenna at the aforementioned
material of dimensions 1000  1000 lm2 and 200 lm thickness
frequencies have been shown in Table 1.
as shown in Fig. 1. The radiating rectangular patch has dimensions
From the Table 1, it is clear that the gain and directivity of the
500  300 lm2. In this simulation model of rectangular microstrip
proposed antenna at frequency 797.4 GHz are very interesting.
patch antenna, we have used microstrip feed line technique. The
But the radiation efficiency point of view, the results of the pro-
dimension of the strip line is 350  30 lm2 with the thickness
posed antenna at frequency 852 GHz is best among all. At the de-
50 lm as shown in Fig. 1. Microstrip line feed has been used in
sign frequency, the patch antenna on a electromagnetic crystal has
the proposed antenna is one of the most commonly used feeding
more directivity, less side and back radiation and smoother pat-
techniques. Since feeding technique influences the input imped-
tern. The ability of the electromagnetic crystal substrate to reduce
ance, it is often exploited for matching purpose. In this feeding
the surface wave mode propagation has been proven by better
technique, a conducting strip is connected directly to the edge of
radiation efficiencies. This opens the door to design new devices
the rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The advantage of this
with thicker substrates and higher dielectric constant without
technique is that both the feed and patch lie on the surface of
loosing performance by the undesired excitation of the surface
the substrate and therefore is plane in construction and provide
wave mode.
the right impedance match between the patch and feed line. The
The effects of diameter of the air-gap in substrate material on
antenna is placed at the central position of the electromagnetic
the radiation efficiency and gain of the proposed microstrip patch
crystal substrate.
antenna at frequency 775 GHz are shown in Fig. 4. The diameter of
the air-gaps chosen in the simulation is 20 lm as marked in Fig. 4.
3. Results and discussion The gain of antenna increases with the increase of diameter of the
air-gaps and attain optimum value at 20 lm. At this point of inter-
General radiation characteristics of microstrip patch antennas est even the efficiency is low as compare to others but the gain is
can be obtained by investigating the far-zone fields from an ele- maximum, which is the reason to consider this diameter in our
mentary current source. The electromagnetic crystal layer consid- simulation.
ered is made of a dielectric slab with planar 2-D cylindrical grating The effects of dielectric permittivity of the electromagnetic
(circular air implants) [34–36]. A complete field expression for the crystal substrate on the radiation efficiency and gain of the rectan-
microstrip structure is in turn of a continuous plane wave spec-
trum. With planar material gratings, there exist three different
propagating waves [37]. Space waves and surface waves are similar
to those in conventional microstrip structures and can be found
from the method of steepest-descent and pole-extraction, respec-
tively. Leaky waves are due to the periodic nature of the planar
grating structure [38]. The surface wave (bound wave) is a slow
wave with normalized phase constant b/k0 (k0 = free-space wave
number) that increases with frequency. When frequency increases
to a point that the condition b=k0  k=a 1 holds, this bound wave
becomes a leaky wave which is fast wave for 1 space harmonic
with a complex propagation constant. The far-zone radiated fields
are due to the combination of space waves and leaky waves. The
energy carried by bounded surface waves that propagate laterally
is considered a loss. Antenna directivity, gain and efficiencies are
determined by the energy distribution among these three propa-
gating waves. Antenna efficiency can be maximized by partial
elimination of the bound surface waves within certain directions.
For high efficiency antennas, directivity and gain are approxi- Fig. 2. The simulated frequency versus return loss of rectangular microstrip patch
mately the same and are determined by the energy distribution be- antenna at THz frequencies.
20 G. Singh / Infrared Physics & Technology 53 (2010) 17–22

Fig. 3. Far-zone radiation pattern of the gain and directivity in E and H plane of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna at frequencies 775, 693.45, 797.4 and 852 GHz.

Table 1 gular patch microstrip antenna at 775 GHz has been shown in
Simulated electrical parameters of the microstrip antenna at different THz Fig. 5. In this simulation, we have considered the dielectric permit-
frequencies. tivity of electromagnetic crystal substrate as marked in Fig. 5. Shar-
Frequency (GHz)/electrical parameters 775 693.45 797.4 852 ma and Singh [19] have simulated a rectangular microstrip patch
Gain (dB) 8.451 4.501 9.19 8.248 antenna by using conventional substrate material at terahertz fre-
Directivity (dBi) 9.934 6.239 10.36 8.789 quency. In this simulation, the gain and radiation efficiency was
Radiation efficiency (%) 71.06 67.02 76.45 88.30 3.497 dB and 55.71%, respectively, at 775 GHz, but when it is sim-
 G. Singh / Infrared Physics & Technology 53 (2010) 17–22 21

crystal substrate surfaces exhibited high efficiency and directivity

as compare to conventional antenna on substrate. The gain of the
printed circuit antenna can be greatly enhanced with the electro-
magnetic crystal material as substrate. From the simulation, we
obtained multi-frequency band and 10 dB impedance bandwidth
34.3%, which is extremely broader bandwidth. At the frequency
852 GHz the antenna gain and directivity are 8.248 dB and
8.789 dBi, respectively, with radiation efficiency 88.30%. It was
found that significant gain enhancement is achieved by exciting
strong leaky waves through proper designs of planar periodic
metallic structures. Multi-frequency band microstrip patch anten-
nas are often used in modern communication systems in order to
enhance their capacity through frequency reuse. The technological
potential of electromagnetic crystal substrate for the development
of novel microstrip patch antenna that could overcome the limita-
tion of current technology. Consequently, this simulation study has
shown the possibility of design of efficient, high gain broadband
Fig. 4. The effects of air-gap diameter on the radiation efficiency and gain of the
rectangular microstrip patch antenna. rectangular microstrip patch antennas on 2-D electromagnetic
crystal substrate at THz frequencies. A very important need is to
verify more of the simulation results with experimental measure-
ments which will be reported in future communications.

Acknowledgement

Author is sincerely thankful to the reviewers for their critical

comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the
manuscript.

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