Biology Lecture Notes
Topic: Photosynthesis – The Process of Life
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and certain bacteria
convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose molecules. This process
is fundamental to life on Earth, as it is the primary source of organic matter for
nearly all organisms and contributes to the oxygen content of the atmosphere.
1. Overview of Photosynthesis
The general equation is:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
This summarizes how carbon dioxide and water, under the influence of sunlight, form
glucose and release oxygen.
2. Chloroplasts and Pigments
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, organelles containing chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment, absorbing red and blue light while reflecting
green, giving plants their color. Accessory pigments (chlorophyll b, carotenoids)
broaden the spectrum of absorbed light.
3. Stages of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages:
A. Light-dependent reactions
- Take place in the thylakoid membranes.
- Capture light energy using pigments.
- Water is split in photolysis, releasing oxygen.
- Energy-rich molecules ATP and NADPH are produced, fueling the next stage.
B. Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
- Occur in the stroma of chloroplasts.
- Use ATP and NADPH to fix CO₂ into glucose.
- The cycle involves carbon fixation (by enzyme RuBisCO), reduction, and
regeneration of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP).
4. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Light intensity: Increases rate until saturation point is reached.
- Carbon dioxide concentration: A key limiting factor.
- Temperature: Enzyme-dependent reactions are sensitive to temperature extremes.
- Water availability: Drought reduces photosynthetic efficiency.
5. Importance to Ecosystems
Photosynthesis supports life by:
- Providing energy-rich compounds for consumers.
- Releasing oxygen for aerobic respiration.
- Forming the base of the food chain in ecosystems.
6. Adaptations in Different Plants
C3 Plants: Most plants; use the Calvin cycle directly.
C4 Plants: Adapted to high temperatures; minimize photorespiration by spatially
separating carbon fixation.
CAM Plants: Open stomata at night to reduce water loss (e.g., cacti).
7. Experimental Evidence
Experiments by Jan Ingenhousz (1779) demonstrated that plants produce oxygen in
light. Later studies established chlorophyll’s role and the stages of the process.
8. Human Relevance
Photosynthesis affects agriculture, climate change, and renewable energy. Research
into artificial photosynthesis aims to create clean energy systems by mimicking
natural processes.
Conclusion:
Photosynthesis is more than just a plant process—it is the foundation of the
biosphere. Understanding it allows us to appreciate how energy flows through
ecosystems and how humans might harness this knowledge for sustainable living.
