Mfelnie er LUAU st } my UE orm Properties of light © Itis an electromagnetic wave, it does not required any medium. © Light tends to travel in straight line. © Ithas dual nature. © Light casts Shadows. © Speed of light in vaccum 3x 10°ms” CO Tani fe laters) Melee" Ua te (e Ieee Reflection Refraction1lPage [Link] (Reflection and Refraction) 1. Ray of Light : A line drawn in the direction of propagation of light is called a ray of light. 2. Beam of Light : A group of rays of light emitted by a source of light is called a beam of light. A light beam is of three types. (i Parallel beam : A group of light rays parallel to each other is known as parallel beam of light. 7. (i) Divergent beam : A group of light rays spreading out from a source of light is called divergent beam of light. (ii) Convergent beam : A group of light rays meeting at a point is called convergent beam 8. of light. 3, Reflection of Light : There are some surfaces which have ability to send the light back in the same medium when Light strikes it. This 9. phenomena of sending the light back in the same medium by a surface is called reflection of light. (i The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in a same plane. (ii) The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection, i = 21. 4, Image : When light rays meet or appear to meet after reflection from a mirror,then it is called an image. 1. Real Image : It is a kind of image which is formed by actual intersection of light rays after reflection. 2. Virtual Image : It is a kind of image which is formed by producing the reflected rays backward after reflection. 5. Plane Mirror : Plane mirror is a piece of glass whose one side is polished by using silver paint, which is covered by a coating of red paint to protect the silver layer. 6. Spherical Mirrors : It is part of hollow glass sphere whose one surface is polished. There are two types of spherical mirror. (i Concave Mirror : It is a spherical mirror whase outer surface is polished and inner or concave side is reflecting surface. (ii) Convex Mirror : It is a spherical mirror whose inner is polished and outer side or convex side is the reflecting surface.When light bounce back after strikes a,polished surface. Laws of Reflection Incident Ray | Reflected ray Angle of Incidence ‘Angle of Reflection © Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of Reflection. © The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.re ae ga se ae a ra A, PT rads a > egw Ue (ems) aren Re Ere (Incident Ray) = fret ase ecapharc feo ara Frere 8 | sre (Be — ga) @ oe fe Rr ae eh se se re 9 aa Ro ' (Normal): fait smrae ae Fig ne aha gy ers at a ig fers a ‘You Think en Vilas LEARN MORE (Angle of incidence) - fag ae are ay 8, sa omeer aor at ‘ator (Angle of Reflection) :- Bier, ore ig oe eg waa ot sao aah 8, ga ee aor a | spr era Peta 2 Pre — Physics class 10 notes in hit > wfffta (Image)as the law of reflection. The diagram below illustrates the law of reflection. In the diagram, the ray of light approaching the mirror is known as the incident ray (labeled | in the diagram). The ray of light that leaves the mirror is known as the reflected ray (labeled Rin the diagram). At the point of incidence where the ray strikes the mirror, a line can be drawn perpendicular to the surface of the mirror. This line is known as a normal line (labeled N in the diagram). The normal line divides the angle between the incident ray and the reflected ray into two equal angles. The angle between the incident ray and the normal is known as the angle of incidence. The angle between the reflected ray and the normal is known as the angle of reflection. (These two angles are labeled with the Greek letter "theta" accompanied by a subscript; read as "theta-i" for angle of incidence and "theta-r" for angle of reflection.) The law of reflection states that when a ray of light reflects off a surface, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. > animationIREFLECTIO ieee ate a) Bidet teee ted tie ee etree eu ted en a taal eT de oatfeare dl a8 Seco werd ra are oth SAN ae SY mt Ai Sack ; Anything which emits light ray(s), is said to be an object in optics. ypes of objects: There are two type of objects: Object wide lnve. Yasir vom light +f 3 Bulb, sunlghn) Ke. i a as OILS ae ns ® ce OYmage Itis a point where atleast two light rays actually meet or appear to meet. pa Ni=1 [Nits Te =) e \t formed when light rays actually meet © Can be obtained on screen Om in =1acre] Pp SmAVALCUE-| Mlant-le[=) e It formed when light rays appear to meet e Can't be obtained on screen Cire g4. Image : When light rays meet or appear to meet after reflection from a mirror, then it is called an image. 1. Real Image : It is a kind of image which is formed by actual intersection of light rays after reflection. 2, Virtual Image : It is a kind of image which is formed by producing the reflected rays backward after reflection. 5. Plane Mirror : Plane mirror is a piece of glass whose one side is polished by using silver paint, which is covered by a coating of red paint to protect the silver layer. 6. Spherical Mirrors : It is part of hollow glass sphere whose one surface is polished. There are two types of spherical mirror. () Concave Mirror : It is a spherical mirror whose outer surface is polished and inner or concave side is reflecting surface. (ii) Convex Mirror : It is a spherical mirror whose inner is polished and outer side or convex Side is the reflecting surface. XDifferences between Real Images and Virtual Images Ss . im Real image A real image is that image which is formed when the light rays 1 coming from an object actually meet each other after reflection or refraction. A real image can be * obtained on the screen. The real image 3. is always inverted. The common example of real image is the image formed on the cinema screen. Suggest Corrections Virtual image A virtual image is that image which is formed when the light rays coming from an object do not actually meet, but appear to meet when produced backwards. These images cannot be obtained on the screen. The virtual image is always erect. The common example of virtual image is the image formed in the mirror when we stand in front of that mirror. esPart (a) Examples of real images: (1) Image formed on the big screens of cinemas. (2) Image created on the retina of human eyes. Examples of virtual images: (1) Reflection takes place in the mirror. (2) Image formed on the plane mirror. (3) Image formed on both surfaces of a spoon (front and back). Part (b) Examples of image formation by lenses: (1) Image formation by the convex lens: Case (i):Fg eee dete ea keeer ad eat _ The distance of image and that of object is equal fromthe mirror. ean io te Cue one & The image formed by a plane mirror is laterally inverted. dhe ex Nora Fatehifficdotsd stoTite;RO MN selene Characteristics of its Image Carlile Kc -ter¢ Equal to the object Behind same distance as the object Laterally invertedTaarekefe Ney 9) elute ace) A Characteristics of its Image e Vistual and erect e Equal to the object e Behind same distance as the object Crease)Vel ele e) ae! apparent reversal of the mirror image's left and tight when compared with the object. Yano GREEN cab ay-NOts) BOARD By5. Plane Mirror : Plane mirror is a piece of glass whose one side is polished by using silver paint, which is covered by a coating of red paint to protect the silver layer. 6. Spherical Mirrors : It is part of hollow glass sphere whose one surface is polished. There are two types of spherical mirror. (i) Concave Mirror : It is a spherical mirror whose outer surface is polished and inner or concave side is reflecting surface. (ii) Convex Mirror : It is a spherical mirror whose inner is polished and outer side or convex side is the reflecting surface.Be oe tug a ET Type of spherical mirror 1. Concave Mirror: Ree Ue ea) ey ye aN aS ol2. Convex Mirror. @ a ae caida lanaImportant terms in the case of spherical mirror:ARE Deedee ter le Cu ed are Cea eC Tete tte pm Tg CC lode Mee a nee Tee gle | Pet Sy eat ec etcetera cu le | DA ea eC oeR ae ee “ Pee Me toda a eter ge Clare te tly letter 'R. Be umn eget ge: eg te Eyres through the centre of curvature andpoleofa _ Ten) To spheri ee alled the Principal Axis.6. Focus or Principal Focus: fc eee ue eer ee Ota tien converge or appear to converge after reflection is called the Focus or uel teeetteg oer uu meester ua og F. '7. Focal length f Meee eek hentt ge tee Cy Wace Cuil denoted by letter‘ f’. Note: Focal lengthis equal to half of the radius of at ar geom es ws ar me ——~_ e-—"elo famehon fir CuGve wirror:- hen aa ss 3) C N cMihd derek ere Ota hs | VE Mani figNe es eal BY aH J aaneee ORCC’ s F) Pesifion: Beyorst C Site 5 Le om)Nee oe toad aa J S = Seme FzeI OO nnd P= Pea iy S = Pimswmisbedby At EeusN= FER 4 inverkd EB nea apare 5 = Pind GreelUse of Concave Mirror. engi mtd ct RCC pele a lol Bee eM ee Su eet te Rie at ml let gee hat) Pepe me tuts cem elisa Pe em ee om tea et eC g Pes Mere ees oe et ee gs Ted Ue ed Pe Aur eet ce be ube tute Mi teoge ly mirror produces a magnified image of the tooth. @2| Page Principal Focus : A point on the principal axis of a spherical mirror where the rays of light parallel to the principal axis meet or appear to meet after reflection from the mirror. Focal Length : ‘The distance between the pole (P) and principal focus(F) of a spherical mirror is called the focal length of the mirror. It is denoted by f. Uses of Concave Mirror : (i) It is used as a shaving mirror because when it is placed close to the face, it forms a large image. (ii) It is used in solar heating devices like solar cooker, because it converges Sun’s rays over a small area to produce high temperature, (iii) It is used for security checking purposes. 10, Uses of Convex Mirror : j) It is used as rear view mirror in automobiles because it gives erect image as well as inished due to which Pt has wider field of view. }) It is also used in street lights. 11, Mirror Formula : It is a relation between distance of object, distance ofimage from the pole ofthe mirror and it’s focal length, i.e., relation between *u’, ‘v and It is given by 12. Magnification : It is defined as the ratio of height of image to the height of the object. It is denoted by letter m. height of image (I) m= ere height of object (O) 13. Refraction of Light : The bending of ray of light when it passes from one medium to another is called refraction of light. Laws of Refraction :3[Page (i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. (ii) When a ray of light undergoes refraction then the ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is constant. 14. The Refractive Index : The refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium is given by the ratio of the speed of light in medium 1 and the speed of light in medium 2. This is ‘usually represented by the symbol na1. This can be expressed in an equation form as Speed of light in medium | Speed of light in medium 2 vy 15. Refraction by spherical lenses : Lens is a transparent medium which is formed by joining two pieces of spherical glass. There are two types of lenses. (i) Convex Lens : It is a Jens which is thicker at the centre and thinner at the edges. (ii) Coneave Lens : It is a lens which is thinner at the centre and thicker at the edges. 16. Terms related to a lens Optical Centre of Lens : It is the centre of the lens through which light can pass without any deviation. Principal Axis : It is the line passing through optical centre and is perpendicular to the line joining its edges. Principal Focus : It isa point on the principal axis where all light rays which are parallel to principal axis either converge or appear to diverge from, after refraction. 17. Lens formula : 18. Magnification : Magnification, m = ho/hy Ratio of height of image to the height of object. Tis also given by v/uie., Ratio of distance of image to the distance of object.CGA 4[Page 19. Power of a lens : A beam of light parallel to Principal axis either gets converged or diverged after refraction by a lens. Some lenses converge the beam of light to a small extent and some lenses converge it to a large extent. This ability of lens to converge or diverge a beam of light is known as the power of lens. Si unit of power of lens is dioptre : One dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 m Power of a combination of two or more lenses : If two or more lenses are placed together to form a combined lens then the power of this combined lens is equal to the sum of the powers of individual lenses. P=Py+Py+ Py +...