Micro-program example from
Last lecture
− Timing error: need two cycles to start an instruction execution
1. instruction fetch (load IR)
2. EXO (load CAR)
− … then the micro-program at 0||IR can start
Micro-programming
− goal: write micro program for each instruction that implement the correct behavior
− what if we want to do an operation like register indirect addition?
o R[DR]<--M[R[SA]]+ R[SB]
− First, load m[R[SA]] into register:
o R[?] M[R[SA]]
− Second cycle: do the addition
o R[?]+R[SB]
− What do we use for R[?]?
o R[0]-R[7] are used by the programmer and shouldn’t be changed
o A register is created for this temporary storage R[8]
− R[8] will be used only by micro programs, we need to access it
o Increase register address from 3 to 4 bits
o Eg. DA will be 4 bits:
TA||DR
TD||DR (1 bit from microinstruction:3 bits from instruction)
If the address starts with a 1, it refers to R[8]
Any address 0abc refer to register abc
Basically, TD=0: use programmers DR register TD=1 use private
register 8
− So to do the register indirect:
o Cycle1: R[8] M[R[SA]]
TD=1
TA=0
M[0] (take address from t)
MW=0 (don’t write to mem)
MD=1 (take result from memory, not function unit)
RW=1 (write to DA=R[8])
____________________________
NA= (control address of cycle 2 micro-op)
MS=001 (jump to NA)
MC=0 (use NA, not 011 opcode)
1L=0
PI=0
PL=0
o Cycle 2: R[DR] R[8] +R[SB]
TA=1 (use R8)
TB=0 (use SB)
MB=00010 (add)
MD=0
RW=1 (write to DA)
TD=0 (use DR)
_________________________
NA= (instruction fetch)
MS=001
MC=0
IL=0
PI=0
PL=0
Other choices
− Some other choice we could have made
− Hardwired multiple cycle control
− We could have create an ASM diagram for the decoder & implemented that
− … instead of the control ROM & microprogramming
− eg.
IF
EXO
Opcode =
00000000
Opcode =
00000001
MID TERM = June 25
