IMPACTS ON

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

PRESENTED BY
NITUSH SASHWIN
 INDEX

S.No PARTICULARS PAGE.No

2
OBJECTIVES 3

3
APPLICATIONS 3-5

4
FUTURE AI 5

5
REFERENCES 6

6
QUESTIONNAIRE 7
INTRODUCTION
Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines,
particularly computer systems. It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies
methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and
intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals.[1] Such machines
may be called AIs. High-profile applications of AI include advanced web search
engines (e.g., Google Search); recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon,
and Netflix); virtual assistants (e.g., Google ,Assistant, and superhuman play and analysis
in strategy games (e.g., chess and Go). However, many AI applications are not perceived as AI: "A
lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general applications, often without being called AI because
once something becomes useful enough and common enough it's not labeled AI anymore.

OBJECTIVES
State space search searches through a tree of possible states to try to find a goal state. For
example, planning algorithms search through trees of goals and sub goals, attempting to find a path
to a target goal, a process called means-ends analysis. Simple exhaustive searches are rarely
sufficient for most real-world problems: the search space (the number of places to search) quickly
grows to astronomical numbers. The result is a search that is too slow or never completes.
"Heuristics" or "rules of thumb" can help prioritize choices that are more likely to reach a goal.
Adversarial search is used for game-playing programs, such as chess or Go. It searches through
a tree of possible moves and countermoves, looking for a winning position.

HEALTH AND MEDICINE

The application of AI in medicine and medical research has the potential to increase patient care and
quality of life.Through the lens of the Hippocratic Oath, medical professionals are ethically compelled
to use AI, if applications can more accurately diagnose and treat patients. For medical research, AI
is an important tool for processing and integrating big data. This is particularly important for organoid
and tissue engineering development which use microscopy imaging as a key technique in
fabrication.[ It has been suggested that AI can overcome discrepancies in funding allocated to
different fields of research. New AI tools can deepen the understanding of biomedically relevant
pathways. For example, AlphaFold 2 (2021) demonstrated the ability to approximate, in hours rather
than months, the 3D structure of a protein. In 2023, it was reported that AI-guided drug discovery
helped find a class of antibiotics capable of killing two different types of drug-resistant bacteria.In
2024, researchers used machine learning to accelerate the search for Parkinson's disease drug
treatments. Their aim was to identify compounds that block the clumping, or aggregation, of alpha-
synuclein (the protein that characterises Parkinson's disease). They were able to speed up the initial
screening process ten-fold and reduce the cost by a thousand-fold.

GAMES

Game playing programs have been used since the 1950s to demonstrate and test AI's most
advanced techniques.Deep Blue became the first computer chess-playing system to beat a reigning
world chess champion, Garry Kasparov, on 11 May 1997.In 2011, in a Jeopardy! quiz show exhibition
match, IBM's question answering system, Watson, defeated the two greatest Jeopardy! champions,
Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings, by a significant margin. In March 2016, AlphaGo won 4 out of 5
games of Go in a match with Go champion Lee Sedol, becoming the first computer Go-playing
system to beat a professional Go player without handicaps. Then, in 2017, it defeated Ke Jie, who
was the best Go player in the world. Other programs handle imperfect-information games, such as
the poker-playing program Pluribus. DeepMind developed increasingly generalistic reinforcement
learning models, such as with MuZero, which could be trained to play chess, Go, or Atari games. In
2019, DeepMind's AlphaStar achieved grandmaster level in StarCraft II, a particularly challenging
real-time strategy game that involves incomplete knowledge of what happens on the map. In 2021,
an AI agent competed in a PlayStation Gran Turismo competition, winning against four of the world's
best Gran Turismo drivers using deep reinforcement learning.In 2024, Google DeepMind introduced
SIMA, a type of AI capable of autonomously playing nine previously unseen open-world video games
by observing screen output, as well as executing short, specific tasks in response to natural language
instructions.

MATHEMATICS

In mathematics, special forms of formal step-by-step reasoning are used. In contrast, LLMs
such as GPT-4 Turbo, Gemini Ultra, Claude Opus, LLaMa-2 or Mistral Large are working with
probabilistic models, which can produce wrong answers in the form of hallucinations. Therefore, they
need not only a large database of mathematical problems to learn from but also methods such as
supervised fine-tuning or trained classifiers with human-annotated data to improve answers for new
problems and learn from corrections. A 2024 study showed that the performance of some language
models for reasoning capabilities in solving math problems not included in their training data was
low, even for problems with only minor deviations from trained data. Alternatively, dedicated models
for mathematical problem solving with higher precision for the outcome including proof of theorems
have been developed such as Alpha Tensor, Alpha Geometry and Alpha Proof all from Google
DeepMind, Llemma from eleuther or Julius. When natural language is used to describe mathematical
problems, converters transform such prompts into a formal language such as Lean to define
mathematical tasks. Some models have been developed to solve challenging problems and reach
good results in benchmark tests, others to serve as educational tools in mathematics.

MILITARY

Various countries are deploying AI military applications. The main applications enhance
command and control, communications, sensors, integration and interoperability. Research is
targeting intelligence collection and analysis, logistics, cyber operations, information operations, and
semiautonomous and autonomous vehicles. AI technologies enable coordination of sensors and
effectors, threat detection and identification, marking of enemy positions, target acquisition,
coordination and deconfliction of distributed Joint Fires between networked combat vehicles
involving manned and unmanned teams. AI has been used in military operations in Iraq, Syria, Israel
and Ukraine

OTHER INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC TASKS

There are also thousands of successful AI applications used to solve specific problems for specific
industries or institutions. In a 2017 survey, one in five companies reported having incorporated "AI"
in some offerings or processes. A few examples are energy storage, medical diagnosis, military
logistics, applications that predict the result of judicial decisions, foreign policy, or supply chain
management. AI applications for evacuation and disaster management are growing. AI has been
used to investigate if and how people evacuated in large scale and small scale evacuations using
historical data from GPS, videos or social media. Further, AI can provide real time information on the
real time evacuation conditions.
In agriculture, AI has helped farmers identify areas that need irrigation, fertilization, pesticide
treatments or increasing yield. Agronomists use AI to conduct research and development. AI has
been used to predict the ripening time for crops such as tomatoes, monitor soil moisture, operate
agricultural robots, conduct predictive analytics, classify livestock pig call emotions, automate
greenhouses, detect diseases and pests, and save water. Artificial intelligence is used in astronomy
to analyze increasing amounts of available data and applications, mainly for "classification,
regression, clustering, forecasting, generation, discovery, and the development of new scientific
insights." For example, it is used for discovering exoplanets, forecasting solar activity, and
distinguishing between signals and instrumental effects in gravitational wave astronomy.
Additionally, it could be used for activities in space, such as space exploration, including the analysis
of data from space missions, real-time science decisions of spacecraft, space debris avoidance, and
more autonomous operation. During the 2024 Indian elections, US$50 millions was spent on
authorized AI-generated content, notably by creating deepfakes of allied (including sometimes
deceased) politicians to better engage with voters, and by translating speeches to various local
languages.

FUTURE

SUPERINTELLIGENCE AND THE SINGULARITY

A superintelligence is a hypothetical agent that would possess intelligence far surpassing that of the
brightest and most gifted human mind. If research into artificial general intelligence produced
sufficiently intelligent software, it might be able to reprogram and improve itself. The improved
software would be even better at improving itself, leading to what I. J. Good called an "intelligence
explosion" and Vernor Vinge called a "singularity". However, technologies cannot improve
exponentially indefinitely, and typically follow an S-shaped curve, slowing when they reach the
physical limits of what the technology can do.

TRANSHUMANISM

Robot designer Hans Moravec, cyberneticist Kevin Warwick and inventor Ray Kurzweil have
predicted that humans and machines may merge in the future into cyborgs that are more capable
and powerful than either. This idea, called transhumanism, has roots in the writings of Aldous Huxley
and Robert Ettinger. Edward Fredkin argues that "artificial intelligence is the next step in evolution",
an idea first proposed by Samuel Butler's "Darwin among the Machines" as far back as 1863, and
expanded upon by George Dyson in his 1998 book Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of
Global Intelligence.

CONCLUSION:
Several works use AI to force us to confront the fundamental question of what makes us human,
showing us artificial beings that have the ability to feel, and thus to suffer. This appears in Karel
Čapek's R.U.R., the films A.I. Artificial Intelligence and Ex Machina, as well as the novel Do Androids
Dream of Electric Sheep?, by Philip K. Dick. Dick considers the idea that our understanding of human
subjectivity is altered by technology created with artificial intelligence.
REFERENCES
1. Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 1–4.
2. ^ AI set to exceed human brain power Archived 2008-02-19 at the Wayback Machine CNN.com
(July 26, 2006)
3. ^ Kaplan, Andreas; Haenlein, Michael (2019). "Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who's the fairest in the land?
On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence". Business
Horizons. 62: 15–25. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004. ISSN 0007-6813. S2CID 158433736.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c Artificial general intelligence: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 32–33, 1020–1021)
Proposal for the modern version: Pennachin & Goertzel (2007)
Warnings of overspecialization in AI from leading researchers: Nilsson (1995), McCarthy
(2007), Beal & Winston (2009)
5. ^ Russell & Norvig (2021, §1.2).
6. ^ Jump up to:a b Dartmouth workshop: Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 18), McCorduck (2004, pp. 111–
136), NRC (1999, pp. 200–201)
The proposal: McCarthy et al. (1955)
7. ^ Jump up to:a b Successful programs of the 1960s: McCorduck (2004, pp. 243–252), Crevier (1993,
pp. 52–107), Moravec (1988, p. 9), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 19–21)
8. ^ Jump up to:a b Funding initiatives in the early 1980s: Fifth Generation
Project (Japan), Alvey (UK), Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (US), Strategic
Computing Initiative (US): McCorduck (2004, pp. 426–441), Crevier (1993, pp. 161–162, 197–203,
211, 240), Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 23), NRC (1999, pp. 210–211), Newquist (1994, pp. 235–248)
9. ^ Jump up to:a b First AI Winter, Lighthill report, Mansfield Amendment: Crevier (1993, pp. 115–
117), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 21–22), NRC (1999, pp. 212–213), Howe (1994), Newquist (1994,
pp. 189–201)
10.^ Jump up to:a b Second AI Winter: Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 24), McCorduck (2004, pp. 430–
435), Crevier (1993, pp. 209–210), NRC (1999, pp. 214–216), Newquist (1994, pp. 301–318)
QUESTIONNAIRE

1. What are the main types of AI?

The main types include Reactive Machines, Limited Memory, Theory of Mind, and Self-aware AI.
Each represents increasing sophistication and capability, from simple reaction-based machines to
systems capable of understanding and developing consciousness.

2. How does machine learning differ from traditional programming?

Traditional programming involves explicitly coding the logic to make decisions based on input data.
In contrast, machine learning algorithms learn from data, identifying patterns and making decisions
with minimal human intervention.

3. What is a convolutional neural network (CNN)?

A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is an advanced deep learning algorithm designed to process
input images. It employs learnable weights and biases to allocate significance to different features
or objects within the image, enabling it to distinguish between them effectively.

4. What are Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)?

GANs are machine learning frameworks designed by two networks: a generator that creates samples
and a discriminator that evaluates them. The networks are trained concurrently to produce high-
quality, synthetic (fake) outputs indistinguishable from real data.

5. What is bias in machine learning, and why is it important?

Bias in machine learning refers to errors introduced in the model due to oversimplification,
assumptions, or prejudices in the training data. It's important because it can lead to inaccurate
predictions or decisions, particularly affecting fairness and ethical considerations.