4.

Before space exploration ---- possible, humans

1 first----out how to get off the ground.
1. People---- cacao near the equator, and climate A) can be/should have figured
change is changing how people----this.
B) could be /had to figure
A) could grow /had to do
C) may be/used to figure
B) must grow/may have done
D) had to be / can figure

IJeluIfeA Tavaow
C) should grow/ must have done
E) would be / would figure
D) may have grown/used to do
E) can grow/can do

IJeluIfeA Tavaow
5. You---- small amounts of money to the people
borrowing money for the first time so that you ----
2. Drinking one cup of coffee a day----heart attack whether they are good debtors or not.
survivors by lowering their risk of death after a A) can give/would see
heart attack and ----heart attacks or strokes in
healthy individuals. B) should give / can see
A) may help/may prevent C) might give/used to see
IJeluIkeA TavaowIJeluIfeA Tavaow

B) used to help / can prevent D) may have given / might see

C) could help/should have prevented E) must give/had to see
D) can help/was able to prevent
E) might help/would prevent

6. Drugs ---- some symptoms of the Alzheimer's disease

but they ---- the progression of the disease.
3. Camels---- for months without water so they ---- in
eluIkeA Tlavaow

the driest deserts. A) can ease /cannot stop

A) should last/may survive B) used to ease / do not have to stop

B) must have lasted / ought to survive C) may ease/did not need to stop
IJeIuIfeA Tlavaow

C) may last/used to survive D) should ease /cannot have stopped

D) can last / can survive E) ought to have eased/may not stop

E) might have lasted / must survive

1 7. Online gaming behavior-...gamers to gain a
variety of soft skills which---them with training
to support their career aspirations.

A) should encourage/used to assist

 B) may have encouraged/might assist
10. Mental health---- a part of overall health, and it is
C) must be encouraging/can assist something individuals----care of just like anything
else.
D) can encourage/could assist
A) was/can take
used to encourage/may assist
B) is/should take
C) has been /must have taken
D) will be/used to take
E) had been/may take

IJeluIfeA Tavaow
8. Because grains----insects, they---- in tightly closed
containers.
A) have to attract/ can be kept
B) may attract/should be kept
C) used to attract/might be kept 11. Today,we----that viruses----nearly anywhere in the
D) might have attracted/ have to be kept air, oceans and soil.
A) know/can be found
E) had to attract/must be kept
B) knew/may be found
C) have known/ used to be found
D) are knowing/could be found

E) will know /might be found

IJeluIkeA Tavaow

9. Recent research ----that sounds played during sleep----

the frequency of nightmares and promote positive
emotions.
A) shows/used to reduce

B) is showing /must reduce

12. Some mammals ---- the extinction events that ----
C) showed/should have reduced most other animals on Earth in the past.

D) will show/would reduce A) were able to survive/killed

E) has shown/may reduce B) must have survived/ kill

C) need to survive/were killing

IJeluIfeA TavaOw·

D) ought to survive /had killed

E) are likely to survive/have kille

1. Some Indigenous people who---their living by fishing and B) earn/may block
hunting in the Arctic are worried that beaver dams---·the
migration of fish there. C) have earned/used to block
D) are earning/had to block
A) earned/must block
E) had earned/can block
 4. For the last 10 years,people----more about mindfulness
as an emotional regulation strategy while they----less
attention to it in the past.
A) have talked / must pay
B) talked/should be paying
C) are talking/could pay

2. A new survey ----out that most bosses are worried D) have been talking /used to pay
that their staff----hard enough when they are away E) talk / must have paid
from the office.
A) finds/should not work

IJeluIfeA Tavaow
B) found/must not work
C) has found/may not work
D) will have found/ cannot work
E) is finding /did not need to work
5. Most people who ----some kind of severe allergic
reaction survive, although there ----
fatalities,especially if the reaction is not treated.

A) develop/might be
B) are developing/should be
C) developed/may be
D) have developed / must be
3. Individual ants ---- as relatively simple creatures, yet a
colony of ants----really complex tasks, such as E) will develop/ can be
IJeluIfeA TIavaow

intricate construction,foraging and defense.

A) were known/should have performed

B) are known /can perform

C) are being known / have to perform

D) have been known/might have performed

E) will be known/used to perform 6. Thanks to advances in genetics and

biotechnology,scientists soon ---- specific genes
and molecular pathways that---- to a particular
disease.

A) will need to detect/have been related

B) were able to detect/will be related
C) are likely to detect/had been related
D) will be able to detect/are related
IJelurfeA Tlavaow

E) ought to detect/were related

7. Over the past few years,studies---that some drugs C) have suggested/may help
combined with therapy----patients with mental illnesses.
D) suggested/used to help
A) have been suggesting/should help
E) had suggested /can help
B) suggest/might have helped
 10. Understanding the composition of [Link]
how the Earth-..billions of years ago.
A) may help/will be forming
B) ought to help/forms
C) might help/isforming
8. The effects of global warming----most dramatically in
the Arctic, which----more and more each passing D) can help/formed
day.
E) must help/has formed
A) can be seen / is warming
B) should be seen / was warming

IJeluIfeA Tlavaow
C) had to be seen/has warmed
D) used to be seen /warms
E) must be seen / will be warming

11. For decades, doctors and scientists----that

exercise is important for older adults;for
example,it---- risk for cardiac issues,strengthen
bones and improve mood.
A) know/should lower
B) knew/ough to have lowered
9. The everyday stressors of modern life ----harm on
anyone's mental health, and the situation ---- C) have known /can lower
considerably within the past few years.
D) will know/might lower
IJeluIfeA Tavaow

A) should cause/has been worsening

E) are knowing/may lower
B) might cause/will worsen

C) can cause/ is worsening

D) ought to cause/worsened
E) may cause/has worsened

12. Specialized glass that---- heat in during winter and lets

it out during summer----buildings much more
efficient.

A) keeps/could make
B) kept/can make
C) has kept/must make
IJeluIheA Tlavaow·

D) will keep/might make

E) is keeping /may make
1. Depression ---- a common condition in middle-aged and D) was/can contribute
older adults, and it ---- to a variety of mental and physical
problems. E) had been/could contribute

A) is/might contribute

B) will be/may contribute

C) has been/should contribute
 4. Research--how physical activity----and even eliminate
depression, anxiety and other psychological ailments.
A) has revealed/used to reduce
2. We----now more prone to chronic diseases such as cancer, B) revealed/may have reduced
Alzheimer's and diabetes than we----.
C) is revealing / could be reducing
A) were/could be D) will reveal/should reduce

·IJeluIfeA TavaOw·
B) are/used to be E) reveals/can reduce
C) will be / can be
D) have been/would be

E) had been/might be

5. For a long time,scientists----that nuclear fusion---- key

to slowing the effects of climate change by reducing
humanity's reliance on fossil fuels.
A) believed/should have been
3. A team of Chinese scientists---- a location on the Tibetan
Plateau that----a perfect place to install powerful B) believe /may be
telescopes. C) are believing /might be
IJeluIfeA Tlavaow

A) has identified /could be D) have believed /could be

B) identified/has to be E) were believing/can be
C) identifies/may have been
D) is identifying/ used to be

E) was identifying/can be

6. Conservationists are concerned that drones which ----

for scientific and recreational purposes---- a new
source of disturbance for many animal species.
A) will be used/ used to become
B) are used / can become
IJeIuIfeA TlagaOw

C) are being used/ had to become

D) were used/need to become
E) have been used/would become
7. Babies----combinations of words even before they---their
first word.

A) can recognise/have uttered

B) may recognise/uttered
C) should recognize/had uttered
D) might have recognized/utter

E) must have recognized / are uttering

 8. It----out that extended missions beyond Earth
10. In the 4th century BCE, the Western Empire,ruled
orbit----in profound, and potentially
from Rome,---weaker,because its armies---against
dangerous,biological effects in astronauts'bodies. the barbarian raiders from Germany.
A) was found/should result A) was becoming /cannot defend
B) has been found/could result B) has become/must not defend
C) is found/may have resulted C) became/could not defend
D) had been found/can result
D) had become/might not defend
E) will be found/used to result E) becomes/should not have defended

IJeIuIfeA TavaoH
11. Although materials such as wood and plastic have many
uses, no single material ---- everything; therefore,
while choosing a material, we ---- carefully what it will
need to do.
9. Fragments of a comet likely----Earth 12,800years ago, and A) can do/have to consider
a little Paleolithic village in Syria ----the impact. B) should do /can consider
A) are hitting /may suffer C) could do/may have considered
B) hit/might have suffered D) used to do / should consider
C) had hit/should suffer E) would do / must consider
D) were hitting /can suffer
IJeluIfeA Tlavaow

E) have hit/ must be suffering

12. Through passive tracking devices like camera traps,

researchers ---- spatial and temporal dat that----
conservation efforts.

A) can collect/inform

B) used to collect/will inform

IJeluIfeA Tlagaow

C) may collect/informed
D) should collect/had informed
E) might collect/were informi
A) can be burned/were containing
B) should be burned/had contained
C) must be burned/contain
1. Fuels such as coal and oil ---- in huge facilities to release D) could be burned/will contain
the energy they-.
 used to be burned/have contained

4. While the physical differences between humans and non-

human primates ---- quite distinct, a new study has
revealed that their brains ----remarkably similar.
A) were/should be

IJeluIfeA TavaOH
B) have been/would be
C) will be/could be
2. Air conditioners ---- your house, but they ----the heat
from inside the house to outside-the heat is still in the D) are/may be
city, it is still on the Earth,in our air. E) had been / must be
A) may cool/moved
B) can cool/move
C) should cool/were moving
D) used to cool/have moved
E) had to cool / are moving

5. Over decades,researchers---- on estimates of how we use

various technologies to study how people use digital
media and the potential outcomes this behaviour----to.
IJeluIfeA Tavaow

A) relied/should have led

B) rely/could be leading
C) are relying / must lead
D) had relied / may have led
3. Amphibians ---- by taking in oxygen and expelling E) have relied/might lead
waste carbon dioxide, just as all animals----.
A) can breathe/were doing
B) need to breathe / do
C) should breathe/did
D) might breathe/have done

E) used to breathe/are doing

IJeluIheA TIavaow·

[Link] and pandemics---- to affect the physical and

psychological health of people for many years after the
events ----.

A) could continue/will occur

B) should continue/had occurred
C) can continue/have occurred
D) may continue/occurred
E) must have continued/occur
7. People----displaying luxury brands and other signaIs of B) can stop/used to be perceived
status if they want to collaborate with others since
those who signal their wealth and social status----as C) must stop/could be perceived
uncooperative.
D) may stop/might be perceived
A) have to stop/should be perceived
 E) used to stop / can be perceived
10. Telescopes----at high elevations to avoid blurring
caused by the atmosphere, but not so high that
humans----.
A) can be built / must not visit
B) should be built / cannot visit
C) need to be built / do not have to visit
D) may be built /should not visit
8. As we ---- outside the solar system yet, we----as much as
we can about the stars by studying them at a distance. E) must be built / did not need to visit

A) could not travel/ used to learn

B) must not travel/ had to learn

IJeluIfeA TlavaOw
C) should not travel/may have learned
D) cannot travel/have to learn
E) may not travel / must have learned

11. Although some animals ---- asexually, most animals

---- a mate in order to breed.
A) may be able to reproduce/ used to find
B) should be able to reproduce / could find
C) were able to reproduce/should find
9. Animals like turtles---- plastic waste for prey and swallow D) have been able to reproduce / had to find
it, which ---- their stomachs,make them sick and cause
other internal damage. E) are able to reproduce/must find
IeluIheA Tlovaow

A) should confuse /may block

B) might confuse/must block

C) used to confuse/might block

D) can confuse/should block
E) may confuse/can block

12. As a species, humans ---- signals to assess social

situations and make predictions about what----next.

A) can interpret/could happen

B) should interpret/ used to happen
C) are able to interpret/ must have happened
IJeluIheA TIataOM

D) may interpret/has to happen

E) are likely to interpret/ needs to happen
C) occurred/should eat
D) occurs/must eat
E) will occur/had to eat

1. Hunger----when your stomach tells your brain that it is

empty and you-··
A) is occurring/used to eat
B) has occurred/may eat
 2. Unlike plants, animals ---- their own food,and so they
---- other organisms.
A) could not make/can eat 4. Before the first electric power stations ----in
1882,people--energy by burning fuels such as wood
B) should not make /should eat and coal, which was often dirty and time-consuming.

C) cannot mnake/must eat A) had been developed/need to produce

D) may not make/used to eat B) are developed /should produce

uJeluIfeA TavaOw·
E) do not have to make /may eat C) were developed/had to produce
D) will be developed/might produce
E) were being developed/can produce

3. Human waste ---- a potent fertilizer, but it----for months

to be used safely.
A) used to be / can be composted 5. Forests----almost twice more carbon than previous
studies----.
B) may be/had to be composted
A) may store /must suggest
C) can be / must be composted
B) must store/might have suggested
D) should be / used to be composted
C) have to store / can suggest
IJeluIfeA Tlavaow

E) might be/would be composted

D) could store/used to suggest
E) used to store / were able to suggest

6. Though some applications----with some conditions,

experts say that they----professional help
entirely -at least for now.
A) should help/do not have to replace
B) may help/ could not replace
C) used to help /should not replace
IJeluIfeA Tagaow

D) could help/did not need to replace

E) might help/cannot replace
7. Food is made up of large,complicated chemicals has to break/can absorb
that your body----into small chemicals that
your blood·.
A) can break/used to absorb
B) needs to break/had to absorb
C) might have broken/must absorb
D) should have broken /may absorb
 10. If your children are bad at doing something,they----
8. Teenagers believe that they ---- to please their
parents, instead they ---- complete freedom to choose embarrassed at failing,but you----them to concentrate
what they want to do with their lives. on working on improving their performance.

A) cannot have strived/ must be given A) may feel / must encourage

B) could not strive / can be given B) should feel / can encourage

C) must not strive / used to be given C) used to feel / could encourage

D) do not have to strive/had to be given D) must feel /should encourage

E) should not strive/should be given E) might feel/had to encourage

·IJeluIfeA Tavaow
9. Consumption of moderate levels of caffeine ----
11. Early Pacific Northwest tribes ---- such an abundance
protective against the cognitive decline and regular
of wild fruits and vegetables and fish available to
coffee consumption---- the risk of developing
Parkinson's disease. them that they ----at all.

A) ought to be /had to lower A) have/cannot farm

B) had/did not need to farm
B) might be/could lower
C) were having/could not farm
C) may have been/must lower
D) are having /did not have to farm
D) should be/ used to lower
E) had had/should not farm
E) used to be / may lower
IeluIfeA Tlavaow

12. Climate change---- crop production,interrupt food supply

chains and force entire communities to migrate if they
---- themselves.
A) might reduce/should not feed
B) should reduce/could not feed

C) may reduce/cannot feed

D) might have reduced / must not feed
IJeluIfeA TagaOM

E) used to reduce / may not reduce

D) will be/could not survive
E) had been/might not survive

1. Insects----so vital to life on Earth that [Link] them.

A) have been/should not survive
B) are/cannot survive
C) were/may not survive
 2. The killer whale, which ---- a dolphin,----up to 9metres in
length.

A) was considered/should grow

B) has been considered/used to grow
C) will be considered/may grow
4. Type 2 diabetes-.- undetected for many years,because
D) had been considered/might grow hyperglycemia develops slowly and the disease--the
E) is considered / can grow classic symptoms of diabetes immediately.

IJeluIfeA Tavaow
A) may go /could not produce
B) should go /must not produce
C) can go/may not have produced
D) used to go / cannot produce
E) might go/might not produce

3. Waking up just one hour earlier ---- a person's risk of

major depression by 23 percent, so we ----the length of
our sleep if we do not want to suffer from this kind of
disorder later in life.

A) could reduce/ need to minimize

5. Governments ---- immediate measures against
B) should reduce / had to minimize climate change to avoid the devastating tipping
points that---- with a rise in average temperatures of
C) may have reduced / have to minimize
1.5℃C to 2.0℃.
D) had better reduce / must minimize
IJeluIfeA TIavaow

A) may take /should be triggered

E) used to reduce/might minimize
B) need to take / had to be triggered
C) must take/could be triggered
D) can take / used to be triggered
E) should take/may have been triggered

6. Poor nutrition is not the only environmental factor

that---- a person's stature; serious diseases ---- an
influence on growth negatively as well, especially if
they occur in childhood.
IJeluIheA TahaOM

A) can affect/can have

B) should affect/could have had
C) might affect/had to have
D) may affect/would have
E) has to affect/should have
7. Athletes who took part in the early Olympic E) should be/had competed
Games----Greek citizens,but they·individually,not
for their home cities.
A) could be/have competed
B) had to be /competed
C) used to be/compete

D) may be/were competing

8. A scientist---- where a bird is, the route it ----to get there
and how fast it travels, thanks to a new technology 10. When our human ancestors---- to use fire,they -into
called satellite telemetry. northern China, the mountain highlands of central Asia,
and most of Europe, as they did some 780,000 years
A) should learn/will have taken ago.
B) is able to learn/had taken A) learn/can spread
C) needs to learn/used to take B) were learning /should spread
D) may have learned/has taken C) have learned/may have spread
E) can learn/took D) learned/could spread

E) had learned /must spread

9. Scientists and inventors ---- alternatives or innovative ·IJeluIfeA Taraow 11. Recent years---- accumulating evidence that the
ways if they----existing materials last longer. disorders classified under the heading of childhood
A) can find /had to make depression are much more prevalent than we----.

B) should have found / may/make A) are witnessing/would think

C) might have found/ must make B) have witnessed/used to think

D) have to find / need to mnake C) witness/may have thought

E) need to find / used to make D) will be witnessing/might think

E) witnessed/must be thinking
IJeIuIfeA Tlavaow

12. Some psychologists say you ---- deception by the way a

person acts, so they ---- to focus on other methods that
might actually work.
A) may not confirm/had begun
B) should not confirm/began
C) cannot confirm/have begun
D) could not confirm / are beginning

E) must not confirm/will begin

IJelUIheA TlavaoH

C) used to ask/should live

D) could ask / are likely to live
E) should ask /may be living
1. Great thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle, and
Socrates---- questions about who we are and how
we----.

A) ought to have asked /had to live

B) must ask/must have lived
2. If you want to convert music into a digital
MP3file,you----that sound waves---- into numbers
first.
4. When NASA's Mars rovers----manganese oxides on
A) may know/ used to be turned Mars in 2014, scientists concluded that the red
planet----more oxygen in its atmosphere billions
B) need to know / have to be turned of years ago.

IJeluIfeA TavaOH
C) ought to know / could have been turned A) were finding/may have
D) should have known / can be turned B) found/might have had
E) must know / had to be turned C) had found/should have
D) find/must have had
are finding/used to have

3. Blood----more easily in space, so the heart----as hard as

it does here on Earth.
[Link]----that a species of ant----cancer in human
A) is flowing /cannot work breasts.
IJeluIfeA Tlavaow

B) has flowed /should not work A) discovered/must have detected

C) flowed/could not have worked B) discover/ought to have detected
D) will be flowing/must not work C) were discovering /should be able to detect
E) flows/does not need to work D) have discovered/ might be able to detect
E) are discovering/may have detected
IJeluIfeA Tavaow

6. Different branches of Christianity,

Protestant,Catholic,and Orthodox,----different ideas
about how their faith----.
A) are having/used to be practiced
B) had/may have been practiced
C) have/should be practiced
D) have had/had to be practiced

E) will have/may be practiced

7. These days, nearly everyone---a smartphone or an C) will own/must connect
iPad,which means we---to the internet anywhere we
want. D) owns/can connect

A) is owning/should connect E) has owned/might connect

B) owned/may connect
 10. The world's earliest pottery containers----from East
Asia, and they----rapidly eastwards through Siberia
centuries ago.
A) came/must spread
B) are coming/should spread
C) have come/could spread
8. Vitamin D---- in fish and eggs,but your body ----it when D) come/may have spread
you get sunlight on your skin.
E) will come/would spread
A) has been found/should produce
B) is found / can produce
C) was found/could produce

IJeluIfeA Tavaow
D) will be found /must produce
E) had been found/may produce

11. In September 1923,Ethiopia----taking concrete

measures to end slavery because it----one of the
conditions for its admission to the League of Nations, a
club of civilized nations.

A) used to start/will be
B) had to start/was
9. When fire----,early humans----raw food for the first time.
C) had better start/is
A) is discovered / need to cook D) may have started/has been
B) was discovered/were able to cook E) should have started/had been
C) will be discovered / must cook
IJeluIfeA TaYaoW

D) was being discovered / may cook

E) had been discovered/had to cook

12. Every living thing is slightly different from its parents,

and if the difference---- it to survive,it ---- on the
advantage to its own young.
A) helps/is likely to pass
B) is helping/was able to pass
C) had helped/may pass
D) helped/should pass

E) will help/could pass

B) has speculated /might have originated
JeIuIfeA TaYaOM

C) was speculating/may be originating

D) had speculated/had better originate
E) speculated/could have originated
1. Charles Darwin----one-hundred fifty years ago that life----
in a warm little pond.
A) speculates/must have originated
2. Nations around the world----energy for economic 4. The founder of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg,in the court
growth,but they also---- rising global temperatures, that they----personal information of their users to be
avoid social conflict and environmental losses. stolen.
A) need/need to contain A) says/did not use to allow
B) are needing/had to contain B) said/should not have allowed

IJeluIhex Tlapaow
C) have needed/ used to contain C) will say /must not have allowed
D) needed/may contain D) has said/were not able to allow

E) will need/would contain E) is saying/cannot have allowed

5. Many tropical plants grow all year round, while other

3. The Ancient Greeks---- the Olympic Games over 2,500 plants ---- with cold winters that stop their growth
years ago, and only Greek-speaking free men ---- in the and----them.
games then.
A) must cope/could kill
IJeluIheA TaaOw·

A) invented/could participate B) need to cope/should kill

B) had invented/ used to participate C) may cope/must kill
C) invent/were able to participate D) could cope/ought to kill
D) were inventing / can participate E) have to cope/used to kill
E) have invented/should participate

6. For the last several millennia up to the present day,

many African countries---- as agricultural societies
because most people----a living by planting crops.
eluIheA Tataow·

A) must be characterized/were making

B) can be characterized/ have made
C) should be characterized/made
D) could be characterized/had made

E) used to be characterized / have been making

7. If one ---- to bocomo a modical assistant,they ----high B) wanted/can take
school courses in science,mathomatics, computor
skills, and business. C) has wanted / used to take

A) wants/should take D) is wanting /would take

 E) will want/had to take
10. When it comes to fighting wildfires, drones----an
opportunlty to gather critical information for decision
making at a time when firefighters----it any other way.
A) can provide / did not need to do
B) used to provide / cannot do

C) must have provided / should not do

D) may provide / are not able to do
E) should provide/could not do
8. If the ends of a broken bone ----apart, they----by a
doctor before healing begins.

JeluIfeA TavaoE·
A) slip/would be repositioned
B) slipped / can be repositioned
C) have slipped / must be repositioned
D) are slipping / should have been repositioned
E) will have slipped / may be repositioned
11. Earth's human population ---- to increase to 9.7billion by
2050, and experts estimate that food production ---- by
70 percent to keep pace with that growth.

A) will be expected / needs to increase

B) was expected /may increase
C) has been expected/used to increase
D) is expected / will have to increase
9. As early towns ---- in ancient times, they----new
IeluIheA TagaOE

systems of government, new means to store and E) is going to be expected / must increase
distribute food, and new ways to protect
themselves.
A) grew/had to develop
B) were growing/had better develop
C) grow/ used to develop
D) will be growing /have to develop 12. When nomadic hunters and gatherers first became
E) have grown / should be able to develop farmers, they ---- the importance of raising birds: the egg
---- and the feathers could be used for bedding and
clothing.
A) realize/may have been eaten
B) realized /could be eaten
C) have realized / should be eaten
IJelurheA TagaOw·

D) would realize/had to be eaten

E) were realizing/might be eaten
1. In the 1960s, young people in many parts of Europe ---- like
their parents anymoro,bocauso a considerable
development ---- in fashion.
A) did not use to dress / occurs
B) were not able to dress / had occurred
C) did not need to dress / will occur
D) were not likely to dress / was occurring
E) did not have to dress / occurred
2. It---- on a wide scale now that the process of aging ----
to a single cause. 4. A study----that human-caused climate change ---- a koy
rolo in the coronavirus pandemic that began In 2019.
A) is accepted / cannot be traced
A) concludes / must play
B) was accepted / could not be traced
B) is concluding / might be playing
C) has been accepted / did not have to be traced
C) has concluded / should have played
D) will be accepted / should not be traced
D) concluded / may have played
E) had been accepted /may not have been traced
E) had concluded / used to play

IJeluIfeA Tavaow
3. Species----extinct faster than scientists----them.

5. Having come under fire for the final season,the

A) are getting/ can discover scriptwriters of the series 'Lost'----that they ----a better
B) get/had to discover one.

C) got/may discover A) admitted/should have written

D) have gotten/ used to discover B) admit/used to write

E) will be getting /should discover C) have admitted / may have written
D) are admitting /might have written
E) will admit/were supposed to write
JeluIheA Tlavaoh

6. Lemons----acid or sweet, but only acidic lemons----

commercially today.
A) should be / had been grown
B) can be/are grown
C) may have been/were grown
D) used to be /will be grown
IJelUIfeA TaAoOH

E) had to be / are being grown

7. Human bipedalism, that is, walking upright on two
legs,---- in troos, and not on tho ground as

A) could ovolve / might be thought

B) should have evolved / had to be thought
C) musl evolve / must be thought

D) might have evolved / should be thought

E) may have evolved / used to be thought
8. A growing body of evidence---- that the behavioral
symptoms of autism spectrum disorder---- to 10. If you ---- to achieve balance in everday life, you ----
bacteria in the gut. decisions that create dynamic lives where you are socially
active.
A) has suggested / should be linked
A) wanted / used to make
B) is suggesting / may have been linked
B) want/need to make
C) suggested / used to be linked
C) have wanted /had to make
D) suggests/could be linked
D) are wanting /should make
E) will suggest/might be linked
E) will want/have to make

·IeluIfeA TaYaOw
9. When Canadians bought their first snow-machines in the
early 1970s, they suddenly ----themselves with a lot of
spare time because they---- and care for their dogs
anymore.
A) were finding / do not need to hunt 11. As our ancestors ---- eating softer agricultural foods, the
shape of the human jaw and the sounds we make ----
B) had found /need not have hunted as well.
C) found/did not have to hunt
A) begin/must have changed
D) have found /should not have hunted
B) are beginning/might have changed
E) are finding/ must not have hunted C) were beginning/should have changed
IeluIkeA TlagaoE

D) have begun / could have changed

E) began/may have changed

12. Satellites---- whether crops are failing or ice caps are

melting, and ---- resources such as metal ores or coal.
A) used to show / must pinpoint
B) might show /would pinpoint
IJeluIfeA Tlabaow·

C) can show / can pinpoint

D) must show / had to pinpoint
E) are able to show / must have pinpointed
1. Without controlled use of fire, early humans ---- D) could not have moved / dropped
successfully into regions where winter temperatures
regularly ---- below10 dogrees Celsius. E) must not have moved / are dropping

A) could not move /have dropped

B) cannot have moved / will drop
C) should not have moved / drop
 4. The finding that antibiotics ----Alzheimer's symptoms in
male mice---- to better understand timing and influence
of gut bacteria in Alzheimer's disease.
2. Strategies to prevent heart disease and stroke ---- in
A) must reduce/may have been harnessed
childhood because they ---- promote better health by
middle age. B) may reduce / can be harnessed
A) should begin/may help C) used to reduce /might be harnessed
B) may begin/must have helped D) have to reduce/could be harnessed
C) need to begin / used to help E) should have reduced / must be harnessed
D) have to begin/had to help

IJeluIfeA TavaoE
E) must begin /might have helped

5. Crime scene investigators think that the explosion ---- by

the gas leakage in the factory,because they ---- any
other thing that could have caused it.
3. Lemons---- in the Mediterranean region as early as the
1st or 2nd century, because now they ---- in Roman A) should have been caused / cannot find
artwork from that period.
B) must have been caused / could not find
A) might be grown/ used to be seen
C) might have been caused /should not find
B) must have been grown / can be seen
D) used to be caused / cannot have found
C) may have been grown/had to be seen
E) may have been caused / must not find
D) should be grown / are likely to be seen
eluIheA Tagaow

E) could have been grown / were able to be seen

6. Vocalizations, such as the imitation of snoring to denote

sleep,----a crucial role in the development of the first
human languages,which---- by many other factors, as
well.
A) must have played / had to be explained
B) may have played / should have been explained
C) might play / could be explained

D) could have played / may be explained

E) should have played / might be explained
JeluIheA Tlagaow

7. Once a couple ---- one set of twins, they ---- one more.

A) hes/were able to have

B) is heving/ nood to have
C) wes heving/should have
D) hed/may have hed
E) hes hed /are likely to have
 10. The upsidles of solar energy ---- more porsuasively -
8. Evolutionary history ---- that early humans ---- not just the climate benefits but also the prospoct of
without the ability to perform demanding cheaper electricity and the local jobs that ---- with
physical work. solar and wind.

A) states /could not have survived A) can be promoted / had come

B) is stating / cannot survive B) need to be promoted /come

C) has stated / should not survive C) used to be promoted / are coming

D) stated / may not be surviving D) may have been promoted/came

E) must be promoted / were coming
E) will have stated / must not survive

IJeluIAex TagaoE·
[Link] ---- rocks from all depths within the
9. Early humans ---- a faster fetal growth rate than Earth's crust,because collisions between continents
other apes about a million years ago,suggesting it push up rock that----below the surface in the past,
---- a role in the evolution of our species. forming mountains.
A) evolve/should have played A) can study / should be
B) evolved /could have played B) must study /may be
C) have evolved/may play C) may have studied / can be
IeIuIReA TlaaOw

D) were evolving /must play D) are able to study / used to be

E) had evolved / can play E) need to study / must be

12. Astronomers believe that many supernova explosions

that----in the Milky Way Galaxy----a role in the
evolution of early life.
A) happen/may be playing
B) have happened/must play
IJeluIfeA TlagaoH·

C) happened/might have played

D) will happen/could have played

E) are happening/should have played

1. Rome---- one of the largest empiros in tho world, but C) used to be / dwindled
its domination over tho colonies ----until it
D) hes to be / had dwindled
completely lost control.
E) might be/will dwindle
A) can be / dwindlos
B) musl be /has dwindled
 4. Archaoological ovidonce cracked open the door for the
possibility that the migration of modern humans out of
Africa ---- place about 55,000years earlier than----.
A) might have taken / used to be believed
B) could take / may be believed

2. Changes in Earth's orbit that ----hotter conditions ---- C) should have taken / must be believed
trigger a rapid global warming event 56 million years D) might have taken /should be believed

IelUIieA TIavaOw·
ago.
E) must have taken / had to be believed
A) favour/ must be helping
B) favoured / may have helped
C) were favouring/should help
D) had favoured / might help

E) will favour/could have helped

5. Nowadays, we normally---- wine or snacksto a

housewarming party while ancient people ---- firewood
to celebrate someone's new home,leading to the literal
term “housewarming."
A) brought/may bring
B) have brought/should bring
IeluIheA TavaOw·

3. Scientists ----that human-generated noise pollution C) had brought/used to bring

causes no harm to marine animals,including whales,
fishes, and scallops;however,currently they ---- the D) were bringing /can bring
other way around. E) bring/would bring
A) would believe / are thinking

B) might have believed /thought

C) should have believed / had thought
D) used to believe / think
E) had to believe/have thought
6. We know that the universe ----outin all directions, and
some physicists argue that there---- a point when
this expansion started.

A) expands /should have been

IJeluIheA TataoM

B) expanded/ought to be
C) is expanding /must have been
D) had expanded / might have been
E) has expanded /have to be
7. Recent studies ----that breathing ---- poople's
performance on a surprisingly wido rango of daily
activities.

A) have suggesled / should havo influonced

B) suggesled / was supposod to influence
C) are suggosting / must influence
D) suggesl /can influence
E) had suggested / might influence
8. According to some historians, Russia ---- in the First World
War because they think the scale of the war---- what it 10. Many palaeontologists ----that early humans ---- quickly
was due to the alliances like the one between Russia enough to arrive in Australia before 50,000 years ago.
and Serbia. A) beliove /could not have moved
A) may not have been involved/ is becoming B) have believed / should not have moved
B) should not have been involved/became C) are believing / cannot have moved
C) must not have been involved/has become D) will be believing / may not have moved

·
D) were not supposed to be involved/becomes E) believed / are not supposed to move

JeluIeA Tavaow
E) ought not to have been involved/will become

11. A carbonaceous asteroid called 'Bennu'----organic

9. The wondrous things that---- our lives easier,such as
molecules similar to those that----a role in the
mobile devices, gmail, Skype, GPS,and Facebook,----
beginning of life on Earth.
out to be tools to track us,for whatever purposes the
trackers decide. A) may contain/could have played
A) had better make / have been turning B) should contain/may play
·IeluIfeA TlavaoE·

B) should have made / will be turning C) should have contained / must play
C) were supposed to make / have turned D) is likely to contain/can play
D) might have made/had turned E) has to contain/must have played
E) must have made / will have turned

12. The ability to copy the molecules that encode genetic

information ---- a key step in the origin of life; that is,
without it, life ----.
A) was/should not exist
JeluIhex Tavaow·

B) has been / does not have to exist

C) is /could not have existed
D) had been/cannot exist

E) will be / could not exist

1. According to some historians, Adolf Hitler ----from the D) was supposed to withdraw /had insisted
Second World War earlior, but instead he----on
fighting,thereby causing Gormany to lose more of its E) should have withdrawn / insisted
territory.

A) musl be withdrawing / was insisting

B) might have withdrawn / insists
C) could have withdrawn / has insisted
 4. Existing evidence----that something very unusual ---- about
2. Plant fossils ---- that the climate at the poles was 66 million years ago, causing dinosaurs to go extinct,
temperate, though dinosaurs ---- snow and ice during because they are known to have boon resilient enough
the long polar winters. to survive any uaual dovastating event.
A) have suggested /should encounter
A) suggested / should happen
B) are suggesting / used to encounter B) is suggesting / might happen
C) suggested / need to encounter
C) has suggested/ought to have happened
D) suggest/may have encountered D) suggests / must have happened
E) had suggested/might have encountered E) will suggest/could have happened

IJeluIfex TavaOw
5. The earliest dinosaurs ---- with other types of reptiles,
but many of these ---extinct at the end of the Triassic
Period.
3. In the 18th century, the inhabitants of Britain's colonies
A) need to compete / had become
in North America were British citizens,but they ----full
rights; for instance, they ----and had no one B) could compete/become
representing their views in parliament.
C) used to compete/have become
A) were not given /could not vote
D) had to compete/became
B) are not given / did not need to vote
E) may have competed / are becoming
IeluIReA TavaOw

C) have not been given / were not able to vote

D) had not been given /should not vote

E) will not be given / did not have to vote

6. To better understand how the body works,we ----inside

and see how the parts ---- together to make us living,
breathing and thinking human beings.

A) need to look/work
B) can look/had worked
·IeluIkeA Tagaow·

C) may have looked / are working

D) should look /were working
E) had to look /have worked
7. In order to avoid light pollution, town dwollors ----a spot as E) should choose/shine
far from lights as possiblo, and ensure that no lights ----
diroctly into thoir oyes.
A) havo to chooso / wore shining
B) may choose /had shined
C) musl have chosen /will shine
D) need to choose/shined
 10. A mass extinction event----towards the end of the
Mosozoic Era 66 million years ago, which ---- by the
8. Participants had their meals before the event because impact of a giant asteroid in what is now Mexico.
they thought they----any meal,so organizers---- food
for all the participants. A) occurs / should have been caused

A) would not be served/ need not have bought B) has occurred / could have been caused

B) had not been served / may not have bought C) was occurring / must be caused

C) have not been served/should not have bought D) occurred/may have been caused

D) will not be served / must not have bought E) had occurred / might be caused
E) were not served / ought not to buy

11. According to some people, the firefighters ----harder

9. Recent research ---- that the foods we choose to eat or towards saving people's lives during the September
not to eat ---- our life span or the quality of our lives. 11th, 2001 attacks while others think that they----any
better.
A) is showing /were supposed to increase
A) may have worked/should not be doing
B) has shown /ought to have increased
B) must have worked / might not do
C) shows/may increase
C) used to work / cannot have done
D) had showed /might have increased
D) should have worked / could not have done
E) showed/have to increase
E) could be working / must not have done

12. Producers of the film 'Our Generation'----that there was

a total agreeance about the need for the film to be
made, otherwise it----possible.
A) has said / should not be

B) said / could not have been

C) will have said/ may not be
D) is saying / did not use to be
E) had said /would not be