Second

Year
file 3B

Grammar

Second English
 Grammar
7A

If first conditional and Future time clauses

Usage:

We use first conditional sentences to talk about a possible future

situation and it’s consequence.

Structure

If + present simple, will / won’t + base form

Notes:

We use the present tense (not the future) after if in 1st

conditional.

_ If you will worked, you will pass all your exams. (X)
_ If you worked, you will pass all your exams. (√)

We can also use an imperative instead of the will clause.

_ If it rains, take an umbrella.

_ If you don't understand, ask your teacher.
 Notes:

In writing if your if clause comes first add that comma (,) but if
the main clause comes first you don't need a comma.

_ You will pass all your exams if you work harder.

_ If you work harder, you will pass all your exams.

We can use unless instead of (if ... not) in conditional sentences.

_ If we don’t leave now, we will be late.

_ Unless we leave now, we will be late.

Future time
clauses

Structure

Future time clauses + present simple, will / won’t + base form

When, as soon as, until,

before, after

_ When I get home, I will call you.

 Grammar
7B

If second conditional

Usage:

We use second conditional sentences to talk about a hypothetical

or future situation and it’s consequence.

_If I had a job ... {= I don’t have a job, I’m just imagining it.}

Structure

If + Past simple, would / wouldn’t + base form

First or second conditional?

If I have time, I’ll help you.

(= this is a real situation; it’s possible that I’ll have time – first
conditional)
If I had time, I’d help you.
(= this is a hypothetical, imaginary situation; I don’t actually have time – second
conditional)

would / wouldn’t + base form

We also often use would / wouldn’t + base form (without an if

clause) when we talk about imaginary situations:

‫ ـ‬I’d never buy a car as big as yours.

 Grammar
9A

If third conditional

Usage:

We usually use third conditional sentences to talk about how

things could have been different in the past, i.e., for hypothetical
/ imaginary situations.

Structure

If + Past perfect, would / wouldn’t have + p.p

Compare:

_ Yesterday I got up late and missed my train. (= the real situation)

_ If I hadn't got up late yesterday, I wouldn't have missed my train.

(= the hypothetical or imaginary past situation)

The contraction of both had and would is ’d.

We can use might or could instead of would to make the result less
certain.

_ If she’d studied harder, she might have passed the exam.

 If conditionals

if clause Main clause

1st conditional If + Persent simple, will / won’t + base form

2nd conditional If + Past simple, would / wouldn’t + base form

3rd conditional If + Past perfect, would / wouldn’t have + p.p

had + p.p
 8A
Reported Speech

Direct tense reported tense

1) Present simple Past simple

2) Present continuous Past continuous

3) Present perfect Past perfect

4) Present perfect. cont. Past perfect. cont.

5) Past simple Past perfect

6) Past continuous Past perfect. cont.

7) Past perfect No change

8) Past perfect. cont. No change

9) Future simple (will)

10) Future continuous

Would
11) Future perfect

12) Future perfect. cont.

 Modal verbs in Direct Modal verbs in reported

Will Would

Can Could

May Possibility Might

May Permission Could

Must / Have to Obigation Had to

Must / Have to Speclation Must

Would

Could
No change
Should

Might

all tenses

present simple: past simple: Future simple:

S + v1 (s, es, ...etc) S + v2 S + will + v1
present continuous: past continuous: Future continuous:
S + is/ are/ am + v1+ ing S + was/ were + v1+ ing S + will be + v1+ ing
present perfect: past perfect: Future perfect:
S + have/has + v3 S + had + v3 S + will have + v3
present perfect cont. past perfect cont. Future perfect cont.
S + have/has been + v1 + ing S + had been + v1 + ing S + will have been + v1 + ing
 Time and place in Direct Time and place in reported

today that day

now then

yesterday the day before

..... days ago ....... days before

Last week the week before

Next year the following year

tomorrow the following day / the next day

here there

this that

these those

ago before

tonight that night

 Reported Sentences

We use reported speech to report (i.e., to tell another person)

what someone said.

When tenses don’t change

When you report what someone said very soon after they said it,
the tenses often stay the same as in the original sentence.

Adam “I can’t come tonight.”

I’ve just spoken to Adam and he said that he can’t come tonight.

Using {that} after said and told is optional.

say and tell

Be careful – after said don’t use a person or an object pronoun:

_ He said he was tired. NOT He said me…

After told you must use a person or pronoun:

_ Sarah told Cally that she would call her. NOT Sarah told that she…
_ He told me he was tired. NOT He told he was…

:‫الشرح‬
.)me, him, us :‫ ال يأتي بعدها ضمير مفعول (مثل‬:)‫ (يقول‬say -
.He said he was tired :‫صحيح‬ ✔
.He said me he was tired :‫✘ خطأ‬

.‫ يجب أن يأتي بعدها ضمير مفعول أو اسم شخص‬:)‫ (ُي خبر‬tell -

He told me he was tired ✔
:‫صحيح‬
He told he was tired. ✘ :‫خطأ‬
 Reported question

direct questions reported questions

- “Are you married?” → She asked him if he was married.

- “Did she call?” → He asked me whether she had called.

- “What’s your name?” → I asked him what his name was.

- “Where do you live?” → He asked me where I lived.

When you report a question, the tenses change as in reported

statements.
When a question doesn’t begin with a question word, add if (or
whether).
- “Do you want a drink?” → He asked me if/whether I wanted a
drink.
You also have to change the word order to subject + verb, and
not use do / did.

:‫الشرح‬

:‫ تغيير الزمن‬.1
:‫ الجملة في المضارع تصبح ماضي‬-
Are you married? → if he was married
:‫ الماضي البسيط يصبح ماضي تام‬-
Did she call? → whether she had called

:whether ‫ أو‬if ‫) نضيف‬...what, where, when :‫ إذا لم يبدأ السؤال بكلمة استفهام (مثل‬.2
.Do you want a drink? → He asked me if/whether I wanted a drink -

:‫ تغيير ترتيب الجملة‬.3

:did ‫ أو‬do ‫ بدون استخدام‬،)‫ فعل‬+ ‫ نستخدم ترتيب الجملة العادية (فاعل‬-
?where do I live ‫ وليس‬.Where do you live? → He asked me where I lived
 Grammar
8B

Gerunds and infinitives

Lesson plan
INFINITIVE
I

NF
after certain

Ger ds
after a preposition

1) The gerund (verb + -ing)

INITIVES
and phrasal verbs Starting a adjectives

un
sentence
Showing purpose

2) The infinitive (to + -v1)

the object of a sentence
after
BARE INFINITIVE
A “be” compliment
certain
verbs after modal verbs
3) Bare infinitive (the base form) and imperatives

after make and let

1) The gerund

after a preposition the object of a sentence A “be” compliment

‫بعد حروف الجر‬ ‫كفاعل أو مفعول في الجمل‬ ‫" بعد فعل‬be" ‫كصفة أو تعريف‬

_ She’s good at singing. Swimming is fun. / I enjoy reading. His favorite hobby is painting.

2) The infinitive

after certain adjectives purpose

‫بعد الِص فات‬ ‫للتعبير عن الهدف‬

‫ ـ‬It’s easy to learn. ‫ ـ‬She studies hard to pass the exam.

3) Bare infinitive

after modal verbs after imperatives after make and let

...will ‫بعد‬ ‫بعد االمر‬ ... ‫بعد الفعليين دول‬

_ We must hurry. Go! Stop! Listen! my parents didn't let me go out last night.
 Verbs that can take a gerund or an infinitive,
Verb + person + infinitive but the meaning is different

We also use the infinitive after some verbs, e.g., ask, tell, - Try to be on time. (= make an effort to be on time)
want, would like + person. - Try doing yoga. (= do it to see if you like it)
- Remember to call him. (= don’t forget to do it)
- Can you ask the manager to come? - I remember meeting him years ago. (= I have a memory of it)
- She told him not to worry.
- I want you to do this now.
- We’d really like you to come.

‫قائمة باالفعال مع كل نوع‬

1. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND:

Common verbs that take the gerund include:

admit, avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, feel like, finish, hate, keep,
like, love, mind, miss, practice, prefer, recommend, spend time,
stop, suggest, and phrasal verbs, e.g., give up, go on, etc.
+
‫ ـ‬anticipate ‫ ـ‬can't help ‫ ـ‬consider ‫ ـ‬risk ‫ ـ‬understand ‫ـ‬
involve _ resume ‫ ـ‬mention

2. VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE

Common verbs that take the infinitive include:

(can’t) afford, agree, decide, expect, forget, help, hope, learn,
need, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, seem,
try, want, would like.
+
‫ ـ‬ask ‫ ـ‬deserve ‫ ـ‬manage ‫ ـ‬threaten ‫ ـ‬wait ‫ ـ‬volunteer ‫ ـ‬struggle

3. VERBS + OBJECT + INFINITIVE

Common verbs that take the infinitive include:

ask, tell, want, would like,
+
expect, hire, invite, order, remind, require, teach, urge, warn,
4. VERBS + GERUND / INFINITIVE - no change in
meaning

Common verbs that take the gerund include:

begin, start, continue
+
_ Like _ love _ hate _ prefer _ can’t bear _ can’t stand _ propose

5. verbs + GERUND / INFINITIVE - big change in

meaning

Common verbs that take the infinitive include:

remember _ forget _ try _ stop _regret

Note

The negative gerund = not + verb + -ing

The negative infinitive = not to + verb.

 Grammar
9B

Quantifiers

Lesson plan

e and Uncount
abl ab
nt le
ou
1) Large quantities

C
Some, A lot, of lots of

2) Small quantities
Un

untable

co
untable
Many, Much,

3) More or less than you need or want few little

Co
4) Zero quantity

Quantifiers

Large quantities Small quantities Zero quantity

Much Few, a few Any

Many Little, a little No

A lot of, Lots of, A lot Very few, a few None

Plenty of Very Little, a little _

1 Large quantities:

Notes:

1. Use a lot of or lots of in {+} sentences.

2. Use a lot when there is no noun, e.g., He talks a lot. NOT He

talks a lot of.

3. much / many are usually used in {–} sentences and ?, but a lot
of can also be used.

4. Use plenty of in {+} sentences. (= more than enough)

2 Small quantities:

Notes:

1. Use little + uncountable nouns, few + plural countable nouns.

* a little and a few = some, but not a lot.

2. very little and very few = not much / many.

3 More or less than you need or want

Notes:

1. Use too + adjective.

2. Use too much + uncountable nouns and too many + plural

countable nouns.

3. Use enough before a noun, e.g., enough eggs, and after an

adjective, e.g., It isn’t big enough, or an adverb, e.g., You aren’t
walking fast enough.

4 Zero quantity

Notes:

1. Use any (+ noun) for zero quantity with a negative verb.

2. Use no {+} noun with a positive verb.

3. Use none (without a noun) in short answers.

 With Countable With Uncountable With Both
noun noun

Some, any
A few / few A little / little

A lot of / lots of / plenty

Many Much of

With Countable nouns With Uncountable nouns

 They have many children.  We have much information about this topic.
 There are few mistakes in your paper.  There is little juice left in the glass.

Note Note

Few: the amount is not enough.

Little: the amount is not enough.
A few: the amount is enough
A Little: the amount is enough

_ We have few glasses of water, so we need to buy some. _ I have a little money but I can still meet my basic needs.

_ There are just a few pens in the pencil case, but you will _ The blouse costs 200 EGP. All I have is just 100 EGP. It is little
not need more for your assignment. money .

With countable & uncountable noun

Some, Any

We use some and any with the "countable" and the "uncountable"
nouns, when we don’t know the exact amount of the thing we are
talking about.
Some & Any (Positive and Negative Sentences):
we use "some" in affirmative sentences and "any" in negative sentences.

Examples:
 she needs some water.
 There is not any bread in the house.

Exceptions:

 We can use any in the "affirmative" sentence with: never, hardly and without
which have a negative meaning.

_ I never find any problem dealing with kids.

_ She hardly sees any word on the board.
_ He accessed the portal without any difficulty.
 ‫‪a lot of / lots of / a lot‬‬
‫معناها "الكثير من"‪ ،‬وُتستخدم مع األسماء المعدودة والغير معدودة‪ ،‬في الجمل المثبتة ‪- a lot of / lots of:‬‬
‫‪(positive).‬‬
‫‪: She has a lot of friends.‬مثال ‪-‬‬

‫‪ُ.‬تستخدم لوحدها بدون اسم بعدها ‪- a lot:‬‬

‫‪: He talks a lot.‬مثال ‪-‬‬
‫❌‬ ‫‪He talks a lot of.‬‬

‫‪---‬‬

‫‪much / many‬‬
‫‪*.‬و*األسئلة )‪ُ (negative‬تستخدم غالًب ا في الجمل المنفية ‪-‬‬
‫‪- I don’t have much time.‬‬
‫?‪- Do you have many books‬‬
‫‪.‬بداًل منهم في الكالم العادي ‪ a lot of‬لكن ممكن استخدام ‪-‬‬

‫‪---‬‬

‫‪plenty of‬‬
‫‪.‬تعني "أكثر من كاٍف "‪ ،‬وُتستخدم في الجمل المثبتة ‪-‬‬
‫‪: We have plenty of food.‬مثال ‪-‬‬

‫‪---‬‬

‫)كميات قليلة( ‪small quantities‬‬

‫‪: a little time / very little water‬أسماء غير معدودة ‪- little +‬‬
‫‪: a few books / very few friends‬أسماء معدودة جمع ‪- few +‬‬

‫‪---‬‬

‫الفروق‪:‬‬
‫‪ = a little / a few -‬بعض‪ ،‬لكن ليس كثيًر ا‪.‬‬
‫‪ = very little / very few -‬قليل جًد ا‪ ،‬يكاد ال ُيذكر‪.‬‬

‫أمثلة‪:‬‬
‫‪ = .I have a little money -‬لدي بعض المال‪.‬‬
‫‪ = .I have very little money -‬لدي مال قليل جًد ا‪.‬‬
 Grammar
10A

relative clauses

Defining relative clauses Non-defining relative clauses

Lesson plan

1) Defining relative clauses (giving essential information)

2) Non-defining relative clauses (giving extra, non-essential info)

1) Defining relative clauses (giving essential information)

1. Julia’s the woman who / that works in the office with me.
It’s a self-help book that / which teaches you how to relax.
That’s the house where I was born.

2. Is Frank the man whose brother plays for the Lakers?

It’s a plant whose leaves change color in spring.

3. I just got a text from the girl (who / that) I met on the flight to Paris.
This is the new phone (that / which) I bought yesterday.

Notes:
:‫قواعد الجمل الوصفية المحددة‬

.‫} في هذا النوع‬which{ ‫} اكثر شيوعا من‬that{

- That is more common than which in defining clauses.
‫ في هذا‬who / which / where ‫ ال يمكن حذف‬-
- You cannot omit who / which / where in this kind. .‫النوع‬

_ Julia’s the woman works in the office with me. (X) ‫ بمعنى "الذي يملك" (للناس أو‬whose ‫ استخدم‬-
_ Julia’s the woman who / that works in the office with me. (√) .)‫األشياء‬

‫ فقط إذا كان‬who / which / that ‫ يمكن حذف‬-

Use whose to mean "of who" or "of which." ‫الفاعل في الجملة الرئيسية مختلف عن الفاعل في‬
.‫الجملة الوصفية‬
Who, which, and that can be omitted if the verb in the main and
relative clause have different subjects. .whose ‫ أو‬where ‫ ال يمكن أبدًا حذف‬-

Where and whose can never be omitted.

_ She’s the girl I met on plane.
2) Non-defining relative clauses (giving extra, non-essential info)

- This painting, which was painted in 1860, is worth millions.

- Last week I visited my aunt, who’s nearly 90.
- Burford, where my grandfather was born, is a beautiful town.
- My neighbor, whose son goes to my son’s school, has just remarried.

Notes: ‫) بتضيف‬Non-defining( ‫ الجمل الوصفية غير المحددة‬-

‫ يعني لو‬.‫ وغالًب ا مش أساسية‬،‫معلومات زيادة في الجملة‬
- Non-defining relative clauses give extra (often non-essential .‫ الجملة هتفضل مفهومة‬،‫شلتها‬
information) in a sentence. If this clause is omitted, the sentence
still makes sense. ‫ (أو بين‬, ‫ النوع ده من الجمل الزم يكون بين فواصل‬-
.)‫فاصلة ونقطة‬
‫ ـ‬This painting, which was painted in 1860, is worth millions of
dollars.
‫) في‬... which ‫ أو‬who ‫ مينفعش تحذف أداة الوصل (زي‬-
.‫الجمل دي‬
- Non-defining relative clauses must go between commas (or a
comma and a period).
‫ في النوع‬who / which ‫ بدل‬that ‫ ومينفعش تستخدم‬-
- In these clauses, you can’t leave out the relative pronoun (who, .‫ده‬
which, etc.)

NOT: This painting, that was painted in 1860, is worth millions of

dollars.

Relative Clauses

Defining Non-Defining
Relative Clauses Relative Clauses

People Who / that Who / that

Things Which / that Which / that

Animals Which / that Which / that

Places Where Where

Possessive Whose Whose

 ‫ملخص الدرس‬

‫)جمل موصولة محددة( ‪Defining Relative Clauses‬‬

‫* تعطي معلومة ضرورية لتحديد من أو ما نتحدث عنه‪ .‬بدونها الجملة غير مفهومة‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ال ُيستخدم فيها فواصل‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬يجوز استخدام "‪ "that‬بدل ‪.who/which‬‬
‫‪ -‬يجوز حذف الضمير الموصول أحياًنا‪.‬‬

‫مثال‪:‬‬
‫‪.The woman who works here is nice‬‬
‫(يجب معرفة أي امرأة‪ ،‬الجملة تحددها)‬

‫‪---‬‬

‫(جمل موصولة غير محددة) ‪Non-defining Relative Clauses‬‬

‫* تعطي معلومة إضافية فقط‪ ،‬وإذا حذفت ال يتأثر المعنى األساسي‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬يجب وضعها بين فواصل‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ال يجوز استخدام "‪."that‬‬
‫‪ -‬ال يمكن حذف الضمير الموصول‪.‬‬

‫مثال‪:‬‬
‫‪.My aunt, who lives in Cairo, is a teacher‬‬
‫(المعلومة اإلضافية أن خالتي تعيش في القاهرة)‬

‫‪BY‬‬ ‫‪GANG‬‬