COMPUTER SCIENCE

Chapter # 1: Introduction to Systems

Short Questions:
1. Write the overview of theory of system or what do you know about theory of system?
Ans: The theory of systems explains how different parts work together to achieve a
specific goal. Each system has components that interact and depend on each other. For
example, a car is made up of an engine, wheels, brakes, and other related items. Every
part play an important role for making the car.
2. What is Information System?
Ans: An Information System is an organized set of components that work together to
perform a specific function. These components are interconnected, and each part plays a
role in enhancing the overall operation of the system.
3. What is System Theory?
Ans: The branch of Science that deals with complicated structures in living organisms, that
relate the human with society and the science is called system theory. It looks at how
system grow, change and develop at different level of existance.
4. At what levels of system can be observed?
Ans: System can be observed at all levels of existence, starting with the level of nature,
and going the level of systems designed by humans. Such as car process or university
admission process.
5. What is the advantage of thinking how system can operate?
Ans: Thinking about how system operate help us better understand how the need to be
developed and training across different fields like computing, biology, engineering and
social science.
6. Define System?
Ans: A system is described by its objectives, components, communication among
components and environment in which it works.
7. Define Objective?
Ans: An objective refers to the purpose or goal of a system is designed to achieve. Every
system has a specific function or aim depending on its nature and components. For
Example: A transport system aims to transfer people and products from one location to
another safely.
8. Describe the types of Objectives also give atleast one example of each type?
Ans: There are three types of system objectives are:
Information Processing: Collecting, storing, processing, and distributing information.
For Example: Computer system process user data and provide useful information.
Supporting other systems: Providing a platform for other systems to work.
For Example: Mobile phone provide a platform to run different applications.
Achieving specific goals: Completing tasks or processes.
For Example: A car engine system aim to convert fuel to mechanical energy.
9. What are components in a system and why are they essential?
Ans: A component is a building block of a system that plays a specific role and contributes
to the overall functionality of the system. Each component is essential for the system's
operation, and understanding their roles helps in identifying problems, improving
performance, and refining the system's design.
10. What is the enviroment of a system and why is it important?
Ans: The environment of a system include everything external to the system that interacts
with it. It consists of all external factors that affects the system’s operation. It is important
because the environment influence the system’s performance and behaviour by providing
inputs and receiving outputs.
11. What do you know about intelligent system?
Ans: An intelligent system is one that can adapt to change in its environment to maintain
it’s functionality. Intelligent system are not static or rigid.
12. Differentiate between Static and Dynamic Environment?
Static: The environment remains unchanged unless the system provides an output. There
are no changes occurring in the environment while the system is working internally. For
Example: Traffic light signals.
Dynamic: The environment can change independently of the system’s output. The system
must account for changes that occur over time in the environment. For Example: Weather
app.
13. Differentiate between Deterministic and Non-deterministic Environment?
Deterministic: A deterministic system is characterized by its fully known and certain
impact of its output on the environment.
Non-deterministic: The impact of the system’s output on the environment is
characterized by inherent uncertainty, randomness, or probability.
14. What is the importance of communication in a system?
Ans: The importance of communication and interaction among system components is that
it ensures that the components work together in an organized and smooth manner to
achieve the system objectives. For Example: The CPU communicate with memory to fetch
and store data.
15. How do system interact with the environment?
Ans: System constantly interact with their environment through inputs and outputs. For
Example: a weather app receives data from environment sensors and provides the current
status of weather and future forecasts to users.
16. What is Natural System?
Ans: Natural systems are those that exist in nature and operate independently of human
involvement. They are governed by natural laws and process. For Example: Forest.
17. What is Physical System?
Ans: Physical systems are composed of physical components and governed by the laws of
physics. They include things ranging from sub atomic particles, atoms, planets, stars,
galaxies and customs. Physical systems, like any kind of matter, emerge from the
interactions of electrons, protons and neutrons. For Example: Hydrogen gas forms when
electrons, protons and neutrons are combine together under physical forces.
18. What is Chemical System?
Ans: A chemical system involves substances and their interactions, transformation and
reactions, governed by the laws of chemistry.Chemical system emerge when atom and
molecules interact, bond or undergo changes to form new substances. For Example:
Water(H₂O) is formed when hydrogen atoms bond with oxygen atoms through chemical
reactions.
19. What is Biological System?
Ans: Biological systems consist of living organisms and their interactions. They are
governed by biological processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
20. How biological system emerge from chemical system?
Ans: Biological systems emerge from chemical systems when molecules interact in
complex ways to form living cells, which then organize into tissues, organs, and organisms.
21. What is Psychological System?
Ans: Psychological systems involve the mind and behavior. They include thoughts,
emotions, and mental processes, governed by the principles of Psychology.
22. How psychological system emerge from biological system?
Ans: Psychological systems emerge from biological systems when the brain’s physical and
chemical processes give rise to thoughts, emotions, and behaviors which are influenced by
an individual’s experiences and environment.
23. What is Artificial System?
Ans: Artificial systems are created and developed by people so that they may fulfill certain
functions or address certain issues. These systems can be as small as a wheel or
as large as the United Nations. For Example: Mobile Phone.
24. Why are artificial system vital in contemporary society?
Ans: Artificial systems are a vital part of the contemporary society because they reinforce
productivity, solve complex problems, and improve people’s well being.
25. How do Knowledge systems facilitate decision-making and learning?
Ans: A knowledge system is unique because it is developed to capture, process, facilitate,
store, retrieve and manage information. Such systems facilitate in managing and utilizing
the resources of knowledge effectively for the purpose of decision-making, learning and
problem-solving.
26. How is mathematics connected to numbers and patterns?
Ans: Mathematics is field of knowledge which is studied to focus problems connected to
numbers, their amounts, forms, structures and patterns.
27. What is Logic and why is it important?
Ans: Logic is a theoretical model consisting of concepts and strategies on identifying and
assessing rationale. That is why it is based on all logical thinking processes and practice of
critical analysis.
28. What is database also give example of RDBMS and NoSQL?
Ans: A database system can be described as software for managing data, particularly to
enable easy retrieval, management, and updating of data. Some of the examples are
relational database management system like MySQL while others are NoSQL database
management system like MongoDB.
29. What is Information Management System?
Ans: : Applications developed with the purpose of capturing archiving, organizing and
disseminating data is called information management system.
30. What is Engineering System?
Ans: Products developed by engineers are complex frameworks or devices that apply
engineering concepts to perform certain tasks or solve technical challenges

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31. What is civil engineering system concerned with?
Ans: Concentration on developments such as constructing houses, roads,
bridges and even maintaining these structures. For instance, a structure used to provide a
passage over water, valleys or roads is termed a bridge.
32. What is Mechanical Engineering system?
Ans: Engage in planning and creating devices that make a utilization of forces from outside
to accomplish work. For Example a robotic arm applied in assembly line for packaging of
products in factories.
33. What is Chemical Engineering system?
Ans: Focuses on converting raw materials into useful products through chemical processes,
considering internal molecular interactions. For example: a water treatment plant that
purifies water using chemical processes like coagulation and filtration.
34. What is the role of electrical engineering system in engineering system?
Ans: Involves the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism to
develop electrical systems. . For example a home automation system that controls lighting,
heating and security using a smartphone app.
35. What is Software Engineering system?
Ans: The process of designing, developing and maintaining software to perform certain
tasks eradicating errors. For Example: an online tool assisting a library in tracking books,
users as well as stock in their procession.
36. What is Social System?
Ans: Social systems refer to structured frameworks established by individuals to
effectively handle social interactions, organizational governance, and communal
endeavors.
37. What is the purpose of academic institution?
Ans: Academic Institution provide educational services to students. Schools, colleges and
universities are examples of educational institutions that provide instruction through the
use of administrative, teaching, and support staff.
38. What is the role of government in social system?
Ans: Organizational institutions that have authority and control over a community or
country. Examples include democratic systems, where representatives are elected and
authoritarian regimes, where power is centralized.
39. What is the role of organization in social system also tell about profit or non profit
organization?
Ans: Organization are formed to achieve specific goals and are often structured
hierarchically with well-defined roles and responsibilities. Examples include corporations
like Apple and nonprofit organizations such as the Edhi Foundation.