COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS L ABORATORY MANUAL

(AS PER 2023 SYLLABUS)

FOR [Link]

NAME OF THE STUDENT :

SECTION AND BRANCH : _
ROLL NO. OR U S N :

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
JAKKASANDRA POST, KANAKAPURA TALUK, RAMANAGARAM DIST.
562 112
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

1. The students should bring the laboratory manual, observation book,

calculator etc., for each practical class.

2. The students should come to the laboratory with a good preparation to

conduct the experiment.

3. The recording of the details of the measurements, tabulation of readings

and calculations must be first done in the observation book. The student

should get the same acknowledged by the concerned teacher. Later the

observations have to be transferred to the manual and again it should be

signed by the concerned teacher. The student must submit the record in

the following week for correction.

4. Any student failing to get the results evaluated in the same laboratory

class will lose the Internal Assessment Marks for that experiment.

5. The student shall be responsible for the apparatus issued and shall take

necessary precautions in using them.

6. At the end of the semester, a laboratory test will be conducted.

7. Strict discipline should be maintained inside the laboratory.

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VISION
We are committed to enhance the linkages between engineering and other professions with the aim of
tackling increasing complex challenges that lie at the interfaces of science, technology, and society
and to dynamically integrate the components of sciences, humanities and Engineering to groom the
students to become globally acknowledged professionals and to continually improve the research skills
of the students.
MISSION
 Advancing the frontiers of knowledge in the physical, chemical and mathematical sciences.
 To widen intellectual perspective and enhance entrepreneurship qualities.
 Develop technical and communicative skills to make the students industry ready.
 To inculcate ethical values and promote social responsibility through an innovative learning
process in basic sciences and humanities.
 To provide students with soft skills and behavioral training programs in order to develop their
overall personality and social consciousness.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO’s)

 To be successful in professional career by acquiring the knowledge in the fundamentals of
Physics principles and professional skills.
 To be in a position to analyze real life problems and design socially accepted and economically
feasible solutions in the respective fields.
 To involve themselves in lifelong learning professional development by pursuing higher
education and participation in research and development activities.
 To exhibit good communication skills in their professional career, lead a team with good
leadership traits and interpersonal relationship with the members related to engineering streams

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Engineering Physics Laboratory
Subject Code: Credits:3
Hours/week: 2
Objectives:
 Gain knowledge to use optical/mechanical equipments and basic electrical/electronic circuits to
conduct experiments.
 Understand the theoretical concepts of optical, mechanical, electrical/electronic equipments.
 Set up the equipments/connect the circuit and conduct the experiments.

Sl No List of Experiments
TIR – Refractive index of mystery material
1.
Planck’s constant- Determination of the Planck’s constant using light emitting diodes
2.
3 Stefan’s law- Verification of Stefan’s law
4. Logic gates - 1
5 Logic gate - 2
6 Laser diffraction - Determination of wavelength of given laser
7 Torsional Pendulum- Determination of moment of inertia of the given irregular body.
8 Numerical Aperture- Determination of numerical aperture and acceptance angle of the given
optical fiber
9 Spring mass system- Determination of force constant of the given helical spring.

Course Outcomes:
Sl. Course Description Bloom’s
No. Outcome Taxonomy Level
1. C01 Explain the concepts of damped and forced oscillation Understanding (2)
2. C02 Outline the concepts of quantum physics Understanding (2)
3. C03 Illustrate the fundamentals of photonics to Various Laser Applications Applying (3)
4. C04 Understand the role of laser properties in optical fibre communication Understanding (2)
5. C05 Interpret the concepts of digital electronics to their applications Applying (3)
6. C06 Examine the physics problems using simple computing programs and simulate the Analyzing (4)
results

Course Programme Outcome (POs)

Outcome PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO01 PSO02
(COs)
C01 2 1 - - - - - - - - - -
C02 3 2 1 - - - - - - - - -
C03 2 1 - - - - - - - - - -
C04 2 1 - - - - - - - - - -
C05 3 2 1 - 1 - - - - - - -
C06 3 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - -

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INDEX SHEET

obtained
Conduction
Sl. Page
Signature

date
Name of the Experiment

Marks
No. number (Staff)

1 Total internal reflection 6-7

2 Stefan’s law 8-9

3 Planck’s constant 10-11

4 Laser diffraction 12-13

5 Logic gates - 1 14-15

6 Logic gates - 2 16-17

7 Torsional pendulum 18-21

8 Optical Fiber 22-23

Spring mass
9 24-25
system
Average
marks

Date: Signature
(Staff Incharge)

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Observations:
Circuit diagram

critical angle, Refrative index

Material sin (C)
C in degrees n=1/sin(C)

Water

Glass

Mystery A

Mystery B

Assignment: Derive the equation for refractive index of unknown material n = 1/sin(C) using
Snell’s law in the below space.

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1. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

Aim: Investigating Total Internal Reflection and to determine the unknown refractive index of
mystery material medium using a simulation tool.

Online simulation link:

[Link]

1
Formula: 𝑛=
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶
Where n = refractive index of the mystery material
C = Critical angle

Procedure:
1. Go to simulation, Choose ‘Intro’. The material in the top half should be water, the material in
the bottom half should be air, and the angle of incidence set for minimum angle about 10 o.

2. Keep increasing the angle of incidence until the angle of refraction is as close to 90°.

3. If you increase the angle of incidence further, then the refracted ray will disappear. The
angle when this happens is called the “critical angle” for water. Record the critical angle for
water in the table below.

4. Return the angle of incidence to 0° and change the material in the top half to glass. Repeat
the procedure to record critical angle for glass.

5. Repeat the process to find the critical angle for material Mystery A and Mystery B.

6. Calculate the value of refractive index ‘n’ using the given equation.

Results:

The refractive index of the mystery material A is found to be, n = __________

The refractive index of the mystery material A is found to be, n = __________

The name of the mystery material A is _______________

The name of the mystery material B is _______________

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Observation:
Circuit diagram

V
Trail V I (mA) R  P  VI log10 P log10 R
No. volt ampere I watt
1 1
2 2
3 2.5
4 3
5 3.5
6 4
7 4.5
8 5
9 5.5
10 6

Calculation:
AB
The slope of the curve =S = =……………………
BC

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2. STEFAN’S LAW
Aim: To verify Stefan’s law of Black-body radiation by studying the variation power dissipated
across the bulb as a function of resistance.

Apparatus: Electric bulb, rheostat, power supply, voltmeter and ammeter etc.

Formula: E =  T4

E is the rate at which the energy emitted from the unit surface area of a Black-Body Wm-2.
 is Stefan’s constant Wm-2K-4.
T is the Absolute temperature in K.
Procedure: The electrical connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. The voltage
source is set to a zero before switching on the kit. The voltage across the bulb is varied in suitable
steps by varying the knob and the corresponding current is also noted. Using the data of V and I
the power (P) dissipated across the bulb and the resistance of the bulb filament (R) are
determined. Log P and Log R are also determined. The readings are tabulated. A plot of Log P
versus Log R is made. The plot must be a straight line. The Slope of the curve is determined
which verifies the Stefan’s law of black- body radiation.

[Note: The bulb in the experiment is analogous to a blackbody. The bulb emits radiation when
heated electrically so as a black body when heated. Thus the power dissipated across the bulb
(P) is nothing but the emissive power (E). Higher the temperature (T) of the filament higher will
be the resistance resulting in high dissipation of energy. Thus ‘T’ could be replaced by ‘R’ in the
Stefan’s law. Thus we get

P  R4  P  CR 4 Here is C is a constant of proportionality, taking Logarithm on both the sides

we get

Log P  Log C  4 Log R

This is of the form Y= c + m X. Thus the slope of the curve obtained by plotting Log P against
Log R verifies Stefan’s law of Black body radiation.]

Result: The slope of the straight line is given by .................. and hence the Stefan’s law is verified.

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Observation:
Circuit diagram

Energy of Frequency of the

Wavelength Knee Voltage Radiation Radiation
LED Color VK 
( in m) (VK in Volts) E=e VK  = c/
(J) (Hz)

1 Blue 346 X 10-9

2 Green 538 X 10-9

3 Yellow 568 X 10-9

4 Red 630 X 10-9

5 IR 940 X 10-9

(Vk )mean =

e(Vk )mean
h
A c
Energy ’E’
= Js
C B

Frequency ’’
AB
The Slope of the Curve = Planck’s constant = h  =............................ Js
BC

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3. PLANCK’S CONSTANT
Aim: To determine the Planck’s constant using light emitting diodes.
Apparatus: Light Emitting Diodes of 5 different wavelengths, power supply and multimeter.
Formula: E  h J

e(Vk )mean
h JS
c
Here E is the energy of the photon, J
h is Planck’s constant, Js
 is the frequency of the radiation s-1.

Procedure: Circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. Power supply is
switched on and using a digital peak reading voltmeter the voltage (V k) across the LED is
measured and recorded in table for given color LED light. This is repeated for the other four LEDs.
Energy of the light radiation is calculated using the equation E= e Vk. Here ‘e’ is the charge on
electron 1.6 x 10-19C. The frequency of the light radiation is determined using  = C. Here ‘C’
is the velocity of light (3 x 10 8 ms-1) and ‘’ is the wavelength of light emitted. A plot of energy
against frequency is made. According to Planck’s Quantum theory the energy and frequency
relationship for the radiation is given by E=h. Here ‘h’ is Planck’s constant. Thus, the slope of
the curve gives the Planck’s constant.

[Note: LED is P-N junction made of heavily doped transparent semiconductor. When it is forward
biased, if the applied voltage is higher than the knee voltage then electrons and holes from N and
P sections recombine in the depletion region resulting in the emission of photons. Thus LED glows
with characteristic wavelength which depends on the composition and condition of the
semiconductor material used. When the applied voltage is equal to the turn on voltage the LED
just glows and the energy of the photons emitted is equal to the energy acquired by the electron
from the electric field. Thus energy of the photon can be calculated from the turn on voltage
knowing the wavelength of the emitted radiation a plot of energy versus frequency can be made.
Thus the Planck’s constant can be determined.]

Result: The Planck‘s Constant is given by

By graph, h= Js
By calculation, h= Js

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Observations:

Tabular column:

Distance from central

Order of maximum (cm) Mean distance
Sl. No. spectrum Xn = (XL+ XR)/ 2 θn (deg) λ(m)
(n) LHS (XL) RHS (XR) (cm)

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

Mean =........... (m)

Calculations:

Distance between the grating and screen, f = 80 cm

x
The angle of diffraction, θ = tan-1 f
= ...............(deg)

The distance between two consecutive rulings on grating K = 500 LPI

K
No of lines per meter on grating, N  …………
2.54102
1
Grating constant, C  ............... m
N

2C sin
The wavelength of given laser source,  2
n

 =… ............ m

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4. LASER DIFFRACTION
Aim: To Determination wavelength of given laser light

Apparatus: Diffraction grating, Laser source, grating stand, screen.

Formula:


2C sin 
 2
n

Where , C, is grating constant (m)

Θ, is the angle of diffraction(deg)
n, is order of diffraction
λ, is the wavelength of the laser light used (m)

The angle of diffraction θ is given by

x
θ = tan -1
f
Where, ‘x’ is the distance between the central maxima and secondary maxima.
‘f ‘ is the distance between the image and the grating.

Procedure:
The laser source is placed on a table and switched on. The leveling screws of the laser are adjusted
such that the laser beam exactly falls on center of graph sheet placed on the screen, which is
placed at about 1m from the laser source. The diffraction grating is now placed on grating stand
close to the laser source. The diffracted laser spots are observed on either side of central
maximum. The central maximum is very bright and as the order of diffraction increases the
brightness decreases. The center of various spots of the diffraction pattern are marked using a
pencil, then the graph sheet is removed from the screen and the distances between central
maxima and various diffracted spots are measured on either side of central maximum. Diffraction
angles are calculated for various orders of diffraction. The wavelengths of laser for various orders
of diffraction are calculated using given formula and the average wavelength is obtained.

Result: Wavelength of the given laser source is =......... m

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Observations:
Circuit diagram

Truth table Logic status (LED)

A B Y = 𝑨 ∙B A B Y = 𝑨 ∙B
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1

Logic status (Volts)

A B Y = 𝑨 ∙B
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Truth table Logic status (LED)

A B Y = 𝑨 +B A B Y = 𝑨 +B
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1

Logic status (Volts)

A B Y = 𝑨 +B
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

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5. LOGIC GATES - 1
AIM: To construct and verify their truth table of AND and OR gates using Diodes.

APPARATUS: Diodes, Resistors and LED, DC Power supply, Multi-meter.

Procedure:

1) Use components and make the circuit connections as per the circuit diagram shown.
2) Apply all four possible combinations of input voltages at A and B, Record the output voltage and
status of LED.
3) For each input combination, note the logic state of the output, as indicated by the LED (ON = 1;
OFF = 0), and record that result in the table.
4) Compare your results with the truth table of a logic “AND” & “OR” operation.

Results:

The truth tables of AND & OR gates are verified and the readings are tabulated.

Assignment: Use online simulation tool using the following link and verify the truth table for the above
Logic gates and paste the simulation circuit image in below space.

Simulation tool: [Link]

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Observations:
Circuit diagram

Truth table Logic status (LED) Logic status (Volts)

A Y = ¯𝑨
̅ A Y = ¯𝑨
̅ A Y = ¯𝑨
̅
0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1

Assignment: Use online simulation tool using the following link and verify the truth table for the above
Logic gate and paste the simulation circuit image in below space.

Simulation tool: [Link]

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6. LOGIC GATES - 2

AIM: To construct and verify their truth table of AND and OR gates using Diodes.

APPARATUS: Diodes, Resistors and LED, DC Power supply, Multi-meter.

Procedure:

1) Use components and make the circuit connections as per the circuit diagram shown.
2) Apply all four possible combinations of input voltages at A and B, Record the output voltage and
status of LED.
3) For each input combination, note the logic state of the output, as indicated by the LED (ON = 1;
OFF = 0), and record that result in the table.
4) Compare your results with the truth table of a logic “NOT” operation.

Results:

The truth tables of NOT gate is verified and the readings are tabulated.

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Observations:
Diagram

Mass of the circular plate M = ............... Kg

Radius of the circular plate R = (Circumference/ 2 )= ............... m
Mass of the rectangular plate M =................Kg
Length of the rectangular plate L = ................ m
Breadth of the rectangular plate B = ................... m
Length of the wire between the chuck nuts l  ............... m
Radius of the given wire r = ............. m

Table: To find the time period (T)

Moment of Time taken for 10 Period

Body Axis Inertia I  oscillations ‘t’ sec T  t /10 T2 I /T 2
Kg-m2 t1 t2 (t1+t2)/2 sec Kg-m/s2
Perpendicular
to its plane
I1 =

M (L2  B2 )
12
=
Perpendicular ML2
Rectangular plate

to its length I2 =
12
=

Perpendicular MB 2
to its breadth I3 =
12

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[Link] PENDULUM
Aim: To determine the moment of inertia of an irregular body and also to determine the rigidity
modulus of the material of the wire by setting up a torsional pendulum.

Apparatus: Rectangular plate, circular disc, irregular plate, stands with clamp, stop clock and
experimental material wire.

I  I  T
2
Formula: kgm2
o  2 o
 T mean
8l I
    Nm 2
r 4 T 2 mean
where,

I o is the Moment of inertia of irregular body (Kgm2)

T0 is the time period of oscillation of the irregular body about a given axis (sec).
I is the Moment of Inertia of the regular body on a given axis (Kgm2).
T is the time period of oscillation of regular body on a given axis (sec).
 is the Rigidity Modulus of the material of the suspension wire (Nm-2).
l is the length of the wire between the chuck nuts m.
r is the Radius of the suspension wire in m.

Procedure: The masses of the given rectangular plate and circular plate are determined using
weighing balance. The length L, breadth B of the rectangular plate and radius R of the circular
plate are measured. The moment of inertia of these two bodies are calculated for different axes
using the equations given in the table. The rectangular plate is suspended with the help of chuck
nuts to the experimental wire with its axis perpendicular to the plane of the rectangular plate.
Then the plate is set into torsional oscillations and its period for 10 oscillations is calculated. For
the same rectangular plate, the time period is obtained in two other axes viz., an axis
perpendicular to the length and an axis perpendicular to breadth. Then the experiment is repeated
for circular disc with definite axis viz, perpendicular to its plane and along the diameter. Then the
 I 
 2 
 T 
time period is noted for 10 oscillations. Then mean value of is calculated.

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Perpendicular MR 2
to its plane I4 =
2
=
Circular plate

Along the MR 2
diameter I5 =
4
=

Mean I / T 2 = ……………………

Time taken for 10 Period

Body Axis oscillations ‘ t ’ sec T0  t /10
t1 t2 (t1+ t2)/2 Sec
Perpendicular
to its plane
Irregular body

Calculations:
(1) Moment of Inertia of the irregular body (Perpendicular to the plane)
I =   T 2
I
0  2 o
 T mean
= ..................... Kgm2
(2) Rigidity modulus of the given material wire
8l  I 
  
r 4  T 2 mean
= ........... Nm 2

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The time period is noted for 10 oscillations for the irregular body whose moment of inertia about
an axis is calculated using the given formula.
The diameter of the wire is measured by using screw gauge and length of the wire between
chuck nuts is measured using the scale. The rigidity modulus ( ) of the wire is calculated using
the given formula.

Result:
The moment of inertia of an irregular body is, I0 = ..................... Kgm2

The rigidity modulus of the given wire is,  = ………………………Nm-2

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Observations:
Diagram

Trail L (in Diameter D Acceptance Numerical

aperture
No. cm) (in cm) angle 0
(NA)

Calculations:

The Acceptance angle, −1 𝐷 = .................degree

𝜃0 = tan (2𝐿 )

Numerical aperture, NA  sin  =………………

0

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8. NUMERICAL APERTURE
AIM: To determine the Acceptance angle and Numerical aperture of the given optical fiber.
APPARATUS: Laser source, Optical fiber, Screen, Scale.
Simulation Tool: [Link]
PRINCIPLE: The Sine of the acceptance angle of an optical fiber is known as the numerical aperture of
the fiber. The acceptance angle can also be measured as the angle spread by the light signal at the
emerging end of the optical fiber. Therefore, by measuring the diameter of the light spot on a screen
and by knowing the distance from the fiber end to the screen, we can measure the acceptance angle
and there by the numerical aperture of the fiber.
FORMULA: The Acceptance angle,
𝐷
𝜃0 = tan ( )
−1

2𝐿
Where D – the diameter of the bright circle formed on the screen,
L – the distance between the optical fiber end and the screen. And the Numerical Aperture,

NA  sin 0

Procedure:

1. Switch on the laser source and adjust the distance between output end of the optical fiber and
the screen ‘L’ (say 2 cm).

2. Place a graph sheet on the screen and observe the circle formed on the graph sheet.
3. Mark the points ‘a’,’b’,’c’ & ‘d’ on the shown in the diagram. Note down the horizontal diameter
D1 and vertical diameter D2 of the circle in the tabular column.

4. Repeat the above steps for different values of L (for 4cm, 6cm).
5. Find the Acceptance angle from the tabular column and hence the Numerical aperture.

Result: Result: The Angle of acceptance and Numerical aperture of the given optical fiber are found to
be

0 = .....................Degree

NA = …………………..

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Observation:

Table 1: Load-extension method

S. Mass Force, Extension, Spring
No. suspended F = mg X(m) constant, K
from the (= F/x)
spring, m(kg)
1

Table 2: Oscillation method

S. Mass No. of Time for Time
No. suspended oscillations, (n) period,
from the (n) oscillation T = t/n T2
spring, s, t (s) (s)
m(kg) 1 2 Mean
t (s)
1

Load-extension
𝐹
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥 or 𝑘=
𝑥

Oscillation method

𝑚 𝑚 4𝜋2
𝑇 = 2𝜋√ or 𝑘 = 4𝜋2 𝑘=
𝑘 𝑇2 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
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9. SPRING MASS SYSTEM

Aim: To determine the force constant of a helical spring from its load-extension and by the method of
oscillation.
Apparatus: Light weight helical spring, slotted weights, stopwatch, Scale etc.
Simulation software:
Online simulation link: [Link]
springs/latest/masses-and-springs_all.html
Formula used:
Load-extension
𝐹
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥 or 𝑘=
𝑥
Oscillation method
𝑚 𝑚 4𝜋2
𝑇 = 2𝜋√ or 𝑘 = 4𝜋2 𝑘=
𝑘 𝑇2 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ

Procedure:
1. Suspend the helical spring from a rigid point support, as shown in Fig. Set the meter scale close
to the spring vertically.
2. Record the initial position of the pointer on the meter scale, without any slotted mass suspended
from the hook.
3. Suspend the slotted mass on the hanger gently. Wait for some time for the load to stop
oscillating and attain equilibrium (rest) position, or even hold it to stop. Record the position of
the pointer on the meter scale.
4. Repeat the procedure with different mass.
5. Compute the force and force constant using given formula.
6. Plot the graph by referring given reference graph, calculate slope and the force constant compare
with the calculated value.
7. For oscillation method, suspend the mass and measure the time period using stopwatch.
8. Compute the force constant using given formula.
9. Plot the graph by referring given reference graph, calculate slope and the force constant compare
with the calculated value.
10. Compare the calculated force constant using both its load-extension and by the method of
oscillation.

Results:
Force constant using Load-extension method, K= .................N/m
Force constant using oscillation method, K= ...........................N/m

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