9 Communication Systems

NTRODUCTION
e term comm communication refers to thetransmitting, receiving, TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Communication systems can be classified according to the
nature of information or mode of transmission ortypes of transmission channel or
types of modulation. SASIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
communication system consists of an information source, nd ocessing of ormation by
electronic means.
Classification according to the nature of information source: 1. Speech
transmission nsmitter, a link, and a receiver.
2. Picture transmissionLink
3. Facsimile transmission Source of
information Transmitter- -Receiver Output (Channel) (FAX): This involves exact
reproduction of a document or picture which are signal
static. nformation: The idea/message that is to be conveyed is nomation. The
message may be individual one or a set off
ages. It may be a symbol, code, group of words, or any Classification according to
the mode of transmission: 1. Analog communication: The communication system which
makes use of analog signals is called analog communication system.
2. Digital communication: In this system, digital signals are zdecided unit.
Transmitter: In radio transmission, the transmitter consists of a
nsducer, modulator, amplifier, and transmitting antenna.
Transducer: Converts sound signals into electric signal. Modulator: Mixing of audio
electrie signal with high frequency radio wave.
Amplifier: Boosting the power of modulated signal. Antenna: Signal is radiated in
the space with the aid of an used.
Classification according to the transmission channel:
1. Line communication
2. Space communication
Classification according to the type of modulation:
1. Amplitude modulation (AM)
2. Frequency modulation (FM)
3. Phase modulation (PM)
4. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
5. Pulse time modulation (PTM)
6. Pulse code modulation (PCM) antenna.
Antenna
Source of nformation Modulator Amplifier
Transmitter
mmunication channel: The function of communication
nel is to carry the modulated signal from transmitter to
Ver. The communication channel is also called transmission ANALOG AND DIGITAL
SIGNALS
In communication system, a signal means a time, varying
electrical signal containing informations. edium or link.
Analog signals: It is a continuous wave form which changes
smoothly over time.
Such signals can be easilygenerated from the source
of information by usingan appropriate transducer, e.g..
pressure variations in the soundwaves can be converted
into corresponding eurrent or voltage pulses with the help
of a microphone.
A simple analog signalis represented by a sine wave. a m channel refers to the
frequency rangeallocated to a
ATicular service or transmission. eceiver: A receiver consists of the following
components:
odulator: To separate out the audio signal from the Ckup antenna: To pick the
signal
modulated signal
plifier: To boost up the weak audio signal Transducer To clectri convert back audio
signal in the form of
cal pulses into sound waves.
Antenna Output
Je-Amplifier Transducer modulator
Receiver
9.2 Optics and Modern Physics
MODULATION The frequency of analog signals associated with speed or
music varies over a range between 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
Continuous wave
modulationPulse wave
modulation
Amplitude|Frequency Phase
modulationmodulationmodulation
(AM) (FM) (PM)
Frequency Pulse
amplitude modulation odulation
(PAM) Pulse timePulse code
modulation (PCM) BW= f-f
(PTM)
The range over which the frequencies of a signal vary is
called bandwidth. The term base band designates the band of frequencies
representing the signal supplied by the source of Pulse width
modulation (PWM) Pulse
position
modulation
(PPM) informat1ion.
A signal consists of two or more waves of different
frequencies known as a complex analog signal. NEED FOR MODULATION
A sound wave (20 Hz to 20 kHz) cannot be transmitted directlv
from one place to another for the following reasons.
A Height of Antenna
For efficient radiation and reception, the height of transmitting
and receiving antennas should be comparable to a quarter of
wavelength of the frequency used. For 15 kHz it is 5000 m ftoo
large) and for 1 MHz it is 75 m. The energy radiated from an
antenna is practically zero, when the frequency of the signal to
be transmitted is below 15 Hz. AA
AAA
Digital signals: A digital signal is a discontinuous function of
time. It has only two voltage levels, i.e., either low (0) or high
(1). Either of 0 andl is known as bit. A group of bit is called
byte. A byte comprising 2 bits can give four code combinations,
i.e., 00, 01, 10, and 11. Detecting Signals
All audible signals are in the range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz So the
signals from all sources remain heavily mixed up in air. It will
be very difficult to differentiate or detect the broadcast signal at
the receiving station. Thus, modulation is necessary for a low-
frequency signal especially when it is to be sent to a distant place.
so that the information may not die out in the way itself. Pulse
duration
Pulse
dator T
Modulated
signal amplitude Source of
Originalnrormaton Baseband Modulator O
SIgnal signal
The number of code combination increases with number of bits Carrier
in a byte is given by N=2", where x = number of bits in a byte.
The number of binary digits (bits) per second, which describe a
digital signal is called its bit rate. Bit rate is expressed in bits per
second (bps). wave
Oscillator
MODULATION AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Digital and analog signals to be transmitted are usually of low
frequency and hence cannot be transmitted as such. These
signals require some carrier to be transported. These carriers are
known as carrier waves or high-frequency signals. The process
of placement of a low-frequency (LF) signal over the high-
frequency (HF) signal is known as modulation. Various types of
modulations are shown in figure. The process of changing the amplitude of a carrier
wave n
accordance with the amplitude of the audio frequency (AF) SIgnai
Is known as amplitude modulation (AM). In AM frequency or tn
carrier wave remains unchanged. The amplitude of modulated
wave is varied in accordance with the amplitude of modulanng
wave.
Communication Systems 9.3
side band frequencies).
G+S,): Upper side band (USB) frequency
.-): Lower side band (LSB) frequency
Side band frequencies are generally close to the carrier
frequency. (b) HF carier wave
Bandwidth in AM wave: The two side bands lie on either
side of the carrier frequency at equal frequency interval So,
bandwidth , +)-0-S)= 21
(b) LF modulating E
E+mE. Sin o,
-m) (+ m) Frequency
-2m min
Power in AM waves: Power dissipated in any circuit,
P JR. Hence, (c) AM wave
ms (E,2E2 adulation index: The ratio of change of amplitude of the
mer wave to the amplitude of original carrier wave is called
modulation factor or degree of modulation or modulation Carrier power, Pe =
R 2R
Total power of side bands,
P. (m,E /2N2) (m,E./22) mE
Psb Change in amplitude of carrier wave kEm R 4R R
E Amplitude of original carrier wave
1
zre k is a factor which determines the maximum change in the
litude for a given amplitude E of the modulating signal. If Total power of AM wave,
P, = P. *Pb 2R 2
m/2 **
and P =1, then
m min
max Tmin
ta carier wave is modulated by several sine waves, the total
zxdnlated index m, is given by Maximum power in AM (without distortion) will occur
when
m= 1, i.e., P = 1.5P, = 3P
IfT= unmodulated current and I,= total or modulated current.
m,= ms+mz + mg +
tage equation for AM wave: Suppose voltage equations
CaTier wave and modulating wave are e, =E, COS ! and
*ESin 01 = mE, sin@1, where e, is the instantaneousS
ge of carrier wave, E, amplitude of carrier wave, o=27t)
ular velocity at carrier frequency f, e instantaneous voltage
UOdulating, E amplitude of modulating wave, and 27)
gplar velocity of modulating frequency J Limitations of Amplitude Modulation
. Noisy reception
2. Low eficiency
3. Small operating range
4. Poor audio quality
olage equation for AM wave is
eE sin FREQUENCY MODULATION
E+em)sin o
(E+E sin o,/)sin » The process of changing the trequency of a carrier wave in
accordance with the audio frequency signal is known as trequency
modulation.
Audio quality of AM transmission is poor. There is always a
need to eliminate amplitude sensitive noise. This is possible
if we eliminate amplitude variation. (i.e., a need to keep the
amplitude of the carrier constant). This is precisely what we
do in FM. E, sin ot+ cos(o, -,-- m,E ccos(o, +0 2
bOve AM wave indicated that the AM wave is equivalent
tumation of three sinusoidal waves, one having amplitude
d the other two having amplitude m. In FM the overall amplitude of FM wave remains
constant at
all times. Me and frequencies: An AM wave contains three frequencies:
called c arTier frequency), (. +f), and ( -S,) (latter two called In FM, the total
transmitted power remains constant.
9.4 Optics and Modern Physics
equency Deviation ratio: The ratio of maximum permitted freat
deviation to the maximum permitted audio frequency is known as deviation ratio.
Thus,
wwwwwwv (AJ )max Deviation ratio =
(mmax (a) HF carrier wave
PERCENT MoDULATION
The ratio of actual frequency deviation to the maximu
allowed frequency deviation is defined as percent modulation
(b) LF modulating wave Thus,
(A )actual
(A )max Percent modulation, m
PULSE MODULATION
In pulse modulation, the carrier wave is in the form of pulses
Mentioned below are the types of pulse modulation. () FM wave lses.
Frequency deviation: The maximum change in frequency from
mean value (f) is known as frequency deviation. This is also
the change or shift either above or below the frequency f and is
called as frequency deviation. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM): The amplitude of
the
pulse varies in accordance with the modulating signal.
Pulse width modulation (PWM): The pulse duration varies in
accordance with the modulating signal.
d = Umaxf)=f -Jmin =kr Pulse position modulation (PPM): In PPM, the position of the
pulses of the carrier wave train is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous value of the modulating signal. 27
where k, is the constant of proportionality. It determines the
maximum variation in frequency of the modulated wave for a
given modulating signal.
Carrier swing (CS): The total variation in frequency from the
lowest to the highest is called the carrier swing, (a) Unmodulated pulse
i.. CS 2xAf
Frequency modulation index (m): The ratio of maximum
frequency deviation to the modulating frequency is called
modulation index. (b) Modtlating signal
m,- maxJ_ -Iminb
m hinnD m Jm
Frequency spectrum: FM side band modulated signal consist of
infinite number of side bands whose frequencies are (c) Pulse amplitude modulation
(PAM)
hnnn D
The number of side bands depends on the modulation index m (d) Pulse width
modulation (PWM)
Original pulse positions
(e) Pulse position modulation (PPM)
e-2fm)fe -fm)f( + fm) t+ 21m) Frequency
PULSE CODE MODULATION
In FM signal, the information (audio signal) is contained in the
side bands. Since the side bands are separated from each other by
the frequency of modulating signalf, so
Bandwidth= 2n xf, The pulse amplitude, pulse width, and pulse pos Sition
digital modulations are not completely digital. A completey
modulation is obtained by pulse code modulation ree An analog signal is pulse code
modulated by following
where n = number of significant side band pairs operations:
ommuncaulonystems 9.5
6.91
4.2 v
|14v AM Wave inpu R Output
(b) Sampling at three
discrete time Q
al Analog voltage signal
Um
On. 7V 100 001 111
In the actual circuit the value of RC is chosen such that
1f RC, where f is the frequency of carrier signal.
(d) Coding (c) Quantization
DATA TRANSMISSION AND RETRIEVAL
inC: It is the process of generat1ng pulses of zero width The term data is applied
to a representation of facts, concepts,
or instructions suitable for communication, interpretation, or
processing by human beings or by automatic means. Data in
most cases consist of pulse type of signals. es. mpnt amplitude equal to the
instantaneous amplitude of the
of samples taken per second is called
alog signal. The number
ampling rate.
antization: The process of dividing the maximum amplitude
he analog voltage signal into a fixed number of levels is
lbd quantization. For example, amplitude 5 V of the analog
age signal divides into six quantization levels, viz., 0, 1, 2, (a) Carrier wave
(b) Modulating source code
45.
Pulses having amplitude between -0.5 V and 0.5 V
approximated (quantized) to a value of 0 V, amplitude
ween 0.5 V and 1.5 V are approximated to a value of 1 V,
(c) ASK modulated wave (d) FSK modulated wave
ad so on.
Coding: The process of digitizing the quantized pulses according
some code is called coding. For example, consider that voltage
mplitude of an analog signal varies between 0 and 7 V.
(e) PSK modulated wave
DEMODULATION The PCM signal is a series of ls and Os. Following three
modulation techniques are used to transmit a PCM signal:
e process of extracting the audio signal from the modulated
Amplitude shift keying (ASK): Two different amplitudes of the
carrier represent the two binary values of the PCM signal. This
method is also known as on-off keying (OOK):
1: Presence of carrier of same constant amplitude.
0: Carrier of zero amplitude. RVe is known as demodulation or detection. The
wireless
sgnals consist of radio frequency (high frequency) carrier wave
odulated by audio frequency (low frequency). The diaphragm
ua elephone receiver or a loud speaker cannot vibrate with high
quency. So it is necessary to separate the audio frequencies
0n the radio frequency carrier wave. Frequency shift keying (FSK): The binary
values of the PCM
signal are represented by two frequencies.
1: Increase in frequency.
0: Frequency unaffected. Simple demodulator cireuit: A diode can be used to detect
demodulate an amplitude modulated (AM) wave. A diode
caly acts as a rectifier, i.e., it reduces the modulated carrier
ave into positive envelope only. Phase shift keying (PSK): The phase of the carrier
wave is
changed in accordance with modulating data signal.
1: Phase changed by T.
0: Phase remains unchanged. An AM wave input is shown in figure. It appears at the
output
diode across PQ as a rectified wave (since a diode conducts
uy in the positive half cycle). This rectified wave after passing
ough the RC network does not contain the radio frequency hroug The analog signal is
sampled by the sampler. The sampled
pulses are thenquantized. The encoder codes the quantized
pulses according to the binary codes. After modulating the PCM
signal (by ASK, FSK, or PSK method), the modulated signal is-
thentransmitted into free space in the form of bits. er component. Instead, it has
only the envelope of the
nodulated wave.
9.6 Optics and Modern Physics
Sol. Given = 10 MHz = 10x 10 Hz
Carrier
oscillator IFNis the maximum electron density, then /,= 9,/N
(10x10 =1.2x 10 m max
N =
max Information 81 81 Source Channel
encoder Modulator encoder Output Satellite communication
Communication
Transmitter satellite
Receiver Transmitting h 35800 km Receiving
antenna antenna
Infomation Source Channel decoder Demodulator or
decoder detector Output
ILLUSTRATION 9.1
ATV transmitter has a range of S0 km. What is the height of
the TV transmission tower? Radius of earth R, = 6.4 x 10m. The height of
communication satellite from earth's surface is
35,800 km. These communication satellites are required to cover
the entire globe of earth. Sol. Here d= 50 km = 50 x 10 m
Height of TV transmission tower
(50x 10
2x6.4x10 REMOTE SENSING
= 195.3 mn Remote sensing is the process of finding information about
an object at a distance without going near it. It is achieved by
launching satellites in sun synchronous orbits. ILLUSTRATION 9.2
A TV tower has a height of 100 m. How much population is
covered by the TV broadcast if the average population density
around the tower is 1000 km (radius of earth 6.4 x 10° m). LINE COMMUNICATION
The line communication is conventional and it is used to transmit
electricity and telephone signals through a pair of wires. The
most used transmission lines are (i) a pair of conducting wires
and (ii) a coaxial cable. It consists of two concentric conductors
separated by an isolated material. The equivalent circuit of a
transmission line consists of a sequence of inductance L and
capacitance C. Sol Here h = 100 m, R, = 6.4 x 10 m
Average population density
= 1000 km= 1000 x (1000 m) 10 m2
The TV transmission range, d= 2hR
Therefore, area of TV transmission range
A = nd2= T 2h R, = 21 hR,
=2 x3.14 x 100 x 6.4x 10 m2= 4.0x 10' m2
Therefore, population covered by TV broadcast (a) Twisted pair of wires (b) Usual
lines
= 4.0x 10 x 103 = 4.0 x 10 L L L L
ILLUSTRATION 9.3
On a particular day, the maximum frequency reflected from
the ionosphere is 10 MHz. On another day, it was found to
increase to 11 MHz. Calculate the ratio of maximum electron
densityof the ionosphere on the two days. Point out a plausible
explanation for this. (c) Equivalent circuit
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
SoL f 9N max
. 12-1.21 (Mma10 100 In optical communication, communication is through cari
optical signals. Optical signals cannot be transmitted througn
cables. The essentials of optical communication are
(i) Light source and nmodulator: Light sources are LE
diode lasers. 81
The variation may be due to atmospheric disturbances.(1) Communication channel: The
optical fibres of sma
diameters = 10% m based on total internal refiection i
been discovered.have ILLUSTRATION 9.4
Frequencies higher than 10 MHz are found not to be reflected
by the ionosphere on a particular day at a place. Calculate the
maximum electron density of the ionosphere.(1) Optical signal detectors: These are
photodiode,Avalancue
photodiode.
s of optical
jide channe communica cation are Communcdon ystems
(a) 500 W
band width has large channel carrying (b) 700 W
(c) 750 W
capacity Low transmission losse
Signal security (d) 1000 W
sses .The total power content of an AM wave is 900 W. For
T00% modulation, the power transmitted by each side
band is
matic optical communication is shown in the figure.
Optical fiber (a) 50 W (b) 100 w
(c) 150 w
Light source
modulator Output
display (d) 200 W
Receiver 8. The modulation index of an FM carrier having a carrier
Swing of 200 kHz and a modulating signal 10 kHz is
(a) 5 (b) 10
SER hhreviation of light amplification of stimulated (c) 20
abbr (d) 25
. It is based on stimulated emission. A laser 9. A 500-Hz modulating voltage fed
into an FM generator
produces a frequency deviation of 2.25 kHz. If amplitude
of the voltage is kept constant but frequency is raised to 6
kHz, then the new deviation will be 1of radiation.
consists of a. resonant cavity having one totally and one
The active substance has metastable reflecting face.
nd most of the atoms are in excited metastable state
hot population inversion is
reguency is incident on the active material, it stimulates achieved. When a photon
of (a) 4.5 kHz (b) 54 kHz
(c) 27 kHz
10. The bit rate for a signal, which has a sampling rate of
8 kHz and where 16 quantisation levels have been used is
(a) 32000 bits/sec (d) 15 kHz
1of photons. Fin:
tional coherent laser beam is available. Finally an intense, monochromatic, highly
(b) 16000 bits/sec
(c) 64000 bits/sec
11. An amplitude modulated wave is modulated to 50%. What
is the saving in power if carrier as well as one of the side
bands are suppressed? CONCEPT APPLICATIDN EXERCISE 9.1 (d) 72000 bits/sec
LA sky wave with a frequency 55 MHz is incident on
D-region of earth's atmosphere at 45°. The angle of
refraction is (electron density forD-region is 400 electron/ (a) 70% (b) 65.4%
cm) (c) 94.4% (d) 25.5%
60 (b) 45 12. In a radio receiver, the short wave and medium wave
stations are tuned by using the same capacitor but coils of
different inductance L, and L respectively,then
(a)L,
(c) L,=
13. A ground receiver station is receiving a signal at 5 MHz
and transmitted from a ground transmitter at a height of
300 m, located at a distance of 100 km from the receiver
station. The signal is coming via. [Radius of earth = 6.4 x
10 m, Nay of isosphere = 10 m']
(a) Space wave
(c) Satellite transponder
14. In the given detector circuit, the suitable value of carrier
frequency is c)30° (d) 15
in a diode AM-detector, the output circuit consist of R =
k and C= 10 pF. A carrier signal of 100 kHz is to be
detected. Is it good? b)L, <L,
(d) None of these
Yes
b) No
c) Information is not sufficient
d) None of these
.A photodetector is made from a semiconductor In os3a max 6) Sky wave propagation
As with E,=0.73 eV. What is the maximum wavelength,
which it can detect (d) All of these
a) 1000 nm (b) 1703 nm
c) 500 nm (d) 173 nm
Aransmitter supplies 9kW to the aerial when unmodulated.
he power radiated when modulated to 40% is
(a) 5 kW SR = 1000 Q i 10F
AM
(b) 9.72 kW
c) 10 kW Input
(d) 12 kW (b)10 Hz
(d) None of these he antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8A when only
aTier is sent but increases to 8.96 A when the carrier is
nusoidally modulated. The percentage modulation iS
(a) 50%
) 65%
6. The total (a) << 10° Hz
(c)>10" Hz
ANSWERS
(b) 60%
100%1 modulation, the power transmitted by the carrier is 4. (b)
9. (b)
14. (a) 5. (d)
10.(a) 3. (b) 2. (b)
7. () (d) 71% 1. (b)
8. (b)
13. (b) power content of an AM wave is 1500 W. For 6. (d)
11. (c) 12. (b)
9.8 Optics and Modern Physics
Exercises
(2) 1510, 1490 (1) 1490, 1510
. In short wave communication waves, which of the following frequencies will be
reflected back by the ionospheric layer,
having electron density 10 per m?
(1) 2 MHz
(3) 12 MHz (3) 1490 1510 4) (4) 1510 1490
13. Which of the following is the disadvantage of FMe
(1) Larger band width requirement
(2) Larger noise
(3) Higher modulation power
(4) Low efficiency
14. An AM wave has 1800 W of total power content, For
modulation, the carrier should have power content eauol
(1) 1000 watt
(3) 1500 watt fFM over AM (2) 10 MHz
(4) 18 MHz
2. Range of frequencies allotted for commercial FM radio
broadcast is
(1) 88 to 108 MHz (2) 88 to 108 kHz
(3) 8 to 88 MHz (4) 88 to 108 GHz 100% 3. The velocity factor of a transmission
line x. If dielectri
constant of the medium is 2.6, the value of x is
(1) 0.26
(3) 2.6 to (2) 1200 watt
(4) 1600 watt (2) 0.62
(4) 6.2
4. A step index fibre has a relative refractive index of 0.88%.
What is the critical angle at the corecladding interface?
(1) 60°
(3) 45
5. A laser beam of pulse power 1012 watt is focussed on an
object are 10 cm2. The energy flux in watt/cm> at the point 15. An antenna is a
device
(1) that converts electromagnetic energy ito rain
frequency signal
(2) that converts radio frequency signal into electromagnetic (2) 750
(4) None of these energy
(3) that converts guided electromagnetic waves into fre
space electromagnetic waves and vice-versa
(4) none of these
16. In an FM system, a 7 kHz signal modulates 108 MHz camrier
so that frequency deviation is 50 kHz. The carrier swing is
(1) 7.143
(3) 0.71 of focus is
(2) 1016
(4) 10 (1) 100
(3) 10
6. The carrier frequency generated by a tank circuit containing
1 nF capacitor and 10 uH inductor is
(1) 1592 Hz
(3) 1592 kHz (2) 8
(4) 350
(2) 1592 MHz
(4) 159.2 Hz 17. The phenomenon by which light travels in an optical fibres is
(1) reflection
(3) total internal reflection
18. Advantage of optical fibre
(1) high bandwidth and em interference
(2) low bandwidth and em interference (2) refraction 7. For television
broadcasting, the frequency employed is
normally
(1) 30-300 MHz
3) 30-300 kHz
8. Maximum usable frequency (MUF) in F-region layer is
x, when the critical frequency is 60 MHz and the angle of
incidence is 70°. Then x is (4) transmission
(2) 30-300 GHz
(4) 30-300 Hz
(3) high bandwidth, low transmission capacity and no em
interference
(2) 170 MHz
(4) 190 MHz (4) high bandwidth, high data transmission capacity and no
e.m. interference (1) 150 MHz
(3) 175 MHz
9. Laser beams are used to measure long distances because
(1) they are monochromatic
(2) they are highly polarised
3) they are coherent
(4) they have high degree of parallelism
10. An oscillator is producing FM waves of frequency 2 kHz
with a variation of 10 kHz. What is the modulating index?
(1) 0.20 19. In frequency modulation
(1) the amplitude of modulated wave varies as frequeney or
carrier wave
(2) the frequency of modulated wave varies as amplhmde o
modulating wave
(3) the amplitude of modulated wave varies as amplitude o
carrier wave
(4) the frequency of modulated wave varies as frequeney
modulating wave (2) 5.0
3) 0.67
11.The maximum peak to peak voltage of an AM wire is
24 mV and the minimum peak to peak voltage is 8 mV.The 4) 1.5
20. Audio signal cannot be transmitted because
(1) the signal has more noise
the signal cannot be amplified for distance communicau
(3) the transmitting antenna length is very small to desi
(4) the transmitting antenna length is very 1
impracticablemodulation factor is
(1) 10%
(3) 25%
12. Sinusoidal carrier voltage of frequency 1.5 MHz
and amplitude 50 V is amplitude modulated by
sinusoidal voltage of frequency 10 kHz producing 50%
modulation. The lower and upper side-band frequencies in (2) 20%
and (4) 50%
21. In which of the following remote sensing technique
used?
(1) Forest density
(3) Wetland mapping (2) Pollution
kHz are (4) Medical treatment
10 MHz signal, what should unication Systems 9.9
tron density in ionosphere?
(2)~10 m3
(4) ~1022 m3 28. The electron density of E, F,, F layers of ionosphere is
2 x 10", 5x 10' and 8 x 10 m' respectively. What is the
ratio of critical frequency for reflection of radiowaves?
(1) 2:4:3 for sky wave propagation
e minimum electro
()12 * 102 m3
)-10"m
) d be the maximum acceptance angle at the aircore (2) 4:3:2
What should be the (3) 2:3:4 (4) 3:2:4
of the core and the cladding, respectively?
1) sin n,/n,) intertace of an optical fibre if n, and n, are the refractive 29.
Mean optical power launched into an 8 km fibre is 120 uW
and mean output power is 4 uW, then the overall attenuation
is (Given log 30 1.477)
(1) 14.77 dB ndices c
(2) sin n -n
(2) 16.77 dB
tan 2
audio signal used to modulate 60 sin (27 x 10* 1) is (4) tanL| (3) 3.01 dB
30. An antenna current of an AM broadcast transmitter
modulated by 50% is 11 A. The carrier current is
(1) 10.35 A (4) None of these
15 sin 300 . The depth of modulation is
(2) 40% (2) 9.25 A
) )50% (3) 10A (4) 5.5 A
(4) 15% 31. A transmitter transmits a power of 10 kW when modulation
) 25%
.The impedance of coaxial cable, when its inductance is
040 uH and capacitance is I x 10-" F, can be
(1) 2x 10 Q2
() 3x 10 Q
s An optical fibre communication system works on a
wavelength of 1.3 um. The number of subscribers it can
feed if a channel requires 20 kHz are is 50%. Power of carrier wave is
(1) 5 kW (2) 8.89 kW
(2) 100 2 (3) 14 kW
32. A telephone link operating at a central frequency of 10 GHz
is established. If 1% of this is available then how many
telephone channel can be simultaneously given when each
telephone covering a band width of 5 kHz
(1) 2 x 10 (4) 5.7 kW
(4) 3 x 10-22
) 2.3 x 1010 (2) 1.15 x 1010 (2) 2 10
(3) 5 x10
33. In AM, the cent percent modulation is achieved when
(1) carrier amplitude = signal amplitude
(2) carrier amplitude signal amplitude
(3) carrier frequency = signal frequency
(4) carrier frequency # signal frequency B)1x 105
7. In an FM system a 7 kHz signal modulates 108 MHz
carier so that frequency deviation is 50 kHz. The carrier (4) None of these (4) 5
x10
SWing 1s
(1) 7.143 (2)
8) 0.71 (4) 350
Archives
E Main located on the surface of the earth (Radius of earth
6.4 x 10 m) is
(1) 80 km ngle Correct Answer Type (2) 16 km
Inis question has Statement 1 and Statement 2. Of the four
choices given after the statements, choose the one that best (3) 40 km
3. In amplitude modulation, sinusoidal carrier frequency
used is denoted by o, and the signal frequency is denoted
by The bandwidth (Ao,) of the signal is such that
Aw << o. Which of the following frequencies is not (4) 64 km (AIEEE 2012)
eScribes the two statements.
Statement 1: Sky wave signals are used for long distance
adio communication. These signals are in general, less
1able than ground wave signals.
tatement 2: The state of ionosphere varies from hour to
hour, day to day and season to season.
Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false.
4 Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true, Statement 2 is
the correct explanation of Statement 1.
Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true, Statement 2 is
not the correct explanation of Satement 1.
4) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 is true. contained in the modulated wave?
(1) wto
(3) (2) -,,
(4) w
JEE Main 2017)
4. A telephonic communication service is working at
carrier frequency of 10 GHz. Only 10% of it is utilized
for transmission. How many telephonic channels can be
transmitted simultaneously if each channel requires a
bandwidth of 5 kHz? (AIEEE 2011)
Aradar has a power of 1 kW and is operating at a frequency
GHz.It is located on a mountain top of height 500 m.
maximum distance uptowhich it can detect object () 2x 10 (2) 2x 103
3) 2x 10* (4) 2x 10
(JEE Main 2018)
Answers Key
29. (1) 26. (2)
31.(2) 27.(1)
32. (1) 28. (3)
33. (1) EXERCISES 30.(1) Single Correct Answer Type
ARCHIVES 4.(4)
9. (4) 5.(2)
10.(2) 1.(1)
(3)
11. (4)
16. (1)
21. (4) 2. (1)
7.(1)
12.(1)
17.(3)
22.(1) 3. .(2)
8. (3)
13. (1)
18. (4)
23. (2) JEE Main
14. (2)
19. (4)
24. (3) 15. (3)
20.(4)
25. (1) Single Correct Answer Type
1.4) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (4)