INTRODUCTION
CAD is defined as the use of Computer software to help (Aid) the designer in
the Design process (creation, modification, analysis, or optimization)
CAEngineering (CAE) is a computer-based technique used to calculate the
product's operational and functional parameters (engineering analysis).
CAManufacturing (CAM) is a computer-based technique that is used to
plan, manage, and control the manufacturing process.
Design process
1
Geometric modelling
Computer-compatible mathematical description of the geometry/functionality of
an object
Automated drafting
Involves the creation of hard-copy engineering drawings directly from the CAD
database
CAD Applications
CAD is used in Several Fields e.g.,
o Aerospace
o Architecture
o Automotive engineering
o Machinery
o Medical Design
o Electronics & Communication
2
GEOMETRIC MODELING
Complete part representation including topological and geometrical data
– Geometry: shape and dimensions
– Topology: the connectivity and associativity of the object entities; it determines
the relational information between object entities
3
Representation of curves
Types of Curve Equations
• Explicit (non-parametric) Y = f(X), Z = g(X)
• Implicit (non-parametric) f(X,Y,Z) = 0
• Parametric X = X(t), Y = Y(t), Z = Z(t)
4
Interpolating and approximating curve:
5
Basic Geometric Modeling Techniques
• 2-D Projection (Drawings)
• 3-D Modelling
There are three basic types of 3-D computer geometric modeling methods:
• Wireframe Modeling
• Surface Modeling
1. Analytical Surface
2. Free-form, Curved, & Sculptured Surface
• Solid Modeling
1. Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
2. Boundary Representation (B-Rep)
3. Feature Based Modeling
4. Parametric Modeling
2-D Projection
Problems:
• Training is necessary to understand the drawing
• Mistakes often occur
• Does not support finite element analysis (FEA) or NC part programming
6
Why draw 3D Models?
1. 3D models are easier to interpret.
2. Simulation under real-life conditions.
3. Less expensive than building a physical model.
4. 3D models can be used to perform finite element analysis (stress,
deflection, thermal…..).
5. 3D models can be used directly in manufacturing, Computer Numerical
Control (CNC).
6. Can be used for presentations and marketing
Types of modeling for CAD
