Python Intermediate questi… 735 minutes

Question - 1
Python: Transactions Decorators

A list of transactions made by various individuals is provided. Each transaction specifies the person's name and the amount of the transaction, which can be
either a credit (positive) or a debit (negative). Implement class decorators to manage these transactions. Create three class decorators:
1. filter_transactions: Excludes positive transactions below a threshold of 50.
2. combine_transactions: Aggregates transaction amounts for each individual.
3. sort_transactions: Orders the combined transactions by the total amount for each individual, maintaining the initial order for equal net amounts.

Note: Exclude individuals with a net balance of zero from the results.

Example

Input:
transactions = [
('Alex', 100),
('Chris', 200),
('Alex', -25),
('Sam', 300),
('Chris', 150),
('Alex', 75),
('Robin', 20)
]

Output:
Chris: $350
Sam: $300
Alex: $150

Filter all transactions less than the threshold of 50, then sum transaction amounts for each person. Report their totals in decreasing order. In this example,
Robin's only transaction is lower than the threshold, so it is filtered and the transaction total is 0.

Input Format for Custom Testing

The first line contains an integer, n, the size of the array transactions.
Each of the next n lines contains a tuple transactions[i] containing the person's name and transaction amount separated by a space.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input 0

5
Chris 50
Sam 75
Robin -100
Chris 25
Alex 150

Sample Output 0

Alex: $150
Sam: $75
1/29
 Chris: $50
Robin: -$100

Explanation
Here, Chris's $25 transaction is ignored because it is a positive transaction and less than the threshold value of 50. No person has multiple transactions that
need to be added, so the final result shows their balances in descending order.

Sample Case 1

Sample Input 1

6
Sam 50
Robin -75
Alex 100
Chris 200
Robin 150
Alex -50

Sample Output 1

Chris: $200
Robin: $75
Sam: $50
Alex: $50

Explanation
No results are filtered here because there are no positive transactions under 50. The rest of the transactions are summed and displayed in descending
order of balance. Sam and Alex are in the order they appeared in the original list. (Sam with 50; Robin with 150-75=75; Alex with 100-50=50; and Chris with
200)

Question - 2
Python: Enhanced Date and Time Extractor

Develop a utility that extracts information from custom-formatted date and time strings. The strings can have the following formats, where the month can be
represented either numerically (1 to 12) or by its full name (case-insensitive):
"YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss"
"YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss"
"DD Month YYYY HH:mm:ss"
Your function should extract the individual components (year, month, day, hour, minute, and second) and return them in this format:

"Year: [year], Month: [month], Day: [day], Hour: [hour], Minute: [minute], Second: [second]"

The month should be represented numerically (e.g., 1 for January) in the output.
If the provided string does not match any of the expected formats, raise an InvalidDateFormat exception with the message "Invalid date and time format".
If either the date or time value is invalid, raise an InvalidDateFormat exception with the message "Invalid date or time format".
If the month name is incorrect, raise an InvalidMonthName exception with the message "Invalid month name".
Function Description
Complete the function extract_datetime with the following parameter(s):
string dateTimeString: the date-time string

Returns
string: the extracted components in the specified format or an error message

Constraints
The year should be a four-digit integer.
The month can be represented either numerically (1 to 12) or by its full name (case-insensitive).
The day should be a two-digit integer.
The hour should be a two-digit integer in 24-hour format (00 to 23).

2/29
 The minute should be a two-digit integer (00 to 59).
The second should be a two-digit integer (00 to 59).

Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line contains the string dateTimeString.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

2024/02/21 12:30:45

Sample Output

Year: 2024, Month: 2, Day: 21, Hour: 12, Minute: 30, Second: 45

Explanation
The year, month, day, hour, minute, and seconds are extracted from the above date-time.

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

2024/02/41 25:70:90

Sample Output

Invalid date or time values

Explanation
Because the input is invalid (both the date and time have out-of-range values), the error message "Invalid date or time values" in displayed.

Question - 3
Python: CSS Hex Color Code Matcher

Implement a regular expression in Python that removes comments from CSS code and identifies valid hexadecimal color codes.
In CSS, comments begin with /* and end with */. Valid hexadecimal color codes start with a hash symbol (#) followed by either 3 or 6 hexadecimal digits (0-9,
a-f, A-F).

Implement the css_hex_color_code_matcher(input_text) function that returns:

1. The input text with all CSS comments removed
2. A list of all valid hexadecimal color codes found in the text

The function should only match color codes that strictly follow the format of a hash symbol followed by exactly 3 or 6 hexadecimal digits.

Constraints
The length of the text should be less than 25000.
0 matches or at least 1 match is guaranteed.

Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line is the text given for CSS color code matching.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

sample text with color codes like #abc, #123456. The background color is set to #fff. /* This is a comment */

Sample Output

3/29
 Modified Text: sample text with color codes like #abc, #123456. The background color is set to #fff.
Matched Hex Color Codes: #123456 #abc #fff

Explanation
Here the text is given as above.

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

CSS code with color codes such as #f00, #00ff00, and #fff0fff color. /* Comment */

Sample Output

Modified Text: CSS code with color codes such as #f00, #00ff00, and blue color.
Matched Hex Color Codes: #00ff00 #f00

Explanation
Note that #fff0fff has seven digits, so it is malformed. Malformed color codes are not included in the list of color codes.

Question - 4
Python: Frequency Calculator

Implement a Python script that calculates the frequencies of letters and words in a given string text. The results should be sorted first by frequency
(descending) and then alphabetically (ascending). Return the top num most common letters and words.

Notes:
Lowercase and uppercase letters/words are considered the same.
Punctuation should be removed.
Contractions like "don't" count as two words: "don" and "t".

Example
text = "I don't have to have breakfast this morning."
num = 5

The frequencies of words are ('breakfast', 1), ('don', 1), ('have', 2), ('i', 1), ('morning', 1), ('t', 1), ('this', 1), ('to', 1). Only "have" has a higher frequency than 1, so it
is the first in the word frequency list. Others are sorted alphabetically. The expected result is:

Top 5 letters:
a: 4
t: 4
e: 3
h: 3
i: 3

Top 5 words:
have: 2
breakfast: 1
don: 1
i: 1
morning: 1

Function Description
Complete the function get_top_letters_and_words in the editor with the following parameter(s):
string text: the string to analyze
int num: how many most common letters and words should be returned

4/29
 Return
Return two strings that will print as shown: the n most common letters and then the n most common words in the string, sorted as mentioned.

The format should be as follows:

Top [num] letters:

[letter]: [frequency]
[letter]: [frequency]
...

Top [num] words:

[word]: [frequency]
[word]: [frequency]
...

Constraints
The length of text is less than 20000.

Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line contains the string text.

The second line contains an integer, num.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

Most of the lists and dicts and stuff were fine for me…but when it got to Classes section (Python Code
Challenges: Classes), WOW it got hard. The hints didn’t help - looked at the answers and re-read the prompt…
wondering who in the world wrote it because it answered the obvious while skipped the parts that was NOT taught
in the Class section before. Also I found actual spelling typos (like so was spelled “se” etc.)
5

Sample Output

Top 5 letters:
e: 41
t: 37
s: 32
o: 26
a: 21

Top 5 words:
the: 8
it: 4
and: 3
classes: 2
got: 2

Explanation
Here, the number of top common words and letters is 5. Letters and words, with their corresponding frequencies, are displayed.

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

Most of the lists and dicts and stuff were fine for me…but when it got to Classes section
5

Sample Output

Top 5 letters:
t: 10
s: 9
e: 8
o: 6
5/29
 f: 5

Top 5 words:
and: 2
but: 1
classes: 1
dicts: 1
fine: 1

Explanation
Here, the number of top common words and letters is 5. Letters and words, with their corresponding frequencies, are displayed.

Question - 5
Python: User Permission Management

Implement a Python user permissions system using closures and decorators.

Requirements
1. Create a function that uses closures to manage user permissions with these roles:
Admin: can read, write, and delete
Editor: can read and write
Viewer: can only read
2. Implement a decorator that:
Verifies if a user has the necessary permissions before executing a function
Prevents unauthorized actions based on the user's role
Returns appropriate error messages for unauthorized access attempts
The solution should demonstrate proper use of both closures to maintain permission state and decorators to enforce permission checks before actions are
performed.

Function Description
permission_closure():
Defines a closure function to manage permissions for different roles.
Returns: A function check_permission(user_role, action) that verifies if a given action is allowed for a specified user role based on predefined
permissions.
authorize(func):
A decorator function that authorizes actions for a user role.
Parameters: func – the function to be wrapped and checked for authorization.
Returns: A wrapper that either executes the action or raises a PermissionError if authorization fails.
Return messages by function:
For read: returns "Data is: {data}".
For write: returns "Data updated".
For delete: returns "Data deleted".
If authorization is denied: returns "Permission denied for {user_role} to perform {action} action."

Constraints
1 ≤ n ≤ 50

Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line is the number of user permission tests.

The user name and role, and the action type with detail, are repeated afterward.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

6/29
 2
person1:admin
write:hello world
person2:viewer
read

Sample Output

Data updated
Data is: hello world

Explanation
Here, the number of user permission tests is 2. The user person1's role is admin, and the action is to write. The next user, person2, has the role of viewer,
and the action is to read.

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

1
person1:viewer
delete:5

Sample Output

Permission denied for viewer to perform delete action.

Explanation
Here the user person1's role is viewer. The action is to delete the last 5 characters of data. Permission is denied because only admins can delete text.

Question - 6
Python: Library Catalog System

Create a system to manage different types of items in a library catalog, such as books and DVDs. Implement classes for each item type with specific attributes
and methods to display information.

The system should utilize magic methods like __str__ and __repr__ for enhanced functionality.

Implement the following classes:

1. Item Class with attributes for title, author, and year. It should include methods to:
Return a formatted string representation using __str__: "[title] by [author] ([year])"
Return a formal representation using __repr__: "Item: [Title] by [Author] ([Year])"
Method: display_info to display detailed information about the item.

Title: [title]
Author: [author]
Year: [year]

2. Book Class (inherits from Item) with additional attributes for genre and ISBN. It should override the display_info method to include book-specific
information.

Title: [title]
Author: [author]
Year: [year]
Genre: [genre]
ISBN: [ISBN]

3. DVD Class (inherits from Item) with an additional attribute for duration. It should override the display_info method to include DVD-specific information.

Title: [title]
Author: [author]
Year: [year]

7/29
 Duration: [duration] minutes

Constraints
The number of items is less than or equal to 50.

Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line indicates the number of items.

The next lines contain a comma-delimited list with the type of item and its attributes, one item per row.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

2
Book,Python Programming,John Doe,2022,Programming,978-3-16-148410-0
DVD,Movie,Jane Smith,2021,120

Sample Output

--- Item Information ---

Python Programming by John Doe (2022)
Title: Python Programming
Author: John Doe
Year: 2022
Genre: Programming
ISBN: 978-3-16-148410-0

Details:
Title: Python Programming
Author: John Doe
Year: 2022
Genre: Programming
ISBN: 978-3-16-148410-0

--- Item Information ---

Movie by Jane Smith (2021)
Title: Movie
Author: Jane Smith
Year: 2021
Duration: 120 minutes

Details:
Title: Movie
Year: 2021
Duration: 120

Explanation
There are two items.
The first type of item is a book, with attributes of the Book class.
The second type of item is a DVD, with attributes of the DVD class.

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

1
DVD,Movie,John Doe,2019,120

Sample Output

--- Item Information ---

Movie by John Doe (2019)
Title: Movie
Author: John Doe
Year: 2019
Duration: 120 minutes

Details:
8/29
 Title: Movie
Year: 2019
Duration: 120

Explanation
There is one item.
It is a DVD with attributes of a DVD instance.

Question - 7
Python: Bank Vault Access Manager

Implement a program that manages access to a bank vault, allowing authorized employees to perform specific activities inside the vault. The system should
implement two classes: VaultAccessControl and BankVaultAccessManager.

VaultAccessControl manages the list of authorized employees and controls access to the vault.
Methods:
__init__(self, authorized_employees, all_employees): Initializes with a list of authorized employees and all employees
grant_access(self, employee_id): Grants access if the employee ID is authorized
release_access(self): Releases the access lock
BankVaultAccessManager provides a context manager interface for vault access.

Methods:
__init__(self, employee_id, access_control): Initializes with an employee ID and access control instance
__enter__(self): Grants access when entering the context manager
__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback): Releases access; raises an exception if access was not granted
perform_activity(self, activity): Executes a specified activity within the vault if access is granted
The system should handle different access scenarios with appropriate error messages:
Unauthorized access attempts with "Unauthorized access. Employee ID {employee_id} not authorized to access the vault."
Unrecognized employee IDs with "Unauthorized access. Employee ID {employee_id} not recognized."
Successful activities with "Authorized Access for {self.employee_id}. Performed activity inside the bank vault: {activity}"
Constraints
1 ≤ n ≤ 100, where n is the total number of employees
1 ≤ m ≤ 10, where m is the total number of authorized employees
1 ≤ q ≤ 10, where q is the total number of access requests to the vault

Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line contains an integer, n, the number of employees.

The second line is all the employee IDs, separated by commas.
The next line contains an integer, m, the number of authorized employees.
The next line is authorized employee IDs, separated by commas.
The next line contains an integer, q, the number of users trying to access the vault.
The next line is users trying to access the vault, separated by commas.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

5
EMP1234,EMP5678,EMP9101,EMP2344,EMP46532
1
EMP9101
4
EMP1234,EMP5678,EMP9101,EMP6532

Sample Output

9/29
 Error occurred: Unauthorized access. Employee ID EMP1234 not authorized to access the vault.
Error occurred: Unauthorized access. Employee ID EMP5678 not authorized to access the vault.
Authorized Access for EMP9101. Performed activity inside the bank vault: Counting cash
Error occurred: Unauthorized access. Employee ID EMP6532 not recognized.

Explanation
Five employee IDs are given, and EMP9101 is authorized. Three existing employees attempt access, but two are not authorized. Finally, a non-existing ID is
tested.

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

6
EMP1234,EMP5678,EMP9101,EMP321,EMP5678,EMP2021
3
EMP1234,EMP5678,EMP9101
2
EMP1234,EMP5796

Sample Output

Authorized Access for EMP1234. Performed activity inside the bank vault: Counting cash
Error occurred: Unauthorized access. Employee ID EMP5796 not recognized.

Explanation
Lists of employees and authorized employees are created. Two access attempts are made, and appropriate responses are returned.

Question - 8
Python: Banking Transaction Exception

Create an advanced Python program to simulate banking transactions with various features, including transaction
Create a Python program to simulate banking transactions with transaction history, security measures, and error handling features.
Implement two classes:
1. Transaction Class
__init__(self, transaction_type, amount, balance): Initializes a new transaction
__str(self)__: Returns a string representation of the transaction in the form "Type: {self.transaction_type}, Amount: {self.amount}, Balance:
{self.balance}"
2. BankAccount Class
__init__(self, initial_balance): Initializes an account with specified balance
process_transaction(self, transaction_amount, transaction_type): Processes a transaction
Initial Conditions
Account balance starts at 1500.0
Transaction Types
deposit:
Adds the transaction amount to the balance
Updates transaction history
Returns:
"Transaction successful!"
"Updated account balance: {self.balance}"
withdraw:
Deducts the transaction amount if sufficient funds are available
Updates transaction history
If funds are insufficient, raises an InsufficientFundsError
Returns:
"Transaction successful!"
"Updated account balance: {self.balance}"
view_transaction_history:

10/29
 Displays transaction history, with each transaction shown in the format "Type: {self.transaction_type}, Amount: {self.amount}, Balance: {self.balance}"
Custom Exceptions
InsufficientFundsError:
Raised when withdrawal exceeds available funds
Message: "Not enough funds to withdraw {transaction_amount}. Current balance: {balance}"
status_code: 400
InvalidTransactionType:
Raised for invalid transaction types
Message: "Invalid transaction type '{transaction_type}'. Accepted types: deposit, withdraw, view_transaction_history"
status_code: 400

Constraints
All transaction amounts are positive floats in the form of a string.
The account balance is a non-negative float.
1 ≤ n ≤ 1000

Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line contains an integer, n, representing the number of transactions.

For the next n lines:

If the transaction type is not view_transaction_history, the line contains the transaction type followed by the transaction amount in the next line.

If the transaction type is view_transaction_history, the line contains only the transaction type.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

3
deposit
130000.0
withdraw
3400.0
view_transaction_history

Sample Output

Transaction successful!
Updated account balance: 131500.0
Transaction successful!
Updated account balance: 128100.0
Type: deposit, Amount: 130000.0, Balance: 131500.0
Type: withdraw, Amount: 3400.0, Balance: 128100.0

Explanation
First, 130000.0 is deposited, bringing the balance to 131500.0, and then 3400.0 is withdrawn. Finally, the transaction history is viewed.

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

3
deposit
500.0
withdraw
1000.0
invalid_type

Sample Output

Transaction successful!
Updated account balance: 2000.0
Transaction successful!

11/29
 Updated account balance: 1000.0
Error (400): Invalid transaction type 'invalid_type'. Accepted types: deposit, withdraw,
view_transaction_history.

Explanation
First, 500.0 is deposited so the balance is 2000. Then 1,000.0 is withdrawn. Finally, "invalid_type" is added as a transaction type, so the error is shown.

Question - 9
Python: Secure Login System

Implement a Python program using closures to create a secure login system. The closure should:
1. Store provided user credentials
2. Allow access only when the correct username and password are entered
3. Log each successful and failed login attempt

Function Description
Complete the function login_system in the editor with the following parameters:
dict login_attempts: a dictionary with 'success' and 'failed' as keys and their counts as the values

Returns
function secure_login(string username, string password):
Manages the login process by checking the provided username and password against stored credentials.
Logs the attempt as either successful or failed.
Return Values:
If credentials are correct: "Welcome, {username}!"
If credentials are incorrect: "Failed login attempt for {username}"
function get_login_attempts():
This returns the login_attempts dictionary, which has keys 'success' and 'failed' to track the number of successful and failed login attempts.

Constraints
The number of users is less than or equal to 30.

Input Format For Custom Testing

The integer in the first line denotes the number of users.

The following lines contain the {username}, {password} for each of the users.
The integer in the following line denotes the number of users trying to log in.
The following lines contain {username}, {password} for login attempts.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

4
admin,3rTb9ZaYqF6vP2dQ8wKmXsNcRJ5tL7hP2MqU
user1,1aXc8YbOpR4eT9sD6uJnWqAcLJ3vK8eF1LpM
user2,5sFb4XnVqR2pT6dE9wKmSsNcZJ8tL5hP9MqU
user3,9aBc8YdOpR4eT9sD6uJnWqAcLJ3vK8eF1LpM
2
admin,3rTb9ZaYqF6vP2dQ8wKmXsNcRJ5tL7hP2MqU
user1,1aXc8YbOpR4eT9sD6uJnWqAcLJ3vK8eF1LpM

Sample Output

Welcome, admin!
Welcome, user1!
Login Attempts - Successful: 2 Failed: 0

Explanation

12/29
 There are usernames and passwords for 4 users, and two login attempts. The credentials are correct for both users, so their welcome messages are
displayed. Finally, the login attempt count is displayed.

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

4
admin,3rTb9ZaYqF6vP2dQ8wKmXsNcRJ5tL7hP2MqU
user1,1aXc8YbOpR4eT9sD6uJnWqAcLJ3vK8eF1LpM
user2,5sFb4XnVqR2pT6dE9wKmSsNcZJ8tL5hP9MqU
user3,9aBc8YdOpR4eT9sD6uJnWqAcLJ3vK8eF1LpM
1
user,pass123

Sample Output

Failed login attempt for user

Login Attempts - Successful: 0 Failed: 1

Explanation

There are credentials for 4 users and one failed login attempt.

Question - 10
Python: Weather Forecasting Service

Implement a weather forecasting service in Python with custom exceptions for error handling:
TemperatureOutOfRange
InvalidTemperatureData
InvalidForecastData
InvalidCityName
The implementation should demonstrate proper exception handling techniques and provide detailed feedback to users when errors occur during weather
data processing.

Class Functionality:
WeatherService processes weather data for cities, handling errors related to temperature and forecast data by raising specific exceptions as needed. It
supports querying weather data for a city based on specified parameters.

1. weather_data_enum(data):
Parameters:
data (dictionary): Data used to create an enumeration.
Return Value: Enumeration object created from the provided data.
2. process_weather_data(WeatherData, city, query):
Parameters:
WeatherData (enum): Enum containing weather data for various cities.
city (string): The city whose weather data is queried.
query (string): Specific parameter queried (e.g., temperature or forecast).
Return Value: Returns a string with the queried weather data: "The {query} for {city} is {weather_value}".
Exceptions Raised with Messages:
InvalidTemperatureData: Raised if temperature data is missing or invalid. Message: "Invalid or missing {query} data".
InvalidForecastData: Raised if forecast data is missing or invalid. Message: "Invalid or missing {query} data".
InvalidCityName: Raised if the city name is not in the data. Message: "Invalid city name {city}".
TemperatureOutOfRange: Raised if temperature is outside the valid range (-20 to 50 inclusive). Message: "Temperature {weather_value} is out of
range".

Constraints

13/29
 There are 50 or fewer cities with their weather data.

Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line is the number of weather data points that are used for service.
The weather data is given afterward, following the format {city}, {temperature}, {forecast}.
The next line is the number of queries.
Query information follows in the format {city}, {weather_type(temperature or forecast)}.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

7
New York,25,
London,18,
Paris,,sunny
Madrid,29,
Berlin,,snowfall
Ulaanbaatar,-30,
Sydney,30,sunny
2
New York,temperature
Paris,temperature

Sample Output

The temperature for New York is 25

Error: Invalid or missing temperature data

Explanation
There are 7 weather data points given, then 2 queries. The result for the first query displays the temperature in New York, but Paris is missing temperature
data.

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

7
New York,55,
London,,sunny
Paris,27,
Madrid,,humid
Berlin,14,
Ulaanbaatar,-30,
Sydney,30,sunny
3
New York,temperature
Paris,forecast
xyz,temperature

Sample Output

Error: Temperature 55 is out of range

Error: Invalid or missing forecast data
Error: Invalid city name xyz

Explanation
Each query raises the appropriate error.

Question - 11
Python: Book Popularity Tracker

Implement a Python application for managing a bookstore's inventory. The application should allow adding books, finding highest-rated books, and
recommending books by genre.

14/29
 There are two classes:
1. Book class with attributes:
title (string): the book's title
genre (string): the book's genre
rating (float): the customer rating
2. LibraryManagement class with methods:
add_book(Book book): adds a new book to the inventory
get_highest_rated_books(int x): returns the x highest-rated books, sorted by rating (descending) and title (descending) for ties
recommend_top_book_by_genre(string genre): returns the highest-rated book in the specified genre, or None if no books exist in that genre
The code for reading input, calling methods, and producing output is already provided.

Constraints
The number of recommended books is less than or equal to the number of books in the book list.

Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line contains an integer, n, the number of books.

Each of the next n lines contains a comma-delimited list of title, genre, and rating.
The next line contains an integer, the number of books to recommend.
The last line contains a string, the genre to recommend from.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

3
Python Programming,Programming,4.5
Data Science Essentials,Data Science,3.1
C++ Programming,Programming,4.3
1
Programming

Sample Output

Highest Rated Book: Python Programming, Rating: 4.5

Top Recommended Book in Programming Genre: Python Programming, Rating: 4.5

Explanation
Here the number of recommended books is 1.
The specified genre is "Programming".

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

5
Python Programming,Programming,4.5
Data Science Essentials,Data Science,3.1
C++ Programming,program,4.3
Algorithm,Algorithm,2.9
Java Programming,Programming,4.7
3
Programming

Sample Output

Highest Rated Book: Java Programming, Rating: 4.7

Highest Rated Book: Python Programming, Rating: 4.5
Highest Rated Book: C++ Programming, Rating: 4.3
Top Recommended Book in Programming Genre: Java Programming, Rating: 4.7

Explanation
Here the number of recommended books is 3.
15/29
 The specified genre is "Programming".

Question - 12
Python: Event Reservation

Implement a ShowBooking service for a theater with multiple auditoriums. Each auditorium has a fixed seating capacity and can host a single event per day.
The service handles the following:
Stores which event will take place in an auditorium of the theater
Avoids conflicts when multiple customers are booking tickets for an event
Implement two classes:
1. Complete the Repo class that implements the IRepo interface, which stores booking information:
registerEventInAuditorium(auditoriumNumber, eventId, capacity): Create and store an Auditorium object from the parameters.
getAuditoriumDetailsForEvent(evenId): Return the Auditorium object for the event.
getNumberOfSeatsBookedOrUnderBookingForEvent(eventId): Return the sum of tickets booked and tickets under booking for the event.
addUnderBooking(eventId, userId): Store information that the user is booking an event.
removeUnderBooking(eventId, userId): Remove information that the user is booking an event.
addSuccessfulBooking(eventId, userId): Store information that the user has successfully booked an event.
2. Complete the BookingService class that implements the IBookingService interface:
startBookingProcess(eventId, userId): If the sum of booked and under-booking tickets is less than the auditorium capacity, start booking for the user and
return true; otherwise, return false.
confirmBookingStatus(evenId, userId, bookingSuccessful): If the booking is successful, update its status and return a BookingConclusion object with the
auditorium number and confirmation status.
The driver code creates an object of the class Repo and passes it to the constructor of the class BookingService. The driver code uses this object to call
registerEventInAuditorium(int auditoriumNumber, int eventId, int capacity) and register information regarding events and auditoriums. It also handles reading
input from the console and calling appropriate functions.

Constraints
1 ≤ totalNumberOfRequests ≤ 105
1 ≤ userId ≤ 105
1 ≤ eventId ≤ 105
1 ≤ auditoriumNumber ≤ 105

Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line contains an integer, n, the number of auditoriums in the theater.

The second line contains n space-separated integers describing the array eventIdInAuditorum, where each element represents the event with eventId that
will take place in the ith auditorium.
The third line contains n space-separated integers describing the array capacity[], where each element represents the capacity of the ith auditorium.
The fourth line contains an integer totalNumberOfRequests.
Each line i of the next totalNumberOfRequests lines describes each request made to the BookingService class to be called, along with its parameters, in
order.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

STDIN Function
----- --------
6 n = 6
4 5 7 1 2 3 eventIdInAuditorium = [4, 5, 7, 1, 2, 3]
2 2 2 2 2 2 capacity = [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
5 totalNumberOfRequests = 5
startBookingProcess 7 1 first request
startBookingProcess 7 2
startBookingProcess 7 3

16/29
 confirmBookingStatus 7 1 true
startBookingProcess 7 4

Sample Output

true
true
false
successful 2
false

Explanation
There are 6 auditoriums in the theater, each with a capacity of 2 seats.
startBookingProcess 7 1 : A user with userId 1 is trying to book a ticket for the event with eventId 7.
startBookingProcess 7 2 : A user with userId 2 is trying to book a ticket for the event with eventId 7.
startBookingProcess 7 3 : A user with userId 3 is trying to book a ticket for the event with eventId 7. There are already users with userIds (1, 2), and the
capacity of the auditorium that hosts this event (auditoriumNumber 3) is 2. So, it returns false.
confirmBookingStatus 7 1 true : Booking of userId 1 for eventId 7 is successful. The event takes place in auditoriumNumber 2, so the code stub prints
"successful 2"
startBookingProcess 7 4: Booking userId 4 for eventId 7 cannot be started because there is one user (userId 1) who has already booked a seat, and
another user (userId 2) is trying to book a seat, but the capacity of the auditorium is 2. So, the code stub prints "false".

Question - 13
Python: Menu Recommendation

Create a system that suggests menu items for a restaurant based on the following rules:
1. If the head chef designates a dish as the "deal of the day," recommend that dish.
2. If there is no "deal of the day," recommend the dish with the highest average rating.
3. If there is a "deal of the day" but it is out of stock, recommend the highest-rated in-stock item.
4. If two items share the same highest average rating, recommend the one with the lower item ID.

Notes:
An out-of-stock item loses its "deal of the day" status permanently, even if restocked later.
Items with no ratings are considered to have a rating of zero.
The average rating is calculated by dividing the sum of all ratings for an item by the number of ratings it has received.

Implement the class MenuRecommendation that inherits from the abstract base class IMenuRecommendation with the following methods:
addItem(int itemId, String displayName): Create and store a MenuItem object from the given information. The definition of class MenuItem is given in the
code stub.
getRecommendedItem(): Return the recommended MenuItem. If there is no such MenuItem, return null.
outOfStockItem(int itemId): Mark itemId as out of stock.
restockItem(int itemId): Mark itemId as back in stock.
makeDealOfTheDayItem(int itemId): Mark itemId as the deal of the day and the recommended item.
rateItem(int itemId, int rating): A user rated the item with itemId as rating number of points.

The driver code takes care of input and calls the relevant functions. There are totalNumberOfRequests, and each of the next lines is a request that is one of 6
types of function call.

Constraints
1 ≤ totalNumberOfRequests ≤ 103
1 ≤ itemId ≤ 105
1 ≤ rating ≤ 5
1 ≤ |displayName| ≤ 10

17/29
 Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line contains an integer, totalNumberOfRequests, the number of requests.

Each i of the next totalNumberOfRequests contains a request described above.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

8
getRecommendedItem
addItem 1 Item1
rateItem 1 5
getRecommendedItem
outOfStockItem 1
rateItem 1 4
rateItem 1 4
getRecommendedItem

Sample Output

N/A
1 Item1 Rating: 5.0
N/A

Explanation
getRecommendedItem - there are no item entries, so this outputs 'N/A'
addItem 1 Item1 - Adds Item1 with itemId 1.
rateItem 1 5 - Adds a rating of 5 to Item1.
getRecommendedItem - there is only 1 item added yet with 1 rating of 5.
outOfStockItem 1 - marks Item1 as out of stock
rateItem 1 4 - Adds a rating of 4 to Item1.
rateItem 1 4 - Adds a rating of 4 to Item1.
getRecommendedItem - There are no items in stock to recommend.

Question - 14
DB Context

Implement a class called database_context_manager that acts as a context manager for database connections.
The context manager should:
Create a database connection when entering the context by calling the _init_db() method (already defined in the Database class)
Close the connection when exiting the context by calling the _close_db() method (also defined in the Database class)
Given a string username consisting of lowercase English letters, define and complete the database_context_manager class.
For a successful simulation:
The input string username must be passed to _init_db() as an argument.
The connection string returned from _init_db() must be passed to _close_db() as an argument to close the connection.
Example
Given input username = "Sam", if the connection string returned by _init_db() is "abc":
"Sam" must be passed as an argument to _init_db()
"abc" must be passed to _close_db()

Function Description
Complete the class database_context_manager in the editor with the following parameter(s):
string username: the string to pass to _init_db()

Constraints
1 ≤ | username | ≤ 105
username consists of lowercase English letters.
18/29
 Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line and the only line of the test case contains a string, username.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

Robin

Sample Output

Username matched, database connection initialized

Database running...
Connection string matched, database connection closed

Explanation
Given, username = "Robin", the steps processed are:
Implement the class database_context_manager.
Call the _init_db() method with the correct parameter. Output received is "Username matched, database connection initialized".
The output received is "Database running..." to signal that the database is currently in a running state.
Call the _close_db() method with the correct parameter. The output received is "Connection string matched, database connection closed".

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

Sam

Sample Output

Username matched, database connection initialized

Database running...
Connection string matched, database connection closed

Explanation
Given, username = "Sam", the steps processed are:
Implement the class database_context_manager.
Call the _init_db() method with the correct parameter. Output received is "Username matched, database connection initialized".
The output received is "Database running..." to signal that the database is currently in a running state.
Call the _close_db() method with the correct parameter. The output received is "Connection string matched, database connection closed".

Question - 15
Mixins

Implement two mixin classes that add functionality to Python classes:

1. DictMixin: Adds a to_dict method that converts a Python class to a dictionary
2. JSONMixin: Adds a to_json method that converts a Python class to JSON
These mixins should:
Only convert object attributes that do not start with '_' (underscore)
Raise a TypeError with the message "Object is not JSON serializable" if a class cannot be converted to JSON
Example

class MyClass(DictMixin, JSONMixin):

def __init__(self, name, data, secret):
self.name = name
self.data = data
self._secret = secret

obj = MyClass("abc", 10, "secret")

19/29
 obj.to_dict() should return {'name': 'abc', 'data': 10}
obj.to_json() should return {"name": "abc", "data": 10}

Implementation Description
Complete the class DictMixin and JSONMixin in the editor below.

Constraints
1 ≤ |name|, |secret| ≤ 20
data is either a set or an integer with values in the range from 1 to 100 (inclusive).
name and secret contain lowercase English letters only.

Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line contains a string, name.

The next line contains a string, dataType, denoting the data type of data.
The following lines contain either an integer if dataType is int, or a length of a list and then the list of numbers if dataType is set.

The last line contains a string, secret.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

STDIN Function
----- --------
alex name = 'alex'
set dataType = 'set'
2 data size = 2
12 data = {12, 13}
13
secretkey secret = 'secretkey'

Sample Output

{'name': 'alex', 'data': {12, 13}}

Object is not JSON serializable

Explanation
In this example, obj.to_dict() should return {'name': 'alex', 'data': {12, 13}}, and obj.to_json() should return TypeError with message "Object is not JSON
serializable".

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

alex
int
10
key

Sample Output

{'name': 'alex', 'data': 10}

{"name": "alex", "data": 10}

Explanation
Here, obj.to_dict() should return {'name': 'alex', 'data': 10}, and obj.to_json() should return {"name": "alex", "data": 10}.

Question - 16
Decorator Timing

20/29
 Implement a Python decorator called timeit that measures the execution time of a function. The decorator takes a single argument, func, which is the
function to be timed.

When the decorated function is called, the decorator should:

1. Measure the execution time in milliseconds
2. Push the execution time to a list called execution_time (already declared in the global scope)
3. Return the same value that the original function would return
Example
function_name = "delay_max"
args = [3, 4, 1]
time_delay = 150

Decorate the function delay_max with timeit, and call the decorated function:

decorated_func = timeit(delay_max)
print(decorated_func(3, 4, 1, delay=150))

The code should output 4, which is the return value of delay_max(3, 4, 1, delay=150).
Since the function delay_max takes 150 ms to complete, the decorator should push a value close to 150 to the execution_time list.

Function Description
Complete the function timeit in the editor below. The function is a decorator with the above properties.

timeit has the following parameter:

func: a function

Constraints
1 ≤ n ≤ 20
1 ≤ args[i][ j] ≤ 100
function_name[i] = {"delay_max", "delay_min", "delay_sum"}
50 ≤ time_delay[i] ≤ 400
time_delay[i] is a multiple of 50.

Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line contains an integer, n, denoting the number of function calls.

Each line i of the n subsequent lines (where 0 ≤ i < n) contains space-separated values denoting function_name[i], args[i], and time_delay[i].

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

3
delay_max 2 3 1 100
delay_sum 2 2 2 200
delay_min 4 5 5 300

Sample Output

3
6
4
[100, 200, 300]

Explanation
Here, there are 3 function calls
function_name = "delay_max", args = [2, 3, 1], time_delay = 100, decorate the function delay_max with timeit, and call the decorated function with
arguments 2, 3, and 1 with delay = 100. It should return 3. The decorator should push a value close to 100 to the list execution_time.

21/29
 function_name = "delay_sum", args = [2, 2, 2], time_delay = 200, decorate the function delay_sum with timeit, and call the decorated function with
arguments 2, 2, and 2 with delay = 200. It should return 6. The decorator should push a value close to 200 to the list execution_time.
function_name = "delay_min", args = [4, 5, 5], time_delay = 300, we decorate the function delay_min with timeit, and call the decorated function with
arguments 4, 5, and 5 with delay = 300. It should return 4. The decorator should push a value close to 300 to the list execution_time.
Therefore, execution_time ≊ [100, 200, 300]
Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

2
delay_max 2 8 1 150
delay_max 5 5 9 50

Sample Output

8
9
[150, 50]

Explanation
Here, there are 2 function calls
function_name = "delay_max", args = [2, 8, 1], time_delay = 150, decorate the function delay_max with timeit, and call the decorated function with
arguments 2, 8, and 1 with delay = 150. It should return 8. The decorator should push a value close to 150 to the list execution_time.
function_name = "delay_max", args = [5, 5, 9], time_delay = 50, decorate the function delay_max with timeit, and call the decorated function with
arguments 5, 5, and 9 with delay = 50. It should return 9. The decorator should push a value close to 50 to the list execution_time.
Therefore, execution_time ≊ [150, 50]

Question - 17
Function Composition

Create a function named compose that:

Accepts any number of functions as arguments
Returns a new function representing their composition
Passes arguments to the first function
Passes each function's output to the next function
Returns the final output
The provided functions are:
add(*args): Returns the sum of all arguments
square(a): Returns the square of a number
splitter(a): Divides a number by 2 and returns [floor(a/2), a%2]
my_max(a): Returns the maximum value in a number or list
my_min(a): Returns the minimum value in a number or list

Note: Only the first function handles multiple arguments; subsequent functions take a single argument.

Example
functionsList = [add, splitter]

The function call compose(functionList[1], functionList[2]) should return a function, call it composedFunctions. If argumentsList = [2, 3], composedFunctions(2,
3), should return [2, 3].
add(2, 3) -> 5
splitter(5) -> [2, 3]

Function Description
Complete the function compose in the editor with the following parameters:

22/29
 *functionsList: function arguments

Returns
function: the composition of functionsList

Constraints
1 ≤ n ≤ 15
functionsList[0] = add
functionsList[i] = {square, splitter, my_max, my_min}, where i ≠ 0
1 ≤ q ≤ 10, length of argumentsList
1 ≤ argumentsList[i] ≤ 10
It is guaranteed that the list of functions generates a valid composition.

Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line contains an integer, n, denoting the number of elements in functionsList.
Each line i of the n subsequent lines (where 0 ≤ i < n) contains a string describing functionsList[i].
The first line contains an integer, q, denoting the number of elements in argumentsList.
Each line i of the q subsequent lines (where 0 ≤ i < q) contains an integer describing argumentsList[i].

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

STDIN Function
----- --------
3 functionList[] size n = 3
add functionList = ["add", "splitter", "my_max"]
splitter
my_max
3 argumentsList[] size q = 3
2 argumentsList = [2, 1, 3]
1
3

Sample Output

Explanation

compose(2, 1, 3) is processed as shown below -

add(2, 1, 3) -> 6
splitter(6) -> [3, 3]
my_max([3, 3]) -> 3

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

STDIN Function
----- --------
3 functionList[] size n = 3
add functionList = ["add", "square", "splitter"]
square
splitter
2 argumentsList[] size q = 2
2 argumentsList = [2, 4]
4

Sample Output

[18, 18]

23/29
 Explanation

compose(2, 4) is processed as shown below -

add(2, 4) -> 6
square(6) -> 36
splitter(36) -> [18, 18]

Question - 18
Generator Context

Create a context manager class called sequence_generator that generates an infinite sequence of numbers. The sequence starts from a given value and
increases by a specified step with each iteration.

The context manager should expose a generate method that yields numbers in the sequence.

Example

with sequence_generator(3, 5) as gen:

for _ in range(3):
print(next(gen), end=" ")

Output: 3 8 13

In this example, we create a sequence starting at 3 with a step of 5. We then retrieve the first three values from the sequence (3, 8, and 13) and print them.

Function Description
Complete the class sequence_generator in the editor below. It should be a context manager class and should expose generate.

sequence_generator's __init__() method has the following parameter(s):

int start: the start value
int step: the increment at each call

Constraints
1 ≤ start, step ≤ 100
1 ≤ num ≤ 10

Input Format For Custom Testing

There are 3 lines of input, the lines contain start, step, and num.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

STDIN Function
----- --------
22 start = 22
75 step = 75
6 num = 6

Sample Output

22
97
172
247

24/29
 322
397

Explanation

Six numbers are generated, starting with 22 and adding 75 at each step.

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

STDIN Function
----- --------
45 start = 45
72 step = 72
1 num = 1

Sample Output

45

Explanation
The generator returns one number, starting with 45. If more numbers were requested, 72 would be added at each step.

Question - 19
Custom Method Resolution

Implement a class Child that inherits from two already implemented classes, Parent1 and Parent2. Both parent classes implement two methods: fun1 and
fun2.
In the Child class:
fun1 should call Parent1's fun1 before Parent2's fun1
fun2 should call Parent2's fun2 before Parent1's fun2

Example

class Parent1:
def fun1(self):
print("Parent1's fun1() method")

def fun2(self):
print("Parent1's fun2() method")

class Parent2:
def fun1(self):
print("Parent2's fun1() method")

def fun2(self):
print("Parent2's fun2() method")

Let c be the object of class Child, c.fun1() should print the following:

Parent1's fun1() method

Parent2's fun1() method

c.fun2() should print the following :

Parent2's fun2() method

Parent1's fun2() method

25/29
 Function Description
Complete the class Child in the editor below with the methods as described.

Constraints
1 ≤ n ≤ 10
1 ≤ arr[i] ≤ 2

Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line contains an integer, n, denoting the number of elements in arr.

Each line i of the n subsequent lines (where 0 ≤ i < n) contains an integer describing arr[i].

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

STDIN Function
----- --------
2 size of arr[] n = 2
1 arr = [1, 2]
2

Sample Output

Child fun1
Parent1 fun1
Parent2 fun1
Child fun2
Parent2 fun2
Parent1 fun2

Explanation
The first call is c.fun1(), and the second call is c.fun2(), where c is an object of class Child.

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

STDIN Function
----- --------
2 size of arr[] n = 2
2 arr = [2, 2]
2

Sample Output

Child fun2
Parent2 fun2
Parent1 fun2
Child fun2
Parent2 fun2
Parent1 fun2

Explanation
The first call is c.fun2(), and the second call is c.fun2(), where c is an object of class Child.

Question - 20
Python: Square Accumulate Root

A developer needs to perform three operations on input numbers: squaring a number, taking the square root of a number, or summing input numbers. The
order of these operations is unknown beforehand, making it ideal for implementing co-routines using the producer-filter-consumer pattern.
Implement three co-routines:
The accumulator: Receives a number, adds it to the previously stored sum (starting at 0), and yields the new sum.
The squarer: Receives a number and yields its square.
26/29
 The rooter: Receives a number and yields the floor of its square root.
Example
order = `[square, accumulate]`
nums = [1, 2, 3]
After processing 1: The output is 1 (12 = 1, accumulate to 0 + 1 = 1)
After processing 2: The output is 5 (22 = 4, accumulate to 1 + 4 = 5)
After processing 3: The output is 14 (32 = 9, accumulate to 5 + 9 = 14)

Functions Description
Complete the co-routine accumulator, squarer, and rooter in the editor below.
These co-routines do not have any input and communicate completely through the sub-routine pipeline.

Constraints
1 ≤ n ≤ 105
1 ≤ nums[i] ≤ 105 (where 0 ≤ i < n)

Input Format For Custom Testing

The first line contains a string, order, describing the order in which to perform the operations.

The next line contains an integer, n, denoting the number of elements in nums.

Each line i of the n subsequent lines (where 0 ≤ i < n) contains an integer describing nums[i].

Sample Case 0

Sample Input For Custom Testing

STDIN Function
----- --------
[square, accumulate] → string order = '[square, accumulate]'
3 → integer n = 3
1 → nums[] = [ 1, 2, 3 ]
2
3

Sample Output

1
5
14

Explanation
The order of the function shows that we need to square a number and then accumulate the result.
square 1 = 1, accumulate = 0 + 1 = 1
square 2 = 4, accumulate = 1 + 4 = 5
square 3 = 9, accumulate = 5 + 9 = 14

Sample Case 1

Sample Input For Custom Testing

STDIN Function
----- --------
[root, square, accumulate] → string order = '[root, square, accumulate]'
5 → integer n = 5
3 → nums[] = [ 3, 6, 1, 2, 3 ]
6
1
2
3

Sample Output

27/29
 1
5
6
7
8

Explanation
We need to take the square root of the input number first, then square the result, then accumulate.
root 3 = 1, square 1 = 1, accumulate = 0 + 1 = 1
root 6 = 2, square 2 = 4, accumulate = 1 + 4 = 5
root 1 = 1, square 1 = 1, accumulate = 5 + 1 = 6
root 2 = 1, square 1 = 1, accumulate = 6 + 1 = 7
root 3 = 1, square 1 = 1, accumulate = 7 + 1 = 8

Question - 21
Python: Non-Primes Generator

Given an integer k, print the first k non-prime positive integers, each on a new line.
Example
For k = 10, the output would be:

1
4
6
8
9
10
12
14
15
16

Function Description
Complete the function manipulate_generator in the editor with the following parameter(s):
g: a generator
n: an integer
The function must manipulate the generator function so that the first k non-prime positive integers are printed, each on a separate line.

Constraints
1 ≤ k ≤ 105

Input Format For Custom Testing

The only line contains a single integer k, the number of non-primes to print.

Sample Case 0

Sample Input 0

STDIN Function
----- --------
12 → integer k = 12

Sample Output 0

1
4
6

28/29
 8
9
10
12
14
15
16
18
20

Explanation 0
The output contains the first 12 non-prime positive integers.

29/29