THE PERIODIC TABLE (part 1)
PERIODIC TABLE
1 The periodic table is an arrangement of elements in order of increasing proton (atomic) number
which is the number of protons in the nucleus of its atoms.
2 In 1869 Periodic table introduced
3 Dmitri Mendeleev the Scientist who introduced the periodic table
4 Vertical columns of elements in the periodic table are called groups.
5 Horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called periods.
6 Groups 18
7 Periods 7
8 Group number is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost shell
9 Period number indicates the number of electron shells.
GROUPS and PERIODS (COLUMNS and ROWS)
The group number is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost shell, and all the
elements within a group contain the same number of valence (outermost) electrons
The period number indicates the number of electron shells. All elements in the same period have
the same number of shells as we go across the period, the outer shell gradually fill up with
electrons. As we move across the period (left to right),the element changes from metals to non-
metals. Silicon in third period is showing highest melting point because Si a macromolecule
with strong covalent bonds.
METALS , NON-METALS and METALLOIDS
Metals can be seen on the left side of the periodic table and are separated from non-metals
by a staircase line.
All elements underneath the staircase are metal and those above are non-metal.
Group I, II and III are metals.
Metals always form positive ions.
Group 14 to 18 are non-metals.
Non-metal form negative ions.
Elements near to the staircase line are metalloids.
Metalloids are elements that shows both properties of metals and non-metals
Examples of metalloids are B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po and At
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN METALS and NON-METALS
GROUP I: ALKALI METALS
These elements are found in the extreme left of the periodic
table.
They are all very reactive metals.
Their reactivity increases down the group Li<Na<K<Rb<Cs.
They have a low melting point.
They are soft, shiny
Some elements float on water.
They are good conductors of electricity.
Down the group the reactivity increases.
All alkali metals form ions Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+
Cesium is the most reactive of all metals. This is because the atoms become larger as we
go down the group. It becomes easier for the outermost, single valence electron to escape
to form an ion as the attractive forces of the nucleus are further away and weaker.
They called Alkali metals because they react with water and form alkaline solution
Extra points
These elements are dangerous as they in contact with air so
1. Lithium is kept under oil
2. Sodium is kept under oil
3. Potassium is kept under oil
These are reactive non-metal.
Their reactivity decreases down the group (F2> Cl2> Br2> I2> At2)
There atomic size increases down the group.
All halogens form ions with single negative charge (F -, Cl-, Br- & I-)
Their chemical properties are similar because they have seven valence electrons
in their outermost shell.
The colour becomes darker as we go down the group.
Colour of Astatine is black.
Their melting point and boiling point decreases
down the group
ELEMENTS STATES
Fluorine Gas
Chlorine Gas
Bromine Liquid
Iodine Solid
Astatine Solid
The Noble gases coming in group VIII
Other name is Inert Gases
Why did the name Inert Gases come?
The inertness is because the outer most shell of the element is full. It does not tend to
combine with another element, covalently or ionically, and therefore it is chemically inert.
These gases exist as single uncombined atoms and are said to be monoatomic gases.
As we go down the group boiling point increases. This is because of the increase in the relative
atomic mass and the increasing attraction between the atoms
They are forming coloured compounds
They are showing variable oxidation number Cu+2 & Cu +1, Fe+2 & Fe+3
They were used as catalysts.
They have high melting point and boiling point except Mercury.
They are having high density.
They have high densities than Group I and II
They are good conductors.
They don’t react so quickly with oxygen and water
They are less reactive than Group I and II
ELEMENTS COLOUR Industrial Process Catalysts
Copper(II) Blue Haber process Iron
Iron(II) Green Contact process Vanadium oxide
Iron(III) Yellow Margarine manufacture Nickel
