📘 CIVIL ENGINEERING MODULE (EXTENDED VERSION 2.
0)
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING
Civil engineering is the foundation of modern civilization. Without it, there would be no roads, bridges,
dams, buildings, or clean water supply.
1.1 Objectives of Civil Engineering
1. Ensure public safety in infrastructure.
2. Develop sustainable and eco-friendly projects.
3. Balance cost, durability, and efficiency.
4. Support economic growth through infrastructure.
1.2 Historical Timeline
Ancient Era: Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts.
Medieval Era: Gothic cathedrals, castles, road networks.
Modern Era: Skyscrapers, suspension bridges, high-speed rail, smart cities.
CHAPTER 2: ENGINEERING ECONOMICS
2.1 Simple vs Compound Interest
Simple Interest: I=P⋅i⋅nI = P \cdot i \cdot n
Compound Interest: F=P(1+i)nF = P(1+i)^n
2.2 Depreciation Methods
Straight Line
Declining Balance
Sum-of-Years Digits
2.3 Example Problem
A machine costs ₱500,000 with 5-year life, salvage value ₱50,000. Find annual depreciation using
straight-line method.
D=P−Sn=500,000−50,0005=₱90,000D = \frac{P - S}{n} = \frac{500,000 - 50,000}{5} = ₱90,000
2.4 Practice Problems
1. Compute FW of ₱10,000 invested at 8% for 10 years.
2. A project costs ₱2M and earns ₱400k annually for 8 years. Is it feasible at 12%?
3. Define payback period.
CHAPTER 3: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
3.1 Types of Stress
Normal Stress
Shear Stress
Bearing Stress
Bending Stress
Torsional Stress
3.2 Hooke’s Law
σ=E⋅ϵ\sigma = E \cdot \epsilon
3.3 Example Problem
A timber beam 150mm × 300mm carries 20kN over 3m span. Find maximum bending stress.
M=wL28,I=bd312,σ=McIM = \frac{wL^2}{8}, \quad I = \frac{bd^3}{12}, \quad \sigma = \frac{M c}{I}
3.4 Practice Problems
1. Find stress in a steel rod 20mm diameter under 40kN.
2. A beam of span 6m carries 10kN/m. Find max moment.
3. Draw stress-strain curve for mild steel.
CHAPTER 4: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
4.1 Determinate vs Indeterminate Structures
Determinate: Reactions can be solved by statics.
Indeterminate: Requires additional methods (moment distribution, slope deflection).
4.2 Example Problem
A truss carries 20kN at its apex. Solve for axial forces in members (diagram required).
4.3 Practice Problems
1. Explain method of sections.
2. A beam fixed at both ends has span 5m, load 10kN/m. Draw bending moment diagram.
CHAPTER 5: HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
5.1 Elements of Geometric Design
Sight Distance
Super-elevation
Horizontal & Vertical Curves
5.2 Example Problem
A car travels at 90 km/h on a curve radius 250m. Find required super-elevation if g = 9.81.
e=V2gR=(25)29.81⋅250=0.255 ≈25.5%e = \frac{V^2}{gR} = \frac{(25)^2}{9.81 \cdot 250} = 0.255 \, \
approx 25.5\%
5.3 Practice Problems
1. Define PC and PT in horizontal curves.
2. Difference between flexible and rigid pavement.
3. List factors affecting traffic flow.
CHAPTER 6: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
6.1 Wastewater Characteristics
Physical: Color, Odor, Temperature
Chemical: BOD, COD
Biological: Microorganisms
6.2 Example Problem
Wastewater flow = 15,000 m³/day, BOD = 250 mg/L. Find total BOD load per day.
Load=15,000⋅250⋅10−3=3,750 kg/dayLoad = 15,000 \cdot 250 \cdot 10^{-3} = 3,750 \, kg/day
6.3 Practice Problems
1. Define BOD.
2. Compare primary vs secondary treatment.
3. Describe sanitary landfill.
CHAPTER 7: HYDRAULICS & WATER RESOURCES
7.1 Open Channel Flow
Manning’s Equation:
V=1nR2/3S1/2V = \frac{1}{n} R^{2/3} S^{1/2}
7.2 Example Problem
A rectangular channel 2m wide, depth 1m, slope 0.001, Manning’s n=0.015. Find discharge.
A=2⋅1=2,P=2+2=4,R=0.5A = 2 \cdot 1 = 2, \quad P = 2+2 = 4, \quad R = 0.5 V=10.015(0.52/3)
(0.0011/2)=1.48V = \frac{1}{0.015} (0.5^{2/3})(0.001^{1/2}) = 1.48 Q=A⋅V=2⋅1.48=2.96 m3/sQ = A \cdot
V = 2 \cdot 1.48 = 2.96 \, m^3/s
7.3 Practice Problems
1. Define hydraulic radius.
2. Derive continuity equation.
3. Explain cavitation.
CHAPTER 8: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
8.1 Soil Classification (USCS)
Coarse-grained soils (GW, GP, SW, SP)
Fine-grained soils (CL, ML, CH, MH)
8.2 Example Problem
A clay sample has LL=45%, PL=20%. Compute PI.
PI=LL−PL=25%PI = LL - PL = 25\%
8.3 Practice Problems
1. Explain soil consolidation.
2. Differentiate shallow and deep foundation.
3. Define safe bearing capacity.
CHAPTER 9: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
9.1 Project Life Cycle
1. Conception
2. Planning
3. Execution
4. Monitoring & Control
5. Closure
9.2 Example Problem (CPM)
Activity A=4d, B=5d(after A), C=3d(after A), D=6d(after B&C).
Critical Path = A-B-D = 15 days.
9.3 Practice Problems
1. Define float in CPM.
2. Compare PERT vs CPM.
3. List construction risks.
CHAPTER 10: SAMPLE BOARD EXAM QUESTIONS
1. Differentiate ductile vs brittle material.
2. Compute BOD load of 25,000 m³/day at 300 mg/L.
3. Design a rectangular footing for 500kN load, soil capacity 200 kN/m².
4. Define Euler’s Buckling Load.
5. Explain advantages of rigid pavements.
CHAPTER 11: CASE STUDIES
Bohol Earthquake (2013): Structural failure of old bridges.
Ondoy Flood (2009): Poor drainage & flood control.
Metro Manila Skyway: Example of elevated highway design.
CHAPTER 12: SUMMARY
Civil Engineering integrates multiple fields. It requires technical knowledge, economic evaluation,
sustainability, and project management.
CHAPTER 13: REFERENCES
(add full reference list as in previous versions, plus a few more like Lindeburg’s Civil Engineering
Reference Manual and AISC manuals).
