CIVIL ENGINEERING COMPREHENSIVE MODULE
Prepared for Academic Reference and Study Use
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Civil Engineering
2. Engineering Economics
o Time Value of Money
o Present & Future Worth
o Annual Worth Analysis
o Benefit-Cost Ratio
o Example Problems
3. Strength of Materials
o Stress & Strain
o Axial Deformation
o Shear & Bending Stress
o Torsion
o Example Problems
4. Structural Analysis
o Truss Analysis
o Influence Lines
o Moment Distribution
o Example Problems
5. Highway & Transportation Engineering
o Road Classification
o Geometric Design
o Traffic Flow Theory
o Pavement Design
6. Environmental Engineering
o Water Supply Systems
o Wastewater Treatment
o Air Pollution
o Solid Waste Management
7. Hydraulics & Water Resources
o Hydrostatics
o Bernoulli Equation
o Pipe Flow & Head Loss
o Open Channel Flow
8. Geotechnical Engineering
o Soil Properties
o Compaction & Consolidation
o Shear Strength of Soil
o Foundation Engineering
9. Construction Management
o Project Planning
o PERT/CPM
o Safety in Construction
o Case Studies
10. Sample Board Exam Questions
11. References
1. INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering integrates mathematics, natural sciences, and practical experience to design, build, and
maintain infrastructure.
Major Branches:
Structural Engineering
Transportation Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Water Resources Engineering
Construction Management
2. ENGINEERING ECONOMICS
2.1 Time Value of Money (TVM)
Money now is more valuable than the same amount in the future because it can earn interest.
Compound Interest Formula:
F=P(1+i)nF = P(1+i)^n
Where:
FF = Future Value
PP = Present Value
ii = Interest Rate per period
nn = Number of periods
2.2 Example Problem
A project requires ₱500,000 today and will return ₱120,000 annually for 6 years. If the interest rate is
12%, determine if the project is acceptable.
Solution:
Compute Present Worth of Benefits:
PW=A(1−(1+i)−ni)PW = A \left(\frac{1-(1+i)^{-n}}{i}\right) PW=120,000(1−(1+0.12)−60.12)=₱497,064PW
= 120,000 \left(\frac{1-(1+0.12)^{-6}}{0.12}\right) = ₱497,064
Since PW<₱500,000PW < ₱500,000, the project is not acceptable.
3. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
3.1 Stress and Strain
σ=FA,ϵ=ΔLL\sigma = \frac{F}{A}, \quad \epsilon = \frac{\Delta L}{L}
Stress (σ): internal resistance per unit area
Strain (ε): deformation per unit length
3.2 Example Problem
A steel bar 2m long with cross-sectional area of 400 mm² is subjected to 40 kN axial load. Find the stress
and strain (E = 200 GPa).
σ=40,000400×10−6=100 MPa\sigma = \frac{40,000}{400 \times 10^{-6}} = 100 \, MPa
ϵ=σE=100×106200×109=0.0005\epsilon = \frac{\sigma}{E} = \frac{100 \times 10^{6}}{200 \times 10^{9}}
= 0.0005
4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
4.1 Method of Joints (Trusses)
Steps:
1. Calculate support reactions.
2. Isolate a joint.
3. Apply equilibrium equations.
4.2 Example Problem
Find force in members of a simple truss with 3 joints and 3 members (diagram to be drawn in Word).
5. HIGHWAY & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Road Classification: Expressways, National, Provincial, Municipal, Barangay Roads.
Traffic Flow:
o Q=k×vQ = k \times v
o Where QQ = flow (veh/hr), kk = density (veh/km), vv = speed (km/hr).
6. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
6.1 Water Treatment Stages:
1. Coagulation & Flocculation
2. Sedimentation
3. Filtration
4. Disinfection
6.2 Example Problem
A city requires 50 MLD (million liters/day). If a treatment plant operates 24 hours, how many liters per
second must it handle?
50,000,000/86,400=578 L/s50,000,000 / 86,400 = 578 \, L/s
7. HYDRAULICS & WATER RESOURCES
7.1 Bernoulli’s Equation
Pγ+v22g+z=constant\frac{P}{\gamma} + \frac{v^2}{2g} + z = \text{constant}
7.2 Example Problem
Water flows through a horizontal pipe (D = 0.15m) at 2 m/s. Compute discharge.
Q=A⋅V=π(0.15)24×2=0.0353 m3/sQ = A \cdot V = \frac{\pi (0.15)^2}{4} \times 2 = 0.0353 \, m^3/s
8. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Soil Properties: Atterberg Limits, Moisture Content, Density
Foundation Types: Shallow (spread footing, mat), Deep (piles, caissons)
9. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
9.1 PERT/CPM
Used to schedule and control project activities.
Example:
Activity A (5 days), Activity B (3 days), Activity C (4 days, after A and B).
Critical Path = 9 days.
10. SAMPLE BOARD EXAM QUESTIONS
1. A beam simply supported at ends has span 6 m. If uniform load is 20 kN/m, find maximum
bending moment.
2. Determine IRR of project with initial cost ₱100,000 and annual return ₱25,000 for 6 years.
3. Define difference between flexible and rigid pavement.
11. REFERENCES
Hibbeler, R.C. Mechanics of Materials
Khanna & Justo. Highway Engineering
Das, B.M. Principles of Geotechnical Engineering
Ahuja, H.N. Project Management Techniques
Metcalf & Eddy. Wastewater Engineering
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