INDEX
●Certificate of Originality | Pg.no
●Acknowledgement
●Aim Of the Project | 1
●Introduction | 2-3
●Theory | 4-12
●Application of EMI | 13-15
●Bibliography | 16
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I would like to thank my
teacher Maam Mithu Das Gogoi who has
assigned me this project and guided me
throughout this project. Maam’s vast
knowledge and encouragement have been
instrumental.
I would also like to thank our principal, Sister
Sheeba Joseph, for enabling access to
resources that made this project possible.
I am deeply thankful to my parents for their
constant support and motivation. This project
would not have been achievable without them.
AIM OF THE PROJECT
To study the phenomenon of
electromagnetic induction
Pg.no - 1
Introduction
Electromagnetic Induction
It is a process where a conductor placed in a
changing magnetic field causes the production
of a voltage across the conductor. This process
of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an
electrical current - it is said to induce the
current.
When a current is passed through a long
straight conductor a magnetising force and a
static magnetic field is developed around it.
Electromagnetic induction uses the relationship
between electricity and magnetism whereby an
electric current flowing through a single wire will
produce a magnetic field around it. If the wire is
wound into a coil, the magnetic field is greatly
intensified producing a static magnetic field
around itself forming a bar magnet giving a
distinct North and South pole.
Pg.no - 2
The magnetic flux developed around the
coil being proportional to the amount of
current flowing in the coils windings as
shown. If additional layers of wire are
wound upon the same coil with the same
current flowing through them, the static
magnetic field strength would be
increased.
Pg.no - 3
Pg.no - 4
FARADAY'S EXPERIMENT
The following experiment performed by Faraday led
to the discovery of electromagnetic induction.
The induction from a magnet passing through a coil is
the subject of the experiment. For the experiment,
Faraday used a cardboard tube with insulated wire
coiled around it to make a coil. As a magnet was
passed through the coil, a voltmeter was connected
across it, and the induced Emf was measured.
Pg.no - 5
OBSERVATION OF THE EXPERIMENT
1.No voltage is observed when the magnet is at
rest in or near the coil.
2.As the magnet approaches the coil, a voltage is
measured, which rises to a peak as the magnet
approaches the coil’s center.
3.The voltage rapidly changes sign when the
magnet travels through the center of the coil.
4.Voltage is measured in the opposite direction of
the magnet’s initial case moving into the coil
when it moves out and away from the coil.
RESULT OF THE EXPERIMENT
1.A large magnetic field could be created by the
fixed magnet.
2.If the flux across the coil is constant, no EMF
can be generated.
3.The flux rapidly rises as the magnet
approaches the coil until the magnet is inside
the loop.
4.The magnetic flux through the coil begins to
decrease as it goes through it. The produced
EMF is gradually altered.
Pg.no - 6
Faraday's
….Law
Pg.no - 7
Faraday's First Law
Faraday’s first law of electromagnetic induction
states that any change in the magnetic field of a
coil of wire causes an emf to be induced in the coil.
This emf induced is called induced emf and if the
conductor circuit is closed, the current will also
circulate through the circuit and this current is
called induced current.
Method to change the magnetic field:
1.By moving a magnet towards or away from
the coil.
2.By moving the coil into or out of the
magnetic field.
3.By changing the area of a coil placed in
the magnetic field.
4.By rotating the coil relative to the magnet.
Pg.no - 8
Faraday's Second Law
It states that the magnitude of emf
induced in the coil is equal to the rate of
change of flux that linkages with the coil.
The flux linkage of the coil is the product
of the number of turns in the coil and flux
associated with the coil.
Pg.no - 9
Faraday’s law Formula
Let us consider a magnet approaching a
coil. Here we consider two instants at time
T1 and T2.
Flux linkage with the coil at time,
T1 = NΦ1 wb
Flux linkage with the coil at time,
T2 = NΦ2 wb
Change in flux linkage,
N(Φ2-Φ1)
Let this change in flux linkage be,
Φ=(Φ2-Φ1)
So, the Change in flux linkage,
NΦ
Now the rate of the flux linkage,
NΦ/t
Taking derivative on right hand side we get,
N(dΦ/dt)
The rate of change of flux linkage,
E=N(dΦ/dt)
Pg.no - 10
But according to Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, the rate of
change of flux linkage is equal to induced
emf.
E = -N (dΦ/dt)
Pg.no - 11
Lenz law
Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz was a russian
physicist of Baltic German descent who
gave his law on electromagnetic induction.
His law was important because it states
that,
When a voltage is created by a change in
magnetic flux, the induced voltage must
create a current whose magnetic field is in
opposition to the change which produces it.
Pg.no - 12
Applications
………Of
Electromagnetic
….Induction
Pg.no - 13
●Electric Generator
The EMF generated by Faraday’s law of
induction due to relative movement of a circuit
and a magnetic field of a circuit and a magnetic
field is the phenomenon underlying electrical
generators. When a permanent magnet is
moved relative to a conductor, or vice versa, an
electromotive force is created. If the wire is
connected through an electrical load, current
will flow, and thus electrical energy is
generated, converting the mechanical energy of
motion into electrical energy.
Pg.no - 14
●ATM Card Scanners
Electromagnetic induction
occurs in ATM card scanners when the
magnetic strip of an ATM card is swiped
through a scanner. When an ATM card is
swiped through a card reader, a change in
magnetic flux is produced in one direction,
generating the induced EMF (electromotive
force). The electric current received by the
pickup coil produces signal amplification
and translates it into binary code, which
makes it readable by the computer.
Pg.no - 15
BIBLIOGRAPHY
For successfully completing my project file.
I have taken help from the following
sources:
●Physics class 12 NCERT Textbook
●www.britannica.com
●Google Search Engine.
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