FUNCTIONS

AUTHOR: FRANSISCO CHAMERA

PRESENTER: DR. ALPHA SOKO

LUANAR-BUNDA

October 10, 2023

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 FUNCTIONS - Definition

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 FUNCTIONS - Definition

Definition

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 FUNCTIONS - Definition

Definition
A function f from set X to another set Y is a rela-
tion that assigns to each element x of X a unique
element y of Y .

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 FUNCTIONS - Definitions cont...

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 FUNCTIONS - Definitions cont...

X is the domain of the function f and Y is

the co-domain of f .

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 FUNCTIONS - Definitions cont...

X is the domain of the function f and Y is

the co-domain of f .
The element y of Y is the image of x under f
and is denoted f (x) read ‘f of x’ while x is a
pre-image of y .

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 FUNCTIONS - Definitions cont...

X is the domain of the function f and Y is

the co-domain of f .
The element y of Y is the image of x under f
and is denoted f (x) read ‘f of x’ while x is a
pre-image of y .
The range of f is the subset of Y whose
elements are all possible values of f (x) for x in
X.

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 FUNCTIONS - Notation

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 FUNCTIONS - Notation

A function f from X to Y is denoted by any of

the following;

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 FUNCTIONS - Notation

A function f from X to Y is denoted by any of

the following;
1
f : X → Y.

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 FUNCTIONS - Notation

A function f from X to Y is denoted by any of

the following;
1
f : X → Y.
2
f : x 7→ f (x).

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 FUNCTIONS - Notation

A function f from X to Y is denoted by any of

the following;
1
f : X → Y.
2
f : x 7→ f (x).
3
f (x).

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 3

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 3

Let f be a function with domain R such that

f (x) = x 2. Find

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 3

Let f be a function with domain R such that

f (x) = x 2. Find
√
1
f (6) and f ( 3).

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 3

Let f be a function with domain R such that

f (x) = x 2. Find
√
1
f (6) and f ( 3).
2
the range of f .

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 3

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 3

1
To find f (6) we substitute 6 for x in
f (x) = x 2. √
That is f√(6) = 62 = 36.
Similarly f ( 3) = ( 3)2 = 3.

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 3

1
To find f (6) we substitute 6 for x in
f (x) = x 2. √
That is f√(6) = 62 = 36.
Similarly f ( 3) = ( 3)2 = 3.
2
The range of f consists of all real numbers of
the form x 2 for x ∈ R. But the square of any
real number is non-negative. Thus the range of
f is the set of non-negative real numbers.

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 4

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 4

State the domain for each of the following

functions;

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 4

State the domain for each of the following

functions;
2
1
g (x) = .
x

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 4

State the domain for each of the following

functions;
2
1
g (x) = .
x
2x − 4
2
f (x) = 2 .
x −1

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 4

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 4

1
Any real number will have an image under this
function except x = 0.
Hence the domain is
{all real numbers x such that x ̸= 0}.

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 4

1
Any real number will have an image under this
function except x = 0.
Hence the domain is
{all real numbers x such that x ̸= 0}.
2
This function will produce an image except
when x 2 − 1 = 0, i.e., x = ±1.
So the domain includes all real numbers except
−1 and 1.

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 FUNCTIONS - Reading Assignment

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 FUNCTIONS - Reading Assignment

Read and write some notes on the main types

of functions; algebraic and transcendental.

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 FUNCTIONS - Reading Assignment

Read and write some notes on the main types

of functions; algebraic and transcendental.
Terms you need to understand include
polynomials, rational functions, identity
functions and constant functions.

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 FUNCTIONS - One-to-one Functions

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 FUNCTIONS - One-to-one Functions

A function with domain X and co-domain Y is

one-to-one or injective if whenever a ̸= b in
the domain then f (a) ̸= f (b) in the co-domain.

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 FUNCTIONS - One-to-one Functions

A function with domain X and co-domain Y is

one-to-one or injective if whenever a ̸= b in
the domain then f (a) ̸= f (b) in the co-domain.
Equivalently, f is one-to-one if whenever
f (a) = f (b) in Y then a = b in X .

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 FUNCTIONS - One-to-one Functions

A function with domain X and co-domain Y is

one-to-one or injective if whenever a ̸= b in
the domain then f (a) ̸= f (b) in the co-domain.
Equivalently, f is one-to-one if whenever
f (a) = f (b) in Y then a = b in X .
Thus a function is one-to-one if no two
elements in the domain are mapped to the
same element in the co-domain.

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 FUNCTIONS - One-to-one Functions cont...

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 FUNCTIONS - One-to-one Functions cont...

To show that a given function is one-to-one,

we use the condition given in the definition.

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 FUNCTIONS - One-to-one Functions cont...

To show that a given function is one-to-one,

we use the condition given in the definition.
To show that a function is not one-to-one, we
need only find two distinct elements in the
domain that produce the same function value.

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 5

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 5

Show whether each of the following functions is

one-to-one or not;

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 5

Show whether each of the following functions is

one-to-one or not;
1
f (x) = 3x + 2.

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 5

Show whether each of the following functions is

one-to-one or not;
1
f (x) = 3x + 2.
2
g (x) = x 2

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 5

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 5

1
Suppose f (a) = f (b) for a and b in the
domain of f .

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 5

1
Suppose f (a) = f (b) for a and b in the
domain of f .
Then 3a + 2 = 3b + 2 ⇒ 3a = 3b giving
a = b.

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 5

1
Suppose f (a) = f (b) for a and b in the
domain of f .
Then 3a + 2 = 3b + 2 ⇒ 3a = 3b giving
a = b.
Hence f is one-to-one.

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 5

1
Suppose f (a) = f (b) for a and b in the
domain of f .
Then 3a + 2 = 3b + 2 ⇒ 3a = 3b giving
a = b.
Hence f is one-to-one.
2
g (x) = x 2 is not one-to-one since
g (2) = g (−2) = 4 but 2 ̸= −2.

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 FUNCTIONS - Onto Functions

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 FUNCTIONS - Onto Functions

A function f from X to Y is onto or

surjective if and only if every element of Y is
in the image of f , i.e., for all y ∈ Y there
exists x ∈ X such that f (x) = y .

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 FUNCTIONS - Onto Functions cont...

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 FUNCTIONS - Onto Functions cont...

To prove that a function f from X to Y is

onto, we take an arbitrary element of Y and
show that it has a pre-image.

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 FUNCTIONS - Onto Functions cont...

To prove that a function f from X to Y is

onto, we take an arbitrary element of Y and
show that it has a pre-image.
To show that f is not onto we need to produce
a counter-example, i.e., any element of Y
which has no pre-image in X under f .

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 6

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 6

1
Let f : Z → Z such that f (x) = x + 1. Then
f is onto since the pre-image of any n ∈ Z is
n − 1 (the result of subtracting 1 from any
integer is an integer).

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 6

1
Let f : Z → Z such that f (x) = x + 1. Then
f is onto since the pre-image of any n ∈ Z is
n − 1 (the result of subtracting 1 from any
integer is an integer).
2
Let g : N → N such that g (x) = x + 1. Any
element n ∈ N, in the range of g , has
pre-image n − 1 except 1. 1 ∈ N has no
pre-image since 1 − 1 = 0 ∈/ N. Hence g is not
onto.
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 FUNCTIONS - Bijective Functions

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 FUNCTIONS - Bijective Functions

A function f from X to Y is a bijective

function (or a bijection) if f is both
one-to-one and onto.

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 FUNCTIONS - Bijective Functions

A function f from X to Y is a bijective

function (or a bijection) if f is both
one-to-one and onto.
For example the function
f = {(a, 1), (b, 3), (c, 2)} from X = {a, b, c}
to Y = {1, 2, 3} is a bijection.

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 FUNCTIONS - Bijection

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 FUNCTIONS - Bijection

Figure:
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 FUNCTIONS - Inverses

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 FUNCTIONS - Inverses

Let f be a function with domain X and range

R ⊂ Y . The inverse of f , if it exists, is the
function, denoted f −1, with domain R and range
X.

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 FUNCTIONS - Inverses cont...

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 FUNCTIONS - Inverses cont...

Not every function has an inverse.

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 FUNCTIONS - Inverses cont...

Not every function has an inverse.

A function is said to be invertible if its
inverse exists.

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 FUNCTIONS - Inverses cont...

Not every function has an inverse.

A function is said to be invertible if its
inverse exists.
Theorem

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 FUNCTIONS - Inverses cont...

Not every function has an inverse.

A function is said to be invertible if its
inverse exists.
Theorem
A function f is invertible if and only if it is one-to-
one.

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 FUNCTIONS - Inverses cont...

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 FUNCTIONS - Inverses cont...

Given a function f to find f −1 follow the following

steps;

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 FUNCTIONS - Inverses cont...

Given a function f to find f −1 follow the following

steps;
1
Verify that f is one-to-one.

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 FUNCTIONS - Inverses cont...

Given a function f to find f −1 follow the following

steps;
1
Verify that f is one-to-one.
2
Replace f (x) with y .

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 FUNCTIONS - Inverses cont...

Given a function f to find f −1 follow the following

steps;
1
Verify that f is one-to-one.
2
Replace f (x) with y .
3
Solve for x.

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 FUNCTIONS - Inverses cont...

Given a function f to find f −1 follow the following

steps;
1
Verify that f is one-to-one.
2
Replace f (x) with y .
3
Solve for x.
4
Replace x with f −1(x) and y with x.

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 7

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 7

Find the inverse for each of the following

functions;

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 7

Find the inverse for each of the following

functions;
1
f (x) = x 2

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 7

Find the inverse for each of the following

functions;
1
f (x) = x 2
2
f (x) = 2x + 3

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 7

Find the inverse for each of the following

functions;
1
f (x) = x 2
2
f (x) = 2x + 3
x −2
3
f (x) = (x ̸= 3)
x −3

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 7

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 7

1
By Example 5, f (x) = x 2 is not one-to-one.
Hence the inverse does not exist.

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 7 cont...

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 7 cont...

2.
1
Clearly f (x) = 2x + 3 is one-to-one.

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 7 cont...

2.
1
Clearly f (x) = 2x + 3 is one-to-one.
2
Let y = 2x + 3.

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 7 cont...

2.
1
Clearly f (x) = 2x + 3 is one-to-one.
2
Let y = 2x + 3.
y −3
3
Then 2x = y − 3 giving x = .
2

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 7 cont...

2.
1
Clearly f (x) = 2x + 3 is one-to-one.
2
Let y = 2x + 3.
y −3
3
Then 2x = y − 3 giving x = .
2
x −3
4
Hence f −1(x) = .
2

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 7 cont...

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 7 cont...

x −2
3. Clearly f (x) = is one-to-one.
x −3
x −2
Let y = . Then y (x − 3) = x − 2 ⇒
x −3
yx − 3y = x − 2 ⇒ yx − x = 3y − 2 ⇒
3y − 2
x(y − 1) = 3y − 2 giving x = .
y −1

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 7 cont...

x −2
3. Clearly f (x) = is one-to-one.
x −3
x −2
Let y = . Then y (x − 3) = x − 2 ⇒
x −3
yx − 3y = x − 2 ⇒ yx − x = 3y − 2 ⇒
3y − 2
x(y − 1) = 3y − 2 giving x = .
y −1
3x − 2
Therefore f −1(x) = .
x −1

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 FUNCTIONS - Arithmetic Operations

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 FUNCTIONS - Arithmetic Operations
Let f (x) and g (x) be functions. Then

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 FUNCTIONS - Arithmetic Operations
Let f (x) and g (x) be functions. Then
1
(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x) is the sum of
functions f (x) and g (x).

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 FUNCTIONS - Arithmetic Operations
Let f (x) and g (x) be functions. Then
1
(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x) is the sum of
functions f (x) and g (x).

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 FUNCTIONS - Arithmetic Operations
Let f (x) and g (x) be functions. Then
1
(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x) is the sum of
functions f (x) and g (x).
2
(f − g )(x) = f (x) − g (x) is the difference
between functions f (x) and g (x).
3
(fg )(x) = f (x)g (x) is the product of functions
f (x) and g (x).

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 FUNCTIONS - Arithmetic Operations
Let f (x) and g (x) be functions. Then
1
(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x) is the sum of
functions f (x) and g (x).
2
(f − g )(x) = f (x) − g (x) is the difference
between functions f (x) and g (x).
3
(fg )(x) = f (x)g (x) is the product of functions
f (x) and g (x).
f f (x)
4
If g (x) ̸= 0, (x) = is the quotient
g g (x)
function.
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 FUNCTIONS - Example 8

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 8

Let f (x) = 2x + 3 and g (x) = 4 − x 2 be

functions. Find

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 8

Let f (x) = 2x + 3 and g (x) = 4 − x 2 be

functions. Find
1
(f + g )(x)

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 8

Let f (x) = 2x + 3 and g (x) = 4 − x 2 be

functions. Find
1
(f + g )(x)
2
(f − g )(2)

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 8

Let f (x) = 2x + 3 and g (x) = 4 − x 2 be

functions. Find
1
(f + g )(x)
2
(f − g )(2)
3
(fg )(−1)

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 FUNCTIONS - Example 8

Let f (x) = 2x + 3 and g (x) = 4 − x 2 be

functions. Find
1
(f + g )(x)
2
(f − g )(2)
3
(fg )(−1)
g
4
(0).
f

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 8

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 8
1

(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x)

= (2x + 3) + (4 − x 2)
= 7 + 2x − x 2

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 8
1

(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x)

= (2x + 3) + (4 − x 2)
= 7 + 2x − x 2

(f − g )(2) = f (2) − g (2)

= (2(2) + 3) − (4 − (2)2)
= 7.
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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 8 cont...

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 8 cont...

3.
(fg )(x) = f (x)g (x)
= (2x + 3)(4 − x 2)
= −2x 3 − 3x 2 + 8x + 12.

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 8 cont...

3.
(fg )(x) = f (x)g (x)
= (2x + 3)(4 − x 2)
= −2x 3 − 3x 2 + 8x + 12.
So
(fg )(−1) = −2(−1)3 − 3(−1)2 + 8(−1) + 12
= 2 − 3 − 8 + 12
= 3.
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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 8 cont...

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 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 8 cont...

g g (0) 4 − (0)2 4
4. (0) = = = .
f f (0) 2(0) + 3 3

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 FUNCTIONS - Composition

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 FUNCTIONS - Composition

Given two functions, we can construct a new

function by using the range of the first
function as the domain of the second function.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 31 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Composition

Given two functions, we can construct a new

function by using the range of the first
function as the domain of the second function.
Let f : X → Y and g : Y → Z be two
functions.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 31 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Composition

Given two functions, we can construct a new

function by using the range of the first
function as the domain of the second function.
Let f : X → Y and g : Y → Z be two
functions.
Define a new function, the composition of f
and g from X to Z by (g ◦ f )(x) = g (f (x)).

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 31 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Composition cont...

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 32 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Composition cont...

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 32 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 9

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 33 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 9

1
Let f (x) = x 2 and g (x) = 2x + 5. Find f ◦ g
and g ◦ f .

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 33 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 9

1
Let f (x) = x 2 and g (x) = 2x + 5. Find f ◦ g
and g ◦ f .
2
Functions p and q are defined by
2
p : x 7→ and q : x 7→ 3x − 2. Find p ◦ q
x +1
and q ◦ p.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 33 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 9

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 34 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 9

f ◦ g = f (g (x)) = [g (x)]2
= [2x + 5]2 = 4x 2 + 20x + 25.

g ◦ f = g (f (x))
= 2f (x) + 5
= 2x 2 + 5.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 34 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 9 cont...

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 35 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 9 cont...

2.
2
p ◦ q = p(q(x)) =
q(x) + 1
2 2
= = .
(3x − 2) + 1 3x − 1

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 35 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 9 cont...

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 36 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 9 cont...

2.
q ◦ p = q(p(x)) = 3p(x) − 2
 
2 6
=3 −2= −2
x +1 x +1
6 − 2(x + 1) 6 − 2x − 2
= =
x +1 x +1
4 − 2x
= .
x +1

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 36 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Even and Odd

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 37 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Even and Odd

A function f is even if and only if

f (−x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f .

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 37 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Even and Odd

A function f is even if and only if

f (−x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f .
A function f is odd if and only if
f (−x) = −f (x) for every x in the domain of f .

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 37 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Even and Odd

A function f is even if and only if

f (−x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f .
A function f is odd if and only if
f (−x) = −f (x) for every x in the domain of f .
A function is neither even nor odd if
f (−x) ̸= f (x) and f (−x) ̸= −f (x).

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 37 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 10

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 38 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 10

Determine whether each of the following functions

is even, odd or neither.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 38 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 10

Determine whether each of the following functions

is even, odd or neither.
1
f (x) = 4x 4 − 3x 2 + 5

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 38 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 10

Determine whether each of the following functions

is even, odd or neither.
1
f (x) = 4x 4 − 3x 2 + 5
2
g (x) = x 3 + x 2 − 3

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 38 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 10

Determine whether each of the following functions

is even, odd or neither.
1
f (x) = 4x 4 − 3x 2 + 5
2
g (x) = x 3 + x 2 − 3
3
h(x) = 9x 5 − 8x 3 + 4x

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 38 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 10

Determine whether each of the following functions

is even, odd or neither.
1
f (x) = 4x 4 − 3x 2 + 5
2
g (x) = x 3 + x 2 − 3
3
h(x) = 9x 5 − 8x 3 + 4x
4x 4 − 6
4
k(x) = 5
x − 2x 3 + x

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 38 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 10

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 39 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 10

f (−x) = 4(−x)4 − 3(−x)2 + 5

= 4x 4 − 3x 2 + 5
= f (x).
Hence f is even.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 39 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 10 cont...

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 40 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 10 cont...

2.
g (−x) = (−x)3 + (−x)2 − 3
= −x 3 + x 2 − 3.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 40 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 10 cont...

2.
g (−x) = (−x)3 + (−x)2 − 3
= −x 3 + x 2 − 3.
Here g (−x) ̸= g (x) so that g is not even.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 40 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 10 cont...

2.
g (−x) = (−x)3 + (−x)2 − 3
= −x 3 + x 2 − 3.
Here g (−x) ̸= g (x) so that g is not even.
Also g (−x) ̸= −g (x) implying that g is not
odd.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 40 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 10 cont...

2.
g (−x) = (−x)3 + (−x)2 − 3
= −x 3 + x 2 − 3.
Here g (−x) ̸= g (x) so that g is not even.
Also g (−x) ̸= −g (x) implying that g is not
odd.
Hence g is neither even nor odd.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 40 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 10 cont...

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 41 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 10 cont...

3.
h(−x) = 9(−x)5 − 8(−x)3 + 4(−x)
= −9x 5 + 8x 3 − 4x
= −h(x).

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 41 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 10 cont...

3.
h(−x) = 9(−x)5 − 8(−x)3 + 4(−x)
= −9x 5 + 8x 3 − 4x
= −h(x).
Hence h is odd.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 41 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 10 cont...

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 42 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 10 cont...

4.
4(−x)4 − 6
k(−x) =
(−x)5 − 2(−x)3 + (−x)
4x 4 − 6
=
−x 5 + 2x 3 − x
4x 4 − 6
=
−(x 5 − 2x 3 + x)
4x 4 − 6
 
=− 5 = −k(x).
x − 2x 3 + x

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 42 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 10 cont...

4.
4(−x)4 − 6
k(−x) =
(−x)5 − 2(−x)3 + (−x)
4x 4 − 6
=
−x 5 + 2x 3 − x
4x 4 − 6
=
−(x 5 − 2x 3 + x)
4x 4 − 6
 
=− 5 = −k(x).
x − 2x 3 + x
Hence k is odd.
F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 42 / 76
 FUNCTIONS - Exponential Functions

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 43 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Exponential Functions

An exponential function is a function of the

form f (x) = ax where a is a positive constant
and a ̸= 1.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 43 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Exponential Functions

An exponential function is a function of the

form f (x) = ax where a is a positive constant
and a ̸= 1.
For example f (x) = 2x .

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 43 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Exponential Functions

An exponential function is a function of the

form f (x) = ax where a is a positive constant
and a ̸= 1.
For example f (x) = 2x .
a is called the base and x is called the
exponent or index.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 43 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Exponential Functions

An exponential function is a function of the

form f (x) = ax where a is a positive constant
and a ̸= 1.
For example f (x) = 2x .
a is called the base and x is called the
exponent or index.
A Natural exponential function is a function
f (x) = e x where e is a number whose value is
e = 2.718281828.
F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 43 / 76
 FUNCTIONS - Exponential Functions cont...

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 44 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Exponential Functions cont...

The domain of an exponential function is the

whole set of real numbers.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 44 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Exponential Functions cont...

The domain of an exponential function is the

whole set of real numbers.
The range of the exponential function is the
set of positive real numbers.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 44 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Exponents

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 45 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Exponents

Let a and b be positive numbers and let x and y

be any numbers. Then

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 45 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Exponents

Let a and b be positive numbers and let x and y

be any numbers. Then
1
ax × ay = ax+y

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 45 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Exponents

Let a and b be positive numbers and let x and y

be any numbers. Then
1
ax × ay = ax+y
2
ax ÷ ay = ax−y

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 45 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Exponents

Let a and b be positive numbers and let x and y

be any numbers. Then
1
ax × ay = ax+y
2
ax ÷ ay = ax−y
3
(ax )y = axy

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 45 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Exponents

Let a and b be positive numbers and let x and y

be any numbers. Then
1
ax × ay = ax+y
2
ax ÷ ay = ax−y
3
(ax )y = axy
1
4
a−x = x
a

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 45 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Exponents

Let a and b be positive numbers and let x and y

be any numbers. Then
1
ax × ay = ax+y
2
ax ÷ ay = ax−y
3
(ax )y = axy
1
4
a−x = x
a√
5
a = ( y a)x
x/y

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 45 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Exponents

Let a and b be positive numbers and let x and y

be any numbers. Then
1
ax × ay = ax+y
2
ax ÷ ay = ax−y
3
(ax )y = axy
1
4
a−x = x
a√
5
a = ( y a)x
x/y

6
(ab)x = ax × b x
F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 45 / 76
 FUNCTIONS - Example 11

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 46 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 11

Find the values of

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 46 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 11

Find the values of

1
10001/3

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 46 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 11

Find the values of

1
10001/3
2
64−5/6

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 46 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 11

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 47 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 11
1

1/3
√
3
1000 = 1000
= 10.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 47 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 11
1

1/3
√
3
1000 = 1000
= 10.

1 1
64−5/6 = = √
645/6 ( 6 64)5
1 1
= 5= .
2 32
F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 47 / 76
 FUNCTIONS - Exponential Equations

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 48 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Exponential Equations

An equation of the form ax = b, where a and b

are any constants and x is an unknown
number, is an exponential equation.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 48 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Exponential Equations

An equation of the form ax = b, where a and b

are any constants and x is an unknown
number, is an exponential equation.
Laws of exponents are used in solving
exponential equations.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 48 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 12

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 49 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 12

Solve the following equations;

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 49 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 12

Solve the following equations;

1
2x+3 − 24 = 40

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 49 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 12

Solve the following equations;

1
2x+3 − 24 = 40
2
72x = 343

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 49 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 12

Solve the following equations;

1
2x+3 − 24 = 40
2
72x = 343
3
2a = 0.125

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 49 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 12

Solve the following equations;

1
2x+3 − 24 = 40
2
72x = 343
3
2a =0.125
 3x−4
1
4
− 1 = 24
25

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 49 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 12

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 50 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 12

1
2x+3 − 24 = 40 ⇒ 2x+3 = 64.
2x+3 = 26 giving x + 3 = 6.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 50 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 12

1
2x+3 − 24 = 40 ⇒ 2x+3 = 64.
2x+3 = 26 giving x + 3 = 6.
Hence x = 3.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 50 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 12

1
2x+3 − 24 = 40 ⇒ 2x+3 = 64.
2x+3 = 26 giving x + 3 = 6.
Hence x = 3.
2
72x = 343 ⇒ 72x = 73 ⇒ 2x = 3.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 50 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 12

1
2x+3 − 24 = 40 ⇒ 2x+3 = 64.
2x+3 = 26 giving x + 3 = 6.
Hence x = 3.
2
72x = 343 ⇒ 72x = 73 ⇒ 2x = 3.
Hence x = 3/2.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 50 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 12

1
2x+3 − 24 = 40 ⇒ 2x+3 = 64.
2x+3 = 26 giving x + 3 = 6.
Hence x = 3.
2
72x = 343 ⇒ 72x = 73 ⇒ 2x = 3.
Hence x = 3/2.
125 1
3
2a = 0.125 ⇒ 2a = = = 2−3.
1000 8

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 50 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 12

1
2x+3 − 24 = 40 ⇒ 2x+3 = 64.
2x+3 = 26 giving x + 3 = 6.
Hence x = 3.
2
72x = 343 ⇒ 72x = 73 ⇒ 2x = 3.
Hence x = 3/2.
125 1
3
2a = 0.125 ⇒ 2a = = = 2−3.
1000 8
Hence a = −3

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 50 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 12 cont...

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 51 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 12 cont...

4.
 3x−4
1
− 1 = 24
25
 3x−4
1
= 25
25

(3x−4)
5−2 = 52
5(−6x+8) = 52.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 51 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 12 cont...

4.
 3x−4
1
− 1 = 24
25
 3x−4
1
= 25
25

(3x−4)
5−2 = 52
5(−6x+8) = 52.
Hence −6x + 8 = 2 ⇒ −6x = −6 giving
x = 1.
F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 51 / 76
 FUNCTIONS - Exercise

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 52 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Exercise

Solve the following equations;

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 52 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Exercise

Solve the following equations;

1
2r +2 − 2r = 48

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 52 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Exercise

Solve the following equations;

1
2r +2 − 2r = 48
1 m +3

2
− 62 + 18 = 0
2

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 52 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Exercise

Solve the following equations;

1
2r +2 − 2r = 48
1 m +3

2
− 62 + 18 = 0
2
3
2t + 2t+2 = 40

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 52 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Logarithmic Functions

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 53 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Logarithmic Functions

A logarithmic function is a function of the

form f (x) = loga x where a is a positive
constant (a ̸= 1) and x is any positive real
number.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 53 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Logarithmic Functions

A logarithmic function is a function of the

form f (x) = loga x where a is a positive
constant (a ̸= 1) and x is any positive real
number.
The domain of this function is the set of all
positive real numbers.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 53 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Logarithmic Functions

A logarithmic function is a function of the

form f (x) = loga x where a is a positive
constant (a ̸= 1) and x is any positive real
number.
The domain of this function is the set of all
positive real numbers.
The range is the entire set of real numbers.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 53 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Logarithmic Functions cont...

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 54 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Logarithmic Functions cont...

If a > 0 and a ̸= 1 then the exponential

function g (x) = ax has inverse
g −1(x) = loga x.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 54 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Logarithmic Functions cont...

If a > 0 and a ̸= 1 then the exponential

function g (x) = ax has inverse
g −1(x) = loga x.
Therefore the statement loga x = y is
equivalent to ay = x.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 54 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Logarithmic Functions cont...

If a > 0 and a ̸= 1 then the exponential

function g (x) = ax has inverse
g −1(x) = loga x.
Therefore the statement loga x = y is
equivalent to ay = x.
For example, since loga 1 = 0, a0 = 1.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 54 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 13

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 55 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 13

Evaluate the following

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 55 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 13

Evaluate the following

1
log4 64

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 55 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 13

Evaluate the following

1
log4 64
2
log3 1/27

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 55 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 13

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 56 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 13

1
Let log4 64 = y . Then 64 = 4y .
43 = 4y giving y = 3.
Therefore log4 64 = 3.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 56 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 13

1
Let log4 64 = y . Then 64 = 4y .
43 = 4y giving y = 3.
Therefore log4 64 = 3.
2
Let y = log3 1/27. Then 1/27 = 3y .
3−3 = 3y giving y = −3.
Hence log3 1/27 = −3.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 56 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Logarithmic Functions cont...

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 57 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Logarithmic Functions cont...

A common logarithm is a logarithm

function to base 10, f (x) = log10 x.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 57 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Logarithmic Functions cont...

A common logarithm is a logarithm

function to base 10, f (x) = log10 x.
In most cases the number 10 is not included,
so it is simply written as log x.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 57 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Logarithmic Functions cont...

A common logarithm is a logarithm

function to base 10, f (x) = log10 x.
In most cases the number 10 is not included,
so it is simply written as log x.
A natural logarithm is a function to base e,
i.e., g (x) = loge x.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 57 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Logarithmic Functions cont...

A common logarithm is a logarithm

function to base 10, f (x) = log10 x.
In most cases the number 10 is not included,
so it is simply written as log x.
A natural logarithm is a function to base e,
i.e., g (x) = loge x.
It is written in short form as g (x) = ln x.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 57 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Logarithms

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 58 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Logarithms

Let x and y be positive numbers and let r be any

number. Then

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 58 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Logarithms

Let x and y be positive numbers and let r be any

number. Then
1
loga a = 1

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 58 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Logarithms

Let x and y be positive numbers and let r be any

number. Then
1
loga a = 1
2
loga (xy ) = loga x + loga y

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 58 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Logarithms

Let x and y be positive numbers and let r be any

number. Then
1
loga a = 1
2
loga (xy ) = loga x + loga y
3
loga (x/y ) = loga x − loga y

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 58 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Logarithms

Let x and y be positive numbers and let r be any

number. Then
1
loga a = 1
2
loga (xy ) = loga x + loga y
3
loga (x/y ) = loga x − loga y
4
loga (x r ) = r loga x

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 58 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Logarithms cont...

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 59 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Logarithms cont...

The following properties follow immediately from

the laws of logarithms:

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 59 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Logarithms cont...

The following properties follow immediately from

the laws of logarithms:
1
loga (ax ) = x

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 59 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Laws of Logarithms cont...

The following properties follow immediately from

the laws of logarithms:
1
loga (ax ) = x
2
aloga x = x

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 59 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Proof

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 60 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Proof

1
loga (ax ) = x loga a = x.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 60 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Proof

1
loga (ax ) = x loga a = x.
2
Let aloga x = y . Taking loga both sides we have
loga aloga x = loga y
loga x loga a = loga y
loga x = loga y .
Therefore x = y = aloga x .

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 60 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 14

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 61 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 14

Express logb x + 2 logb y 2 − logb x 2z as a single

logarithm.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 61 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 14

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 62 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 14

logb x + 2 logb y 2 − logb x 2z

= logb x + logb y 4 − logb x 2z
= logb (xy 4) − logb x 2z
 4
xy
= logb
x 2z
 4
y
= logb .
xz
F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 62 / 76
 FUNCTIONS - Change of Base

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 63 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Change of Base

Theorem

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 63 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Change of Base

Theorem
For any positive integers a, b and m,
logb m
loga m = .
logb a

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 63 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 15

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 64 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 15

1
Evaluate log8 5 correct to 6 decimal places.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 64 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 15

1
Evaluate log8 5 correct to 6 decimal places.
2
Find the value of log5 7.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 64 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 15

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 65 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 15
1

log10 5 0.698970
log8 5 = =
log10 8 0.903089
= 0.773976

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 65 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 15
1

log10 5 0.698970
log8 5 = =
log10 8 0.903089
= 0.773976

ln 7 1.945910
log5 7 = =
ln 5 1.609438
= 1.209061
F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 65 / 76
 FUNCTIONS - Example 16 (Logarithmic Equations)

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 66 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 16 (Logarithmic Equations)

Solve the following equations.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 66 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 16 (Logarithmic Equations)

Solve the following equations.

1
log 5 + log x = 2

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 66 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 16 (Logarithmic Equations)

Solve the following equations.

1
log 5 + log x = 2
2
ln(2x + 3) = 0

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 66 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 16 (Logarithmic Equations)

Solve the following equations.

1
log 5 + log x = 2
2
ln(2x + 3) = 0
3
log x + log(x − 3) = 1

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 66 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 16

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 67 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 16

1
log 5 + log x = 2

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 67 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 16

1
log 5 + log x = 2
log 5x = 2

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 67 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 16

1
log 5 + log x = 2
log 5x = 2
100
5x = 102 = 100 giving x = = 20.
5

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 67 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 16

1
log 5 + log x = 2
log 5x = 2
100
5x = 102 = 100 giving x = = 20.
5
2
ln(2x + 3) = 0

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 67 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 16

1
log 5 + log x = 2
log 5x = 2
100
5x = 102 = 100 giving x = = 20.
5
2
ln(2x + 3) = 0
loge (2x + 3) = 0

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 67 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 16

1
log 5 + log x = 2
log 5x = 2
100
5x = 102 = 100 giving x = = 20.
5
2
ln(2x + 3) = 0
loge (2x + 3) = 0
2x + 3 = e 0 = 1

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 67 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 16

1
log 5 + log x = 2
log 5x = 2
100
5x = 102 = 100 giving x = = 20.
5
2
ln(2x + 3) = 0
loge (2x + 3) = 0
2x + 3 = e 0 = 1
2x = −2 giving x = −1.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 67 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 16 cont...

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 68 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 16 cont...

3. log x + log(x − 3) = 1

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 68 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 16 cont...

3. log x + log(x − 3) = 1
log x(x − 3) = 1

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 68 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 16 cont...

3. log x + log(x − 3) = 1
log x(x − 3) = 1
x 2 − 3x = 10

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 68 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 16 cont...

3. log x + log(x − 3) = 1
log x(x − 3) = 1
x 2 − 3x = 10
x 2 − 3x − 10 = 0 giving x = 5 and x = −2.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 68 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 16 cont...

3. log x + log(x − 3) = 1
log x(x − 3) = 1
x 2 − 3x = 10
x 2 − 3x − 10 = 0 giving x = 5 and x = −2.
Since logarithms are defined for positive
numbers only, we ignore x = −2 and report
the answer as x = 5.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 68 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Exercise

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 69 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Exercise

Solve the following equations;

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 69 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Exercise

Solve the following equations;

 x log2 x
1
= 8x
2
2
log2 3x = log2 5 + log2(x − 2)
3
ln x + ln(x − 1) = ln(4x)
4
log(3x − 10) = 2 + log(x − 2)

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 69 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Applications of Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 70 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Applications of Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions

A number of quantities are modelled by the

equation
Q(t) = Q0e kt
where Q0 is the initial amount present at t = 0,
t is the time and k is a non-zero constant.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 70 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Applications of Exp and Log Functions
cont...

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 71 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Applications of Exp and Log Functions
cont...

If k > 0, the values of Q(t) grow without

bound with time and the equation is called
exponential growth equation.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 71 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Applications of Exp and Log Functions
cont...

If k > 0, the values of Q(t) grow without

bound with time and the equation is called
exponential growth equation.
If k < 0 the values of Q(t) will reduce towards
zero and the equation is called exponential
decay equation.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 71 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 17

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 72 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 17

The population of a city in 1970 was 153800.

Assuming that the population increases
continuously at a rate of 5% per year, predict the
population of the city in the year 2010.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 72 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 17

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 73 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 17

Initial population is Q0 = 153800,

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 73 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 17

Initial population is Q0 = 153800,

the rate of growth is k = 5/100 = 0.05 and

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 73 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 17

Initial population is Q0 = 153800,

the rate of growth is k = 5/100 = 0.05 and
time is t = 2010 − 1970 = 40 years.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 73 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 17

Initial population is Q0 = 153800,

the rate of growth is k = 5/100 = 0.05 and
time is t = 2010 − 1970 = 40 years.
Thus in the year 2010 the population of the city
was expected to be

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 73 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 17

Initial population is Q0 = 153800,

the rate of growth is k = 5/100 = 0.05 and
time is t = 2010 − 1970 = 40 years.
Thus in the year 2010 the population of the city
was expected to be
Q(40) = 153800e (0.05)40
= 153800e 2
≈ 1136437.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 73 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 18

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 74 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Example 18

The number of milligrams of a drug in a person’s

system after t hours is given by the function
Q(t) = 20e −0.4t . When will the amount of the
drug be 0.1 milligram (or almost completely gone
from the system)?

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 74 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 18

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 75 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 18
We put Q(t) = 0.1 and solve the equation
0.1 = 20e −0.4t .

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 75 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 18
We put Q(t) = 0.1 and solve the equation
0.1 = 20e −0.4t .
Now
0.1 = 20e −0.4t
0.005 = e −0.4t
ln(0.005) = ln e −0.4t
ln(0.005) = −0.4t.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 75 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 18
We put Q(t) = 0.1 and solve the equation
0.1 = 20e −0.4t .
Now
0.1 = 20e −0.4t
0.005 = e −0.4t
ln(0.005) = ln e −0.4t
ln(0.005) = −0.4t.

ln(0.005) −5.2983
Therefore t = = = 13.25.
F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA
−0.4 −0.4
FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 75 / 76
 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 18 cont...

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 76 / 76

 FUNCTIONS - Solution to Example 18 cont...

Hence after approximately 13 hours and 25

minutes, the amount of the drug will be almost
gone with only 0.1 milligrams remaining in the
body.

F. CHAMERA, A. SOKO BUNDA FUNCTIONS October 10, 2023 76 / 76