Python Exam-Oriented Notes
Unit 1 – Introduction to Python
Python is a high-level, interpreted, object-oriented programming language.
Features: Simple, Open Source, Portable, Extensible, Large Library Support.
Sample Program:
print("Hello, Python!")
Unit 2 – Basics of Python
Variables: Used to store data. Example: x = 10
Data Types: int, float, str, bool, list, tuple, dict, set.
Operators: Arithmetic (+, -), Relational (>, <), Logical (and, or, not).
Input/Output: input() & print().
Unit 3 – Control Statements
Decision Making: if, elif, else.
Loops: for, while.
Jump Statements: break, continue, pass.
Unit 4 – Functions & Modules
Defining Functions: def add(a,b): return a+b
Default & Keyword Arguments.
Lambda Functions: sum = lambda x,y: x+y
Modules: import math, random.
Unit 5 – Data Structures
List: Mutable sequence. Example: nums = [1,2,3]
Tuple: Immutable sequence. Example: tup = (1,2,3)
Set: Unordered unique collection. Example: s = {1,2,3}
Dictionary: Key-value pairs. Example: d = {'a':1,'b':2}
List Comprehension: [x**2 for x in range(5)]
String Handling: s = 'Python'; [Link](), [Link](), s[::-1]
Unit 6 – Exception Handling
try-except-finally block handles errors gracefully.
Example:
try:
x=1/0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error")
raise: Used to raise exceptions manually.
Unit 7 – File Handling
Open a File: f = open('[Link]','r')
Read & Write: [Link](), [Link]('text')
Close File: [Link]()
With Statement: with open('[Link]') as f: data = [Link]()
Unit 8 – Object-Oriented Programming
Class & Object: class Car: pass; obj = Car()
Constructor: def __init__(self): [Link]='BMW'
Inheritance: class B(A): pass
Polymorphism: Method Overriding.
Encapsulation: Hiding data using private variables (_var).
Abstraction: Using ABC module for abstract classes.
Unit 9 – Python Libraries
NumPy: Array operations. Example: import numpy as np; [Link]([1,2,3])
Pandas: DataFrames & Series. Example: import pandas as pd; [Link]()
Matplotlib: Visualization. Example: import [Link] as plt; [Link]([1,2,3])
Unit 10 – Important Programs
Factorial:
def fact(n): return 1 if n==0 else n*fact(n-1)
Fibonacci:
a,b=0,1
for i in range(5): print(a); a,b=b,a+b
Palindrome:
s='madam'; print(s==s[::-1])
Prime Check:
for i in range(2,n): if n%i==0: print('Not Prime')
Unit 11 – Quick Revision Questions
Q1. What are Python's key features?
Q2. Difference between list, tuple, set, dict?
Q3. What is the difference between == and is?
Q4. Explain global & local variables.
