Object Oriented Programming

Concepts
Prepared using following Resources:
➢ Herbert Schildt, “Java: The Complete Reference”, Tata McGrawHill Education
➢ E Balagurusamy, Programming with Java - A Tata McGraw Hill Education
➢ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java/
➢ https://www.javatpoint.com/java-tutorial
➢ https://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/index.htm
➢ https://www.w3schools.com/java/

By: DIVAKARA .N
• Background
• Programming Paradigms
• Concepts of OOPL
• Major and Minor elements
• Class, Object and relationships among objects
• Encapsulation
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance
• Message passing
• Difference between OOP and other conventional
programming
• Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
Background:
• The process problem solving using a computer is
complicated process requiring careful planning,
logical precision, persistence and attention to
detail.
• A programmers primary task is to write software to
solve a problem.
• Many programming models have evolved to help
programmers in being more effective such as
Modular, Top-down, Bottom-up, Structured,
Object-Oriented programs etc.
Programming Paradigms:

• All computer programs consists of two elements:

Code and
Data
• A program can be conceptually organised around
its code or around its data.

• Major Programming Paradigms are:

Procedure Oriented
Object Oriented
Programming Paradigms: … POP
• The interdependent functions cannot be used in other
programs. As a result, even for a similar task across
programs, the entire function has to be recoded. This
made program development a more complex task.
• A change means rewriting huge portions of the code.
As a result of this, software maintenance costs are very
high.
• This approach failed to show the desired result in
terms bug free, easy-to-maintain and reusable
programs.
Programming Paradigms: … OOP
• An approach that provides a way of modularizing
programs by creating partitioned memory area for both
data and code that can be used as templates for
creating copies of such modules on demand.
• OOP is a programming methodology that helps
organizing complex programs through the use of the
three principles – Encapsulation, Polymorphism and
Inheritance.
• OOP enables you to consider a real-world entity as an
object.
• OOP combines user-defined data and instructions into
Programming Paradigms: … OOP…
It is a well suited paradigm for the following:
• Modelling the real world problem as close as
possible to the perspective of the user.
• Constructing reusable software components and
easily extendable libraries.
• Easily modifying and extending implementations
of components without having to recode everything
from scratch.
 Concepts of OOP Languages
• Classes
• Objects
• Encapsulation
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance
• Dynamic Binding
• Message Communication
 Concepts of OOP Languages…
Classes: “An user-defined data type/ADT”
• A blue print used to instantiate many objects.
• Defines set of data members (States/Attributes) and set of
methods (Behaviors).
• A template for an object / Collection of objects of similar
type.
• No memory is allocated when a class is created. Memory
is allocated only when an object is created, i.e., when an
instance of a class is created.
 Concepts of OOP Languages…
Classes: …
• Eg: A Class of Cars under which Santro Xing, Alto and WaganR
represents individual Objects. In this context each Car Object will
have its own, Model, Year of Manufacture, Colour, Top Speed,
Engine Power etc., which form Properties of the Car class and the
associated actions i.e., object functions like Start, Move, Stop form
the Methods of Car Class.
 Concepts of OOP Languages…
Objects: “Instances”
• The basic Building Blocks/Run-time Entities having two characteristics: State and
Behavior.
• An Object is a collection of data members and associated member functions also
known as methods.
• Each instance of an object can hold its own relevant data.
• Memory is allocated only when an object is created, i.e., when an instance of a
class is created.
• Eg: Employee emp1; emp1 = new Employee(); OR
Employee emp1 = new Employee();
 Concepts of OOP Languages…
Encapsulation: “Wraps Data and Method”
• The mechanism that binds together Code and the Data it
manipulates.
• Keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse.
• The wrapping up of data and methods into a single unit
called class, access is tightly controlled through a well
defined interfaces.
 Concepts of OOP Languages…
Polymorphism: “ability to take more than one form”
• A feature that allows one interface to be used for a general
class of actions.
• It allows an object to have different meanings, depending
on its context.
• “One Interface, Multiple Methods” to design a generic
interface to a group of related activities.
• Eg: Coffee day vending machine
 Concepts of OOP Languages…
Polymorphism: …
 Concepts of OOP Languages…
Inheritance: “The Idea of Reusability”
• The process by which one object acquires the properties of another
object OR the process of forming a new class from an existing class or
base class.
• Supports the concepts of hierarchical classifications.
• Inheritance helps in reducing the overall code size of the program.
 Concepts of OOP Languages…
Dynamic Binding: “Associated with the concept of
Inheritance and Polymorphism”

• At run-time the code matching the object under current

reference will be called.
 Concepts of OOP Languages…
Message Communication: “A request for execution of a method”

• Objects communicate with one another by sending and

receiving information.
• A message of an object is a request for execution of a
procedure/method that generates desired result.
• Eg: student1.examResult(4JC10CS901);
Difference between OOP and other conventional programming
Procedure Oriented Object Oriented
Emphasis is on procedure rather than Emphasis is on data, data is hidden and
data, characterises a program as a cannot be accessed by external functions.
series of linear steps.
Process-centric approach Data-centric approach
Programs are written around “What is Programs are written around “Who is
happening” – Code acting on data. being affected” – Data controlling access
to code.
Programs are divided into smaller Programs are divided into objects, may
parts called functions/modules. communicate with each other through
methods.
Function can call one from anther and Objects are independent used for different
difficult to separate due to programs.
interdependency between modules.
Follows Top-down approach in Follows Bottom-up approach.
program design.
Eg: Basic, Pascal, COBOL, Fortran, Eg: Smalltalk, C++, Objective C, Ada,
C, etc. Objective Pascal, Java(Pure OOL), etc.
 Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
Simplicity: software objects model real world objects, so the
complexity is reduced and the program structure is very clear.

Modularity: each object forms a separate entity whose

internal workings are decoupled from other parts of the
system.

Modifiability: it is easy to make minor changes in the data

representation or the procedures in an OO program. Changes
inside a class do not affect any other part of a program, since
the only public interface that the external world has to a class
is through the use of methods.
 Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:...
Extensibility(Resilience – System can be allowed to evolve): adding new
features or responding to changing operating environments can be solved
by introducing a few new objects and modifying some existing ones.
Maintainability: objects can be maintained separately, making locating
and fixing problems easier.

Re-usability: objects can be reused in different programs.

Design Benefits: Large programs are very difficult to write. OOPs force
designers to go through an extensive planning phase, which makes for
better designs with less flaws. In addition, once a program reaches a certain size,
Object Oriented Programs are actually easier to program than non-Object Oriented
ones.
 Advantages and Disadvantages…
Disadvantages:
• Size: Programs are much larger than other programs.
• Effort: Require a lot of work to create, coders spent more time
actually writing the program.
• Speed: Slower than other programs, partially because of their size
also demand more system resources.
• Not all programs can be modelled accurately by the objects model.
• One programmer's concept of what constitutes an abstract object
might not match the vision of another programmer.
However; many novice programmers do not like Object Oriented
Programming because of the great deal of work required to produce
minimal results.
Applications:
• User-Interface Design (CUI/CLI, GUI...WIN), Games, CAD/CAM/CIM systems
• Real-Time System
• Simulation and Modeling
• Object-Oriented Database
• Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems
• Neural Networks and Parallel Programs
• Decision Support and Office Automation System

A software that is easy to use hard to build. OOP changes the

way software engineers will Think, Analyse, Design and
Implement systems in the future.