KEY

PART A
Part 1. 1. B
2. D
3. B
4. D
5. B
6. B
Interviewer: Today, I welcome two experts on technology and learning: Michael Bale and
Helen Brown. Good (Woman) morning to you both. Michael, how is technology influencing
learning?

Michael: Well, one of the things technology has given us is the ability to share huge amounts of
knowledge online. The Khan Academy, for example, is an online school where you can take
courses for free. It doesn't restrict us to traditional classrooms. Students can learn at their
own pace at home. Having said that, the videos often assume prior knowledge of a subject,
and visual learning doesn't suit every student's learning style.

Interviewer: Could the Khan Academy potentially replace the traditional school?

Michael: It's doubtful it was ever meant to. Khan provides learning for a range of people, not
just students. But for a novice, the sheer volume of practice material can be overwhelming.
Khan was definitely a quantum leap in making learning accessible to everyone — even those
who can't go to school. But I doubt that it allows for the creativity which comes from
interacting face-to-face with other students and teachers.

Interviewer: What do you think, Helen?

Helen: Khan certainly instructs very effectively, but education isn't just the acquisition of
knowledge — it's questioning, evaluating ways of thinking and being open to new ideas
and problem-solving. One site that celebrates this is TED. You've probably heard of it.
Interviewer Yes, but could you give us an overview for our listeners? Helen: Certainly. TED is
a non-profit organization. Its motto is Ideas worth spreading. It offers short, online
presentations by people who are very inspiring for free. TED started in 1984, but really got
off the ground in 1990, as a conference covering three areas: Technology, Entertainment
and Design, hence the name. Later, TED expanded into other fields of interest to cover the
full spectrum of topics: science, art, business, poetry ... you name it!

Interviewer: OK, so how are presentations chosen?

Michael: Well, speakers have 6-18 minutes to present their ideas. Google the top 20 TED talks
and certain names come up time and again. Sir Ken Robinson is one of them. His highly
amusing talk focused on whether schools are killing creativity by expecting every child to learn
the same subjects in the same way. He believes schools must undergo a transformation to better
prepare children for a rapidly evolving world. An integral part of this, he says, is accepting that
creativity is a fundamental quality of all children, and that we must encourage it because the
children of today will be the designers and educators of tomorrow.

Interviewer: But we have no idea how the future will look. So how do you educate for that,

Helen? Helen: Well, for a start, you don't restrict creativity. Another point, which resonates with
many of us, is that schools instill a fear of making a mistake in pupils. And we have to get
away from that because an inventor who's afraid to get it wrong will never invent anything.
The road to success is paved with mistakes, Robinson says.

Interviewer: People obviously agree — his talk has been viewed 39 million times!

Michael: Exactly. And that fear of error has a knock-on effect as children grow. We seem to
educate them out of trying to be creative. And speaking of creativity, in another TED talk, Jane
McGonigal reflects on the power of gaming to change the world. Now I know some people
would say garners are just escaping into an imaginary world to avoid dealing with reality ... or
they're obsessed. But it's hard to dismiss what she says about thinking outside the box.

Interviewer: But what's the connection between gaming and changing the world? You've lost
me there.

Michael: Well, in her TED talk, McGonigal describes what happened in the kingdom of Lydia
(or Maeonia) in ancient times. Apparently, there was a terrible famine in the kingdom and
people were starving, so King Atys improvised a plan — people ate one day and played dice
games the next to divert their attention from hunger. In this way, they survived for 18 years,
and according to Herodotus, dice games were invented in Lydia. So what you have is a large
number of people finding a creative solution to the problem of being hungry by
collaborating and playing games.

Interviewer: OK, but do gamers today collaborate?

Michael: I think the figures speak for themselves. One popular game, World of Warcraft,
has millions of players in over 230 countries who collaborate in a variety of ways.

Interviewer: So do we underestimate the potential of gaming for learning?

Helen: Totally. Through gaming, we become better problem-solvers. Garners are optimistic
about winning, they concentrate intensely for hours, pool their knowledge and seem to enjoy
being part of an 'epic win" — working for something greater than yourself, like saving a world!
Applying players' abilities to world problems in a game could generate creative solutions.
The sky's the limit!

Interviewer: And there we must leave it. Thank you both.

Part 2.

1. progress

2. vehicular pollution

3. time

4. administration costs

5. scheme

6. minor (small) adjustments

7. paperless office

8. conscience

9. desire

My name’s Sophie Reece and I’d like to talk to you today about a conservation group that I’m
involved in. I work with a group of like-minded people who believe we owe a debt to nature for
everything mankind has done over the years in the name of progress, which has caused a lot of
damage along the way. I’m of course talking about the many different ways in which we
pollute this planet of ours through industry, ignorance and our negligent behaviour.

Anyone who has left the tap running while cleaning their teeth, left a light on in an empty
room, just thrown a plastic bottle away instead of recycling it or left the TV on standby has
contributed to the state that the planet is in today, and I’m not even going to talk about the
impact caused by the millions of cars on our roads. Vehicular pollution is too big a topic to
tackle today. The bottom line is that, any way you look at it, we’re all to blame and my group
wants to make amends.

I joined the group two and a half years ago. I was only planning to volunteer for a short period,
but the more I did, the more I wanted to carry on. Everyone in the group is a volunteer, and
they give as much time as they can. It’s a non-profit organisation but we still have to raise
funds. We’ve carried out a few fundraisers in my time there but mostly we rely on donations to
cover administration costs.
We’ve already completed a number of projects over the last couple of years. We’ve organised
clean-up days, recycling drives, tree plantings and much more but we wanted to go further so
we created a scheme to assist companies in the area to reduce their impact on the environment.

We go into participating businesses and work with them to identify areas where, by making
minor adjustments to working practices, they can make a difference. And sometimes it’s very
small adjustments that can have the biggest results. One company that we worked with
recently, a publishing company, had an extremely high level of paper usage. Although they did
recycle their paper waste, the cost to the environment was still high.

While recycling is always a positive, it’s better for the environment if you don’t use the natural
resources in the first place and recycling still uses power so we helped them find ways to
reduce the amount of paper they went through. And, can you believe that, by the time we left,
they were on their way to becoming a paperless office, which is quite an astounding
accomplishment if you think about it.

For those of you that might be interested in doing something similar, there are lots of ways you
can do your bit. You could sign up with us for one of our events, I’m not saying you have to
join my group, I didn’t come here to recruit members, no, you could just help out at one of our
tree planting or clean-up days. Alternatively, there are a number of other groups that run similar
ventures and you can volunteer with one of them. Anything you can do to help the environment
is great and it will ease your conscience and put your mind at rest that something is being done.

While it’s very commendable giving your time to one of these causes, you can always simply
start at home making small adjustments to how you carry out everyday tasks, like not doing the
things I mentioned at the beginning of my talk. Turning off the tap when you’re cleaning your
teeth saves precious water and turning lights off and not leaving things on standby conserves
energy. It’s not a question of having a passion for everything ecological, you just need to have a
desire to do some good, which I personally think we all have.

Part 3.

Speaker 1 1 E
Speaker 2 2 B
Speaker 3 3 H
Speaker 4 4 A
Speaker 5 5 C

Speaker 1 6 D
Speaker 2 7 H
Speaker 3 8 B
Speaker 4 9 F
Speaker 5 10 A

Speaker One

It happened because my mother changed the sheets and, as she told me later, she heard a
banging sound in the washing machine. She stopped the programme because she was curious
about the noise and of course, there was my phone ! It had obviously got left on my bed, so it
was my fault really. We tried everything to dry it out, putting it in a bowl of rice overnight, you
know, as they suggest you should do, but the water had already done too much damage and
the phone never worked properly again. It was an old one, so it didn't matter too much but it
was annoying that I couldn't retrieve one or two things, some of the first photos I took of
my friends are gone forever. It took me a few days to catch up on my social media updates
when I finally got a new phone set up. Some of my friends thought I'd disappeared!

Speaker Two

I was late for work and in a bit of a rush. When I got to work, I realised I didn't have my phone,
and thought I'd probably left it charging at home. But when I got home that evening, it wasn't
there. Then I called the taxi firm, because I'd taken a cab to work that morning. But they said
nothing had been handed in. To this day, I don't know what happened to it, whether I lost it
or someone stole it. It was almost new and quite an expensive model. Luckily, I was able to
erase it remotely and then I knew that my personal information was safe. There were a lot of
contacts on there that I wasn't able to recover and l had to start again with a new device the
next day. I'm going to be a whole lot more careful with my mobile in future!

Speaker Three

Well, it's inevitable, isn't it, that technology will let you down? For me, it couldn't have
happened at a worse time. I was on a business trip and my mobile suddenly just froze. I tried
everything you are supposed to do, I tried taking out the battery and putting it in again, turning
it off and turning it on again and fiddling with the various cards, but nothing worked. It was
really a disaster because it meant that I could only contact people using my laptop, so I
was a bit lost for a day or two, not being able to call people. I had to wait till I was back
home to get it fixed by a specialist and those two days without it made me realise how
much I rely on it.

Speaker Four

I wanted to be offline for a few days. I hate the idea that people expect me to be available at all
times. So, to relax properly on my fishing trip, I turned off my phone because I didn't
want any interruptions. I don't think anything is so important that it can't wait forty-eight
hours and I knew if something was really urgent, my family would alert my companion. Of
course I forgot that having turned off my phone, the alarm wouldn't ring and I didn't get
up at the crack of dawn as I was planning. But apart from that, yes, I can recommend turning
your phone off from time to time, to really recharge your own batteries.

Speaker Five

I panicked a bit when it happened. It just fell out of my hand and onto the kitchen floor. I
immediately knew it was broken, the screen was smashed to pieces. I was so cross with
myself. That thing was my constant companion; my whole life was stored in there, from work
to games to correspondence, videos and photos - everything. Thank goodness I had saved the
important stuff to the cloud, as they call it. I had to replace it, of course, but for the short time
I was without it, I felt lost and disconnected from the world. Terrible, isn't it, that we should
be so reliant on these devices?

PART B
Part 1:

1.A 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.B 9.A 10. C 11A 12B 13B
14C 15C 16B 17A 18C 19A 20A

1.Money was short and people survived by ____ and saving.

A.scrimping B.scavenging C.scouring D.scrounging

Scrimping and saving: sống tằn tiện,dè dặt

2. You can try reformatting your computer, but once you open that ____, you’ll probably
be working on it for days.

A.apple of discord B.can of worms C.load of cobblers D.spot of brother

can of worms: chuyện rắc rối

3. The luxurious office accentuated the manager’s position ____ in everything. Every detail
is matched on each side.
A.on the pecking pole B.at the nipping post C.at the nipping post D.in the
pecking order

in the pecking order: xếp hạng phân bậc về mức độ quan trọng của các thành viên trong một tổ
chức hay thứ hạng trong một cuộc thi đấu

4. The first ____ of the ladder is important in your career.

A.step B.grade C.push D.rung

The first rung of the ladder: 1 giai đoạn trong 1 quá trình,thoog qua đó để đạt được sự tiến bộ

5. Anyone who lies under oath will be charged with ____ the course of justice.

A.perverting B.inverting C.converting D.diverting

perverting the course of justice.: hđ bất hợp pháp để tránh bị phạt hoặc bắt nhầm người bị trừng
phạt

6. I’m realy glad that pompous oaf lost his court case, maybe that will bring him down a
____ or two.

A.step B.notch C.peg D.rung

bring him down a beg or two: làm ai bớt huênh hoang,vênh váo

7. The designer refuses to glid the ____, preferring clean,simple lines for his creations.

A.lily B.flower C.rose D.daisy

Glid the lily: tô điểm

8. She ____ agreed to go with him to the football match although she had no interest in the
game at all.

A. apologetically B. grudingly C. shamefacedly D. discreetly

Grudingly agree: miễn cưỡng đồng ý

9. The number of people traveling by air has been growing ____ .

A. by leaps and bounds B. from time to time C. slow but true D. by hook
and crook

by leaps and bounds: tăng 1 sách đột ngột,vượt bậc

10. The Red Cross is ____ an international aid organization.

A.intriguingly B.intrusively C. intrinsically D.intrepidly

Intrinsically: về bản chất,thực chất

11. I don't drink at all because I come from a long line of alcoholics, and I am determined to_
the cycle!

A. break B. crack C. crash D. shatter

break the cycle: không còn tham gia/ thực hiện/ tiếp tục những thói quen/ lối sống không lành
mạnh nữa.

12. She played her_ card during the debate by bringing up her opponent's earnings from
investment firms that contributed to the global recession just a few years prior.

A,winner B,ACE C,wrong D,bogus

play (one’s) ace card: dùng cái gì mạnh nhất/ thế mạnh của mình để lấn án hoặc giành lợi thế
trước ai

13 I know that certain people can come across as selfish or mean-spirited, but you should try_ a
mile in their shoes before you dismiss them too quickly.

A. running B. walking C. riding D. hiking

walk mile in (someone’s) shoes: đặt mình vào tình cảnh của người khác, dành thời gian để cổ
gắng tìm hiểu, cân nhắc về quan điểm, năng lực, kinh nghiệm của người khác trước khi đánh
giá.

14. A: "But what about all those times I took the trash out when you hadn't even asked me to?"

B: ”That has nothing to do with why you're in trouble now, so stop_at straws."

A damping B. grappling C. clutching D. Clasping

clutch/ grasp at straws: cố tìm kiếm một giải pháp hay điều gì mang lại hy vọng, ngay cả khi
biết là rất ít khả năng có được

15. You need to stop sweeping your problems under the_. Nothing will get resolved like that!

A.rug B.mat C.carpet D.Tapestry

sweep sth under the carpet: che dấu hay che đậy một vài điều gì đó không mấy có lợi hoặc xấu
xa nào đó

16. I didn't run for mayor expecting to find a_ berth---I'm prepared to fight for the
changes I believe will make this a better city!

A,comfy B. soft C. thin D. fine

soft berth: tình huống/công việc/vị trí dễ dàng.

17. We'll have to go back to_ one if the government pulls our funding on this project

A square B. equal C. even D. Fair

go back to square one: bắt đầu lại từ đầu

18. Pedal to the_, boys-we need to get these packages shipped by the end of the day.

A. alloy B. leaf C. metal D. Ingot

pedal to the metal: lái xe nhanh nhất có thể, nỗ lực hết sức vào việc gì đó

19. That's the last time you play_, mister! From now on, I'm dropping you to school every
morning!

A,wag B. nod C. shake D. flutter

play (the) wag: Tự vắng mặt hoặc rời đi sớm hơn so với thời gian quy định, như đi làm về/tan
trường sớm hơn mấy bạn khác (trốn học).

20 This thesis will attempt to_ the waterfront of English Law from 1950 to the present.

A,cover B. seal C. cap D. bury

cover the waterfront/ field: am hiểu rộng, bao gồm nhiều khía cạnh của vấn đề
Part 2. The passage below contains 10 errors. Underline and correct them. Write your
answers in the correspondent numbered boxes. No. (0) has been done for you. (10pts).

1. active -> actively 2. highly spending -> high-spending

3. by defining -> by definition 4. Like -> As
5. vulnerable of-> vulnerable to 6. inhabitation -> inhabitants
7. character -> characteristic 8. human acts -> human actions
9. its -> their 10. economics -> economies

Part 3.For questions 1-10, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the numbered
space
provided.

1. unrealistic : phi thực tế

2. desperation: sự tuyệt vọng
3. pushy: thúc ép
4. tantamount: tương đương với

5. self-harm: tự làm hại bản thân

6. virtual: ảo

7. dramatically

8. buddies: bạn

9. deprivation: sự tước đoạt

10. erractic: thất thường

11. antisocial : khó gần gũi
12. skyrockets: tăng mạnh
Part 4.
1C 2A 3C 4C 5A 6D 7B 8D
Lowell, Massachusetts is not a particularly (1) _____ place; it's a medium-sized town of about
100,000 citizens, most of whom have average incomes and live comfortable lives. But it serves
as a turning point in the history of women's rights, as the women there fought against the (2)
_____ conditions they endured at the city's textile mills in the 1800s. Almost 8,000 women -
some as young as 13 - were employed at the mills that (3) _____ the industrial landscape of
Lowell at the time. Employment gave these 'Mill Girls' a certain kind of independence for the
first time in their lives, because before then, their husbands did not (4) _____ their wives or
daughters working outside the home.
But before this story begins to sound like a tale of employer (5) ___, it is important to point out
that employers hired the women at half the wages of the men, proving that there was nothing
truly kind in their actions. They thought they could (6) _____ away with it, but in an ironic
twist, the women, with their new-found sense of empowerment, (7) ___ a strike against their
employers. Some very positive developments came (8) ____ the resistance; employers had to
cave in to their demands and the women were offered better wages and working conditions.
1. a. effective b. instrumental c. affluent d. impoverished
Affluent =having a lot of money or owning a lot of things
2. a. oppressive b. domineering c. stifling d. overwhelming
Oppressive = cruel and unfair
3. detracted b. distracted c. dominated d. diversified
Dominate= to have control over a place or a person, or to be the most important person or thing
4. a. condemn b. contain c. condone d. confine
Condone = to accept or allow behaviour that is wrong
5. a. benevolence b. justice c. equality d. mercy
Benevolence = the quality of being kind and helpful
6. a. stay b. run c. do d. get
get away with sth =to succeed in avoiding punishment for something// to do something
successfully although it is not the best way of doing it
7. a. occupied b. mounted c. formed d. pickets
Mount = to organize and begin an activity or eventto mount an
attack/campaign/challenge/protest
8. a. away with b. up to c. down to d. out of
come out of sth =If something comes out of a process or event, it is one of the results// reach
the end of a process or event

Part 5. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one
word in each gap. Write your answer in correspondent numbered boxes.

1. 2. 3. rise 4. intentions/intents/aims/purposes 5.
shape breadline /objectives/goals/plans/schemes/aspirations expense
/ambitions/desires

6. host 7. named 8. 9. thumbed 10.

sheaves studded/
lit
Part 6.
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. D
6. B 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. D
It stands to reason that galaxies, large star systems that contain millions or even billions of
stars, should collide with one another fairly often, given that the average separation between
galaxies is only approximately 20 times the diameter of the average galaxy. In contrast, stars
almost never collide because the average distance between stars is astronomical, perhaps
10,000,000 times their diameter.
Using a telescope, it is possible to find hundreds of galaxies that appear to be colliding.
However, when two galaxies appear to come into contact, there is in reality no direct contact
between the stars of one galaxy and the stars of the other. Instead, the two galaxies pass through
each other, and the gravitational forces in the two galaxies alter the shapes of the galaxies, often
producing tails and bridges. One well-known pair of colliding galaxies, for example, is called
the Mice because each of the two interacting galaxies resembles a mouse with a long tail, and
the Whirlpool galaxy appears to be connected to a smaller galaxy by means of a bridge
extending from one of its long spirals. It is impossible for astronomers to monitor the changing
shapes of colliding galaxies because the interactions between galaxies last hundreds of millions
of years, but it is possible to study galaxies in various stages of collision and draw conclusions
about what happens when galaxies collide.
In certain situations, when two galaxies collide, they do not always pass through each other
and emerge as two separate galaxies. In one situation, if two galaxies are moving slowly
enough, they may collide and then may not have enough velocity to escape each other's
gravitational pull after the collision. In this case, the two galaxies will collide, and then move
past each other, and then be pulled back to collide again, and continue this way until they
eventually merge into a single galaxy. In another situation, if a much larger galaxy comes into
contact with a smaller galaxy, the larger galaxy may absorb the smaller one in a process called
galactic cannibalism. In this process, a larger galaxy first pulls away the outer stars of the
smaller galaxy and then begins to pull at the denser core. While the process of galactic
cannibalism is taking place and the two galaxies are merging into one, the cores of both the
larger galaxy and the smaller galaxy can be clearly visible.
Some giant elliptical galaxies, with what appear to be multiple nuclei, have been found in
the skies, and astronomers once thought that these giant galaxies were giant galactic cannibals
that had consumed many smaller galaxies recently enough that the cores of the cannibalized
galaxies were still intact. One such galaxy, with what appeared to be eight separate nuclei, was
found and was used to put forth the hypothesis that galaxies could be voracious monsters
capable of swallowing up uncountable other galaxies simultaneously. However, further studies
have shown that the numerous nuclei that seemed to be part of a single large galaxy were in
reality the nuclei of smaller galaxies that were in front of or behind the larger galaxy. Thus,
astronomers are now confident that galactic cannibalism exists among a limited number of
interacting galaxies; however, astronomers are not convinced of the existence of cannibalistic
galactic monsters that swallow up large numbers of smaller galaxies simultaneously.
Signs of galactic cannibalism exist even in our own galaxy, the Milky Way. Astronomers
have found younger stars south of the galaxy's disk, where only older stars should be found,
suggesting that the younger stars formed when our galaxy cannibalized a smaller galaxy.
Furthermore, it can be clearly seen now that our galaxy is beginning to digest the Magellanic
Clouds, which are small irregular galaxies that are companions to the Milky Way and are
visible in the southern skies over Earth.
1. Which of the following is NOT true according to paragraph 1?
A. Galaxies may contain billions of stars.
B. On the average, the distance between galaxies is around 20 times the diameter of a
galaxy.
C. It is unusual for stars to collide.
D. The average distance between stars is 70 times their diameter
1. Điều nào sau đây KHÔNG đúng theo đoạn 1?
A. Các thiên hà có thể chứa hàng tỷ ngôi sao.
B. Trung bình, khoảng cách giữa các thiên hà bằng khoảng 20 lần đường kính của một thiên
hà.
C. Các ngôi sao va chạm vào nhau là điều bất thường.
D. Khoảng cách trung bình giữa các ngôi sao gấp 70 lần đường kính của chúng
Clue: given that the average separation between galaxies is only approximately 20 times the
diameter of the average galaxy
 do sự khoảng cách trung bình giữa các thiên hà chỉ bằng khoảng 20 lần đường kính của
thiên hà trung bình
2. The author mentions tails and bridges in paragraph 2 in order to
A. provide a visual image of the parts of galaxies that have been affected by gravitational
forces
B. provide examples of the types of galaxies that tend to collide
C. describe the recognizable characteristics of the colliding galaxies called the Mice
D. create a visual roadmap of the routes that galaxies take through the skies
2. Tác giả đề cập đến đuôi và cầu trong đoạn 2 nhằm mục đích
A. cung cấp hình ảnh trực quan về các phần của thiên hà đã chịu tác dụng của lực hấp dẫn
B. cung cấp ví dụ về các loại thiên hà có xu hướng va chạm
C. mô tả các đặc điểm dễ nhận biết của các thiên hà va chạm được gọi là the Mice
D. tạo ra một lộ trình trực quan về các tuyến đường mà các thiên hà đi qua bầu trời
Clue: Instead, the two galaxies pass through each other, and the gravitational forces in the
two galaxies alter the shapes of the galaxies, often producing tails and bridges.
3. The word last in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
A. end in B. endure for C. finish with D. lose out to
Last= kéo dài,chịu đựng =endure for
4. The word merge in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A. divide B. swallow C. join D. appear
Merge=join= hợp nhất,gộp lại
5. What occurs during galactic cannibalism, according to paragraph 3?
A. A larger galaxy is absorbed by a smaller one.
B. The first step involves pulling at the core of the smaller galaxy.
C. The outer stars of the smaller galaxy are absorbed by its core.
D. The core of the smaller galaxy generally manages to remain visible
5. Điều gì xảy ra trong quá trình nuốt chửng của các thiên hà, theo đoạn 3?
A. Thiên hà lớn hơn bị hấp thụ bởi thiên hà nhỏ hơn.
B. Bước đầu tiên liên quan đến việc kéo lõi của thiên hà nhỏ hơn.
C. Các ngôi sao bên ngoài của thiên hà nhỏ hơn bị hấp thụ bởi lõi của nó.
D. Lõi của thiên hà nhỏ hơn nói chung vẫn có thể nhìn thấy được
Clue: While the process of galactic cannibalism is taking place and the two galaxies are
merging into one, the cores of both the larger galaxy and the smaller galaxy can be clearly
visible.
Trong khi quá trình nuốt chửng/hút đồng loại của các thiên hà đang diễn ra và hai thiên hà
đang hợp nhất thành một, có thể nhìn thấy rõ lõi của cả thiên hà lớn hơn và thiên hà nhỏ hơn.
6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence
in paragraph 4?
A. Astronomers have recently found some giant galaxies that have cannibalized a number
of galaxies.
B. Astronomers used to think that certain giant galaxies that appeared to have a number of
nuclei were galactic cannibals
C. When astronomers find galaxies with multiple nuclei, they know that they have found
galactic cannibals.
D. Even though a galaxy has multiple nuclei, it is not certain whether or not the galaxy is a
galactic cannibal.
6. Câu nào dưới đây thể hiện thông tin cần thiết trong câu được đánh dấu ở đoạn 4?
A. Các nhà thiên văn gần đây đã tìm thấy một số thiên hà khổng lồ đã ăn thịt một số thiên
hà.
B. Các nhà thiên văn từng nghĩ rằng một số thiên hà khổng lồ dường như có một số hạt
nhân là thiên hà hút các thiên hà khác
C. Khi các nhà thiên văn tìm thấy thiên hà có nhiều hạt nhân, họ biết rằng họ đã tìm thấy
thiên hà ăn thịt người.
D. Mặc dù một thiên hà có nhiều hạt nhân nhưng không thể chắc chắn thiên hà đó có phải là
thiên hà ăn thịt đồng loại hay không.
Clue: astronomers once thought that these giant galaxies were giant galactic cannibals that
had consumed many smaller galaxies recently enough that the cores of the cannibalized
galaxies were still intact
và các nhà thiên văn từng nghĩ rằng những thiên hà khổng lồ này là những kẻ nuốt chửng
khổng lồ đã hút nhiều thiên hà nhỏ hơn gần đây đủ để lõi của các thiên hà ăn thịt người vẫn còn
nguyên vẹn.
7. The phrase put forth in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. encounter B. understand C. deny D. promote
Put forth =promote= thúc đẩy
8. Why does the author mention voracious monsters in paragraph 4?
A. To emphasize how violently the galaxies strike each other
B. To emphasize how much energy the giant galaxies consume
C. To emphasize how many smaller galaxies the giant galaxies seem to consume
D. To emphasize how really big the giant galaxies are
8. Tại sao trong đoạn 4 tác giả lại nhắc đến những con quái vật phàm ăn?
A. Để nhấn mạnh mức độ dữ dội của các thiên hà tấn công nhau
B. Để nhấn mạnh mức năng lượng mà các thiên hà khổng lồ tiêu thụ
C. Để nhấn mạnh có bao nhiêu thiên hà nhỏ hơn mà các thiên hà khổng lồ dường như tiêu
thụ
D. Để nhấn mạnh mức độ thực sự lớn của các thiên hà khổng lồ
Clue; One such galaxy, with what appeared to be eight separate nuclei, was found and was
used to put forth the hypothesis that galaxies could be voracious monsters capable of
swallowing up uncountable other galaxies simultaneously.
Một thiên hà như vậy, với những gì dường như là tám hạt nhân riêng biệt, đã được tìm thấy
và được sử dụng để đưa ra giả thuyết rằng các thiên hà có thể là những con quái vật phàm ăn có
khả năng nuốt chửng các thiên hà khác không đếm được đồng thời.
9. It is stated in paragraph 4 that scientists today are quite certain that
A. galactic cannibalism does not really exist
B. there is a limited amount of galactic cannibalism
C. galactic cannibalism is commonplace
D. galactic cannibals are capable of taking over numerous small galaxies at the same time
9. Trong đoạn 4 có nêu rằng các nhà khoa học ngày nay khá chắc chắn rằng
A. thiên hà nuốt chửng đồng loại không thực sự tồn tại
B. số lượng thiên hà nuốt chửng/hút đồng loại có hạn
C. thiên hà nuốt chửng đồng loại là phổ biến
 D. những nuốt chửng thiên hà khác có khả năng chiếm đoạt nhiều thiên hà nhỏ cùng một
lúc
Clue: Thus, astronomers are now confident that galactic cannibalism exists among a limited
number of interacting galaxies
Do đó, các nhà thiên văn học hiện nay tin chắc rằng thiên hà nuốt chửng thiên hà khác tồn
tại trong một số lượng hạn chế các thiên hà tương tác;
10. Based on the information in paragraph 5, what will be most likely to happen to the
Magellanic Clouds in the distant future?
A. They will become galactic cannibals.
B. They will develop separate nuclei.
C. They will become regular galaxies.
D. They will become part of the Milky Way
10. Dựa vào thông tin ở đoạn 5, hãy cho biết điều gì có khả năng xảy ra với Đám mây
Magellan trong tương lai xa?
A. Chúng sẽ trở thành những kẻ ăn thịt thiên hà.
B. Chúng sẽ phát triển các hạt nhân riêng biệt.
C. Chúng sẽ trở thành những thiên hà thông thường.
D. Chúng sẽ trở thành một phần của Dải Ngân hà
Clue: Furthermore, it can be clearly seen now that our galaxy is beginning to digest the
Magellanic Clouds, which are small irregular galaxies that are companions to the Milky Way
and are visible in the southern skies over Earth.
Hơn nữa, có thể thấy rõ rằng hiện nay thiên hà của chúng ta đang bắt đầu tiêu hóa các Đám
mây Magellan, là những thiên hà nhỏ không đều, là bạn đồng hành của Dải Ngân hà và có thể
nhìn thấy ở bầu trời phía nam trên Trái đất

Part 7:
1. xi 2. vii 3. v 4. i 5. ix 6. ii 7. x
8. YES 9. NO INFORMATION 10. NO
i Scientists’ call for a revision of policy
ii An explanation for reduced water use
iii How a global challenge was met
iv Irrigation systems fall into disuse
v Environmental effects
vi The financial cost of recent technological improvements
vii The relevance to health
viii Addressing the concern over increasing populations
ix A surprising downward trend in demand for water
x The need to raise standards
xi A description of ancient water supplies
1. Paragraph A: ……………….
Paragraph B: iii
2. Paragraph C: …………..…..
3. Paragraph D: ………………
4. Paragraph E: ………………
5. Paragraph F: ……………….
6. Paragraph G: ……………….
7. Paragraph H: ……………….
MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT

A The history of human civilisation is entwined with the history of the ways we
have learned to manipulate water resources. As towns gradually expanded, water
was brought from increasingly remote sources, leading to sophisticated
engineering efforts such as dams and aqueducts. At the height of the Roman
Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built
sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is
provided in many parts of the industrial world today.= Vào thời kỳ đỉnh cao của
Đế chế La Mã, chín hệ thống chính, với cách bố trí sáng tạo gồm các đường ống
và hệ thống cống được xây dựng tốt, đã cung cấp cho người dân thành Rome
lượng nước trên mỗi người nhiều như ở nhiều nơi trên thế giới công nghiệp ngày
nay.
->Mô tả nguồn cung cấp nước cổ đại
C Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the world’s
population still suffers, with water services inferior to those available to the
ancient Greeks and Romans. As the United Nations report on access to water
reiterated in November 2001, more than one billion people lack access to clean
drinking water; some two and a half billion do not have adequate sanitation
services. Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000
children everyday, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in
 efforts to solve these problems.= Như báo cáo của Liên hợp quốc về tiếp cận nước
vào tháng 11 năm 2001, hơn một tỷ người không được tiếp cận với nước sạch;
khoảng hai tỷ rưỡi không có dịch vụ vệ sinh đầy đủ. Các bệnh liên quan đến nước
có thể phòng ngừa giết chết ước tính khoảng 10.000 đến 20.000 trẻ em mỗi ngày,
và bằng chứng mới nhất cho thấy chúng ta đang tụt hậu trong nỗ lực giải quyết
những vấn đề này.
->Mức độ liên quan đến sức khỏe
D The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardising human health.
Tens of millions of people have been forced to move from their homes – often
with little warning or compensation – to make way for the reservoirs behind dams.
More than 20% of all freshwater have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems
where they thrive. Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce
agricultural productivity=Hơn 20% tổng lượng nước ngọt đã phá hủy các hệ sinh
thái sông chảy tự do, nơi chúng phát triển mạnh. Các biện pháp tưới tiêu nhất định
làm suy giảm chất lượng đất và giảm năng suất nông nghiệp.. Groundwater
aquifers are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenished in parts
of India, China, the USA and elsewhere. And disputes over shared water resources
have led to violence and continue to raise local, national and even international
tensions.
->Tác động về môi trường
E At the outset of the new milennium, however, the way resource planners think
about water is beginning to change. The focus is slowly shifting back to the
provison of basic human and environmental needs as top priority – ensuring
‘some for all’, instead of ‘more for some’=Tuy nhiên, khi bắt đầu thiên niên kỷ
mới, cách các nhà hoạch định tài nguyên nghĩ về nước đang bắt đầu thay đổi.
Trọng tâm đang dần chuyển trở lại vấn đề coi nhu cầu cơ bản của con người và
môi trường là ưu tiên hàng đầu - đảm bảo "một số cho tất cả", thay vì "nhiều hơn
cho một số".. Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrustructure
be used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities, which is increasingly
considered the option of last, not first, resort. This shift in philosophy established
water organisations. Nevertheless, it may be the only way to address successfully
 the pressing problems of providing everyone with clean water to drink, adequate
water to grow food and a life free from preventable water-related illness.
->Các nhà khoa học kêu gọi sửa đổi chính sách
F Fortunately – and unexpectedly – the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as
some predicted=May mắn thay - và thật bất ngờ - nhu cầu về nước không tăng
nhanh như một số dự đoán.. As a result, the pressure to build new water
infrastructures has diminished over the past two decades. Although population,
industrial output and economic productivity have continued to soar in developed
nations, the rate at which people withdraw water from aquifers, rivers and lakes
has slowed. And in a few parts of the world, demand has actually fallen=Mặc dù
dân số, sản lượng công nghiệp và năng suất kinh tế tiếp tục tăng cao ở các quốc
gia phát triển, tốc độ người dân rút nước từ các tầng chứa nước, sông và hồ đã
chậm lại. Và ở một vài nơi trên thế giới, nhu cầu thực sự đã giảm.
->Nhu cầu nước giảm đáng ngạc nhiên
G What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: people have figured
out how to use water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their
priorities for water use=Điều gì giải thích sự chuyển biến đáng chú ý này? Hai yếu
tố: mọi người đã tìm ra cách sử dụng nước hiệu quả hơn và cộng đồng đang suy
nghĩ lại về các ưu tiên sử dụng nước của họ.. Throughout the first three-quarters
of the 20th century, the quantity of freshwater consumed per person doubled on
average; in the USA, water withdrawals increased tenfold while the population
quadrupled. But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per person has
actually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve
water in homes and industry. In 1965, for instance, Japan used approximately 13
million gallons of water to produce $1 million of commercial output; by 1989 this
had dropped to 3.5 million gallons (even accounting for inflation) – almost a
quadrupling of water productivity. In the USA, water withdrawals have fallen by
more than 20% form their peak in 1980.
->Giải thích cho việc giảm sử dụng nước
H On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still
have to be built, particularly in developing countries where basic human needs
 have not been met=Mặt khác, các con đập, hệ thống dẫn nước và các loại cơ sở hạ
tầng khác vẫn sẽ phải được xây dựng, đặc biệt là ở các nước đang phát triển, nơi
các nhu cầu cơ bản của con người chưa được đáp ứng.. But such projects must be
built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and
their environment than in the past. And even in regions where new projects seem
warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting
ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.= Và ngay cả ở những vùng mà các dự
án mới dường như được đảm bảo, chúng ta phải tìm cách đáp ứng nhu cầu với ít
tài nguyên hơn, tôn trọng các tiêu chí sinh thái và ngân sách nhỏ hơn.
->Sự cần thiết phải nâng cao tiêu chuẩn
Part 8.
1C 2E 3D 4A 5D 6C 7A 8F 9B 10E
Places to visit around the world
A Preah Vihear, Cambodia
This enigmatic temple/fortress near the Thai/Cambodian border welcomed tourists until, in
1993, the Khmer Rouge settled here. Though they soon left, it was ten years before Preah
Vihear was completely reopened - Cambodia finally finished the access road in 2003. The
original temple was started in the 9th century, although it was subsequently maintained and
enlarged by many different kings->Q7. For the makers, the cracking views were incidental:
building the temple on a mountain was designed to encourage religious meditation.

The best way to reach Preah Vihear is to hire a driver or join a coach party from Siem Reap. If
you go under your own steam you might want to stay overnight in the basic accommodation at
the foot of the mountain or the even more primitive accommodation atop the 550m peak. The
area has been largely cleared of land mines but it's probably best to stick to the main paths-
>Q4.

B Gorgongosa National Park

Ten years ago, this magnificent wildlife park in central Mozambique was an environmental
disaster area. In 1971, 12,000 visitors came here, attracted by the greatest lion population in
Africa. From 1983 to 1992, the park was the stage for many battles in Mozambique's civil war.
By 1992, when peace arrived, the park's stock of large mammals had fallen by 95%.->Q9

The park, a day's drive from the capital Maputo, was partially reopened in 1998. Gorgongosa's
recovery has gathered momentum this year. Buffalo have been reintroduced and the park has
received donations from internet mogul Greg Carr and rock star Ronnie Wood. It may be a
while before the cheetah and rhino return but 1,862m- high Mount Gorgongosa is still an
unforgettable hike.
C Johannesburg
Johannesburg is a bustling modern city set against the grandeur of African horizons. It was here
Nelson Mandela began the revolution that destroyed apartheid, and today the same spirit lives
on in the diverse population - they are now living the new South African dream.

After the end of Apartheid in 1994, many felt the change to democratic government would spell
decline. That simply hasn't happened->Q6 - instead, the negative image of the city has taken a
turn for the better. Johannesburg has an edge, no-one can deny that, but recently it has shaken
off its reputation for grime and crime. The centre of town is beginning a hesitant renaissance -
restaurants are multiplying, the theatre is booming - while its outer suburbs are flourishing.
This is a city where, against all odds, people from all walks of life are coming together and
forging something new->Q1.

D Northern India
Palanquin Traveller has a new programme of cultural studies on location, designed to satisfy
the seriously inquisitive traveller. Origins of the Buddha is a journey across northern India
travelling in the Buddha's footsteps. Visiting important sites in Buddha's life is not just for
pilgrims - this expedition stays in rural villages and homes to get a better understanding of how
modern and traditional India strive to co-exist->Q5. The tour is led by scholar Shantum Seth,
who is not only a charismatic companion and fascinating guide, but also an adviser to the UN
and Unesco.

This thirteen-day trip involves some challenging trekking and basic mountain climbing so
appropriate clothing and footwear is essential->Q3. Accommodation and all food included in
holiday price.

E Estonia
Would you like to spend your next holiday in an Eastern European bog? This may seem like a
daft idea, until you realise 50% of Estonia is made up of virgin forest, including some of the
most glorious and pristine bogs in Europe. The landscape is unmarred by human construction,-
>Q2 save the boardwalks that penetrate this soggy countryside as shown on 'Light and Land's'
new photography trip to Estonia. Mineral islands amongst the murky pools provide a haven for
wildlife - bears, lynx, flying squirrels and elk - and denning sites for Estonia's thriving wolf
population.

Point your lens upwards to the peaks of the ancient pines and you'll find an array of birdlife
from golden eagles to white-backed woodpeckers. On the ground, there's a host of curious flora
and wild flowers including orchids, bittercress and lady's slipper. Led by wildlife enthusiast and
photographer Niall Benvie, this is an unusual and rewarding trip to a wilderness in Europe.-
>Q10
F Sail the Galapagos
This really is the trip of a lifetime. This seven-day expedition is in association with the
Galapagos Conservation Trust. Sailing on the Sagitta is an experience in itself - three masts
tower above this handsome tall ship and sails ripple into action as she sets off around the
archipelago to mingle with the world's friendliest wildlife.->Q8. This trip is led by Galapagos
naturalist, author and photographer David Horwell. Pick his brains on the local fauna and flora
over the scrumptious Ecuadorian food on board.

Help collect data for the Trust and be part of a team of select scientists for a fortnight.
Contribute to the effort to conserve this magical part of the world. This truly is a 'green holiday'
where tourist becomes conservationist rather than destroyer of the planet.
Part 9. 119. H

“But if they don't succeed, there is another option: building new eco-cities entirely from
scratch.” connects with “Incredibly, this is already happening.”

“The aim for both is to build sustainable, zero-carbon communities that showcase green
technology and demonstrate what smart urban planning can achieve in the 21st century.”
connects with “Rather than just design a city in the same way we'd done it before, we can focus
on how to minimise the use of resources to show that there is a different way of doing it”

“Work on Masdar, 17km from Abu Dhabi, began in 2008, while Dongtan, near Shanghai, will
eventually be home to half a million people.” connects with “Wood is one of hundreds of
people at Arup, the engineering and architecture giant, hired by Shanghai Industrial Investment
Corporation to set out a master plan for the Dongtan eco-city.”

120. A

“Wood is one of hundreds of people at Arup, the engineering and architecture giant, hired by
Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation to set out a master plan for the Dongtan eco-city.”
connects with “The city will be built on a corner of Chongming Island in the mouth of the
Yangtze River”

“It will be made up of three interlinked, mixed-use villages, built one after the other.” connects
with “Only electric vehicles will be allowed in the city and residents will be discouraged from
using even those because each village is planned so that the need for motorised transport is
minimal.”

121. C

“Then, not only have you made the situation easier because you've reduced the energy demand,
but it also means that producing it from renewable sources becomes easier because you
don't have to produce quite as much” connects with “That's a big cornerstone of Arup's
design for Dongtan. The aim is that the city will require 66 percent less energy than a
conventional development, with wind turbines and solar panels complementing some 40
percent that comes from biological sources.”

122. D

“These include human sewage and municipal waste, both of which will be controlled for
energy recovery and composting. Meanwhile, a combined heat and power plant will burn
waste rice husks” connects with “Arup's integrated, holistic approach to city planning goes
further still”

123. F

“Although it will take a different approach in terms of design, like Dongtan, the city is planned
to be a zero-carbon, uber-efficient showcase for sustainable living.” connects with “Even so,
under the guidance of architects as Foster and Partners, the city is just as ambitious as its
Chinese counterpart and also hinges on being able to run on low power”

124. B

“In the blistering desert of the Gulf state, where it's almost too hot to venture outdoors for three
or four months of the year, the big question for Masdar is how to keep cool without turning
on the air-conditioning” connects with “The skin of each building will be crucial. Thick
concrete would only soak up heat and release it slowly, so instead engineers will use thin
walls that react quickly to the sun”

125. E

“They say that it would be easy for places like these to become a St Tropez or a Hamptons,
where only rich people live” connects with “Given that this concern is legitimate, developers
of both cities would do well to incorporate both a range of housing and jobs to make them
inclusive to everyone”