P. S.
Chidambara Nadar Senior English School,
Virudhunagar- 626001
A PROJECT REPORT ON
STUDY OF PHENOMENON OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
(2023-2024)
SUBMITTED BY
NAME: [Link]
[Link]
CLASS: XII-D
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that [Link] Shree,[Link] of class
XII D of P. S. Chidambara Nadar Senior English School,
Virudhunagar has done her project on “STUDY OF
PHENOMENON OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION”
under my supervision.
She has taken interest and has shown at most sincerity in
completion of this project.
I certify this Project up to my expectation and as per
guidelines issued by CBSE, NEW DELHI.
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
Principal
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Table Of Contents
S. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 5
WORKING AND
2. 7
CONSTRUCTION
3. LENZ'S LAW 9
APPLICATIONS OF
4. ELECTROMAGNETIC 11
INDUCTION
OBSERVATIONS
5. 15
5. CONCLUSION 16
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 17
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ACKNOWLEDGeMENT
‘Thankful to the God who gives us the Triumph’
First I would like to thank the LORD ALMIGHTY for all the
blessing he has endowed upon me. With profound sense of
indebtedness, I thank my parents for their immense love and
support to do this project.
I express my grateful thanks to [Link] Nadar
Senior English School for giving me the wonderful opportunity of
doing this project.
I extend my deep sense of gratitude and heartfelt thanks to
our Principal [Link] M.C.A., [Link]., for her source
of encouragement and support who always put me on the
correct track to analyse the problems from different angle and to
complete the project within the stipulated time.
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude
and sincere thanks to [Link] [Link].,[Link].,[Link] her
moral support and valuable advice.
At last but not the least I express my heartfelt thanks to my
family members and all my friends who had helped me in each
and every step I took to complete my project successfully.
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INTRODUCTION
Invention:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of
induction in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the work
of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph
Henry made a similar discovery, but did not publish his findings
until later.
Induced E.M.F.:
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f. will be
generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and explained by
Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered
that an e.m.f. could be generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each
other or by.
(b) changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux
in some way.
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
[Link] time rate of change of magnetic flux through a
circuit induces emf in it.
[Link] magnitude of induced emf in a circuit is equal to the
time rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.
1.
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Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is changing.
For example, consider two coils as shown in Figure [Link] A is
connected to a galvanometer and coil B is connected to a battery
and has direct current flowing through it. Coil A is within the
magnetic field produced by B and an e.m.f. can be produced in A
by moving the coils relative to each other or by changing the size of
the current in B. This can be done by using the rheostat R, switching
the current on or off, or using an a.c. supply for B.(An e.m.f. could
also be produced in coil A by replacing coil B with a permanent
magnet and moving this relative to coil A).
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Working and Construction
Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a
magnetic field because the magnetic lines of force are applying a
force on the free electrons in the conductor and causing them to
move. This process of generating current in a conductor by placing
the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction.
This is called induction because there is no physical connection
between the conductor and the magnet. The current is said to be
induced in the conductor by the magnetic field.
One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to take
place is that the conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must be
perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force in order to produce the
maximum force on the free electrons. The direction that the induced
current flows is determined by the direction of the lines of force and
by the direction the wire is moving in the field. In the animation
below the ammeter (the instrument used to measure current)
indicates when there is current in the conductor.
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If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the
electromagnetic field that is produced is constantly growing and
shrinking due to the constantly changing current in the wire. This
growing and shrinking magnetic field can induce electrical current
in another wire that is held close to the first wire.
The current in the second wire will also be AC and in fact will
look very similar to the current flowing in the first wire. It is
common to wrap the wire into a coil to concentrate the strength of
the magnetic field at the ends of the coil. Wrapping the coil around
an iron bar will further concentrate the magnetic field in the iron
bar. The magnetic field will be strongest inside the bar and at its
ends (poles).
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Lenz's Law
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux
according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such
that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change
which produces it.
Lenz’s Law states that,
The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a
current which opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced
it.
Illustrations of Lenz’s law:
The North-pole of a bar magnet is being pushed towards the
closed coil. As the North-pole of the bar magnet moves towards the
coil, the magnetic flux through the coil increases. Hence current
induced in the coil in such a direction that it opposes the increase in
flux. This is possible only if the current in the coil is in a counter-
clockwise direction (anticlockwise direction) with respect to an
observer situated on the side of the magnet.
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Note that magnetic moment associated with this current has
North polarity towards the North-pole of the approaching magnet.
Similarly, if the North pole of the magnet is being withdrawn from
the coil, the magnetic flux through the coil will decrease.
To counter this decrease in magnetic flux the induced current in
the coil flows in clockwise direction and its South pole faces the
receding North-pole of the bar magnet. This would result in an
attractive force which opposes the motion of the magnet and the
corresponding decrease in flux.
The induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts
to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant.
In the examples below, if the B field is increasing, the induced
field acts in opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced field
acts in the direction of the applied field to try to keep it constant.
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Applications of electromagnetic Induction
1. Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to
relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the
phenomenon underlying electrical generators.
When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or
vice versa, an electromotive force is created.
If the wire is connected through an electrical load, current will
flow, and thus electrical energy is generated, converting the
mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy.
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2. Electrical transformer
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for
electrical transformers.
When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the
changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A second wire
in reach of this magnetic field will experience this change in
magnetic field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux,
dΦB / dt.
Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second loop
called the induced EMF or transformer EMF.
If the two ends of this loop are connected through an electrical
load, current will flow.
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3. Magnetic flow meter:
Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of electrically
conductive liquids and slurries. Such instruments are called
magnetic flow meters.
The induced voltage Ɛ generated in the magnetic field B due to
a conductive liquid moving at velocity v is thus given by:
Ɛ=-Blv
Where, l is the distance between electrodes in the magnetic
flow meter.
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The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied
in many devices and systems, including:
1. Electrical generators
2. Induction motors
3. Induction sealing
4. Inductive charging
5. Transformers
6. Wireless energy transfer
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OBSERVATIONS
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CONCLUSION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed
and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electro-magnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic; the essence of Faraday’s
is not hard to grasp: it relates an induced electric potential or voltage
to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many far-reaching
ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from the shining
of the sun, to the convenience of mobile communications, to
electricity to power our homes. We can all appreciate the profound
impact Faraday’s Law has on us.
PRECAUTIONS
Keep yourself safe from high voltage.
Use & handle lab instruments with care.
Do not scratch insulated copper wire while making loop.
Do not use digital voltmeter for above demonstration.
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BIBILIOGRAPHY
• Comprehensive Physics Lab Manual XII
• Physics PART I Textbook For Class XII
• [Link]
• [Link]/[Link]
• [Link]
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