Diagnostic system
Diagnostic:
Diagnostic is defined as,
identification of disease by the
examination of symptoms
and signs.
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Types of diagnostic test
Clinical diagnostic:
A Diagnostic mode on the basis of
Medical signs and patient reported
symptoms
Laboratory diagnostic:
Diagnostic based on significantly on
laboratory reports or test results
rather than physical evaluation of the
patient
Radiology diagnostic:
Diagnostic based on the results
from Medical imaging studies of
conspicuous section
Computer aided diagnostic:
Providing symptoms and medical
images allows the computer to
identify the problems and diagnose
to the best of its ability.
Lab Diagnostic system
Lab diagnosis system or in-vitro diagnostic system makes it
possible to identify the microorganism causing an infectious
disease and appropriate treatment. They also make it possible
to detect noninfectious disease. The most parameters that to
be established regarding any clinical test are that, it should be
done demonstrate to the sufficient degree of reliability and
validity. If these two parameters are not met, then the test
value in assisting a physician or clinicians to arrive at a
diagnosis conclusion and form a treatment plan or monitor a
patient's progress in waste or questionable.
Advantages
Physicians rapidly obtain the right result with the
appropriate test for the doubtful health condition.
Weak points in the test process are readily
recognized, necessary changes are done immediately.
Human errors are minimized and legal certainty is
improved.
Diagnostic decisions are very transparent and
accessible to all involved in patient care.
Important to detect any suspected outbreak.
Disadvantages
Not applicable among patients with complex
diseases.
Lack of flexibility and individuality.
i.e. Lacks changes in the method of test
depending on individual patient.
Only suitable for a patients with a clear
symptoms.
Imaging not included.
Applications of computer
in Lab Diagnostic system
Taking bio samples and analyzing the results is an
important part of working in a medical lab, and
computers will do much of work there as well.
Sophisticated computer technology can quickly
determine whether the levels of proteins,
amino acids, sugars and other elements are within
normal ranges. These computers can also be used
to generate results that are sent to the patient’s
physician.
ABG machine / blood gas analyzer
Blood gas analysis which is also known as
arterial blood gas analysis which is meant to find
the amount of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide as
well as the acidity (pH) of the blood. It may also
measure electrolytes and metabolites.
Biochemistry analyzer
An Automated biochemistry analyzer is
medical Diagnostic lab equipment which is
designed to measure different Chemicals and
other characteristics in a number of biological
samples with minimal human assistance.
Cell count / Hemology analyzer
Cell counter analysis is automated system that
counts leucocytes, red cells and platelets in the
blood.
Urine analyzer
A urine analyzer is equipment which is used
in the medical laboratory for performing
automatic urine testing. Urine analyzer
analyses bilirubin, protein, glucose and red
blood cells.
Electrolyte analyzer
Electrolyte analyzer are used to measure
electrolyte levels in human body and to detect
metabolic imbalances and measure renal and
Cardiac functions as also for blood plasma and
serum or urine samples.
Patient monitoring system
Definition:
it is defined as repeated continuous
observation or measurements of the
patients physiological function and the
functions of the life support equipment
which help in making decisions regarding
in therapeutic interventions.
Introduction
Patient monitoring system is very
critical monitoring system used for
monitoring physiological signals
including electrocardiography (ECG),
respiration, blood pressure, oxygen
saturation in human blood and body
temperature.
i.e. care of the critically ill patient
requires prompt and accurate
decisions, so that life protecting and
lifesaving therapy can be
appropriately applied. ICU specially
requires a computer system for
patient monitoring.
There are five categories of patients
who need physiological monitoring.
patient with unstable physiological
regularity systems.
Example: patient whose respiratory system is
suppressed by the drug overdose are
anesthesia.
Patient at a high risk of developing a life
threatening condition.
Example: patient immediately after open
heart surgery.
Patient with suspected life threatening
condition.
Example: patient indicating acute
myocardial interaction.
Patient with critical health condition.
Example: Patient with multiple trauma.
Mother and baby during the delivery or
labor process.
Motives of development of
Computer Based monitoring
To increase the availability and accuracy of data.
To compute derived variables that could not be
measured directly.
To increase patient care efficiency.
To allow display of the time trend of patient data.
To assist in Computer aided decision making.
Purpose of use of computer
in ICU
To acquire physiological data frequently or
continuously such as BP readings.
To communicate information from data
from producing systems to remote
locations
Example from laboratory to radiology
department.
To store, organize and report data.
To integrate and correlate data from
multiple sources.
To provide clinical alert and advisories
based on multiple sources of data.
To function as a decision making tool that
health professionals use in planning the
care of critically ill patients.
To measure the severity of illness for
patient classification purpose.
To analyze the outcomes of ICU care in
terms of clinical effectiveness and cost-
effectiveness.
Pharmacy information system
Pharmacy information system is used in in-inpatient
and outpatient settings. It is a system that has many
different functions in order to maintain the supply
and Organization of drugs.
It can be separate system for Pharmacy usage only
or can be coordinated with a patient Hospital
Computer Physician Order Entry System. A PIS
paired with a Computer Physician Order Entry
System allows for an easier transfer of
information. PIS are used to reduce medication
errors, increase patient safety, report drug usage
and track cost.
In-patient information system are used in
hospital settings while out-patient
information systems are used in home
setting for discharged patients long-term
care facility and home healthcare.
The PIS includes E-prescription, tracking
inventory, maintaining databases and
tracking drug events
Definition
PIS are complex computer systems
that have been designed to meet
the needs of Pharmacy
department. Through the use of
such a system, pharmacist can
supervise and have inputs on how
medication is used in hospital.
Application of PIS in
pharmacy department
Clinical screening: PIS can assist in-patient care by
monitoring of drug interactions, drug allergies and
other possible medications related to complications.
Prescription management:
PIS can also be used to manage prescription of in-
patient and out-patient. When prescription orders
are received the orders matched to available
Pharmaceutical products and then dispensed
accordingly depending on whether the patient is in-
patient or out-patient.
It is possible to track all prescriptions passed through
the system from who described the drug, when it is
prescribed and when it is dispense.
Inventory management
Pharmacy requires a continuous inventory, in order to
ensure that drugs do not go out of stock.
This is made even more difficult when there are
multiple dispensing points. PIS aid inventory
management by maintaining an internal Inventory of
all Pharmaceutical products providing alerts when the
quantity of an item is below the set quantity and
providing an electronic ordering system that
recommends the ordering of the affected item with
the appropriate quantity from approved supplier.
Patient profile
PIS are also used to manage patient profile which
contains details of their current and past medications,
known allergies and physiological parameters.
Report generation
Most PIS can generate reports which range
from determining medication usage patterns in
the hospitals to the cost of drugs purchased or
dispenser
Interactivity with other systems
It is important that pharmacy information
system should be able to interact with other
available system such as the clinical
Information Systems to receive prescription
orders and financial information system for
billing and charging
