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Chapter 5 of the Biology textbook covers nutrition, defining it as the process by which organisms obtain and utilize food. It distinguishes between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition, detailing human digestive systems and the functions of various nutrients. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of a balanced diet and outlines deficiency diseases associated with nutrient shortages.

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44 views7 pages

Text To PDF Y2m

Chapter 5 of the Biology textbook covers nutrition, defining it as the process by which organisms obtain and utilize food. It distinguishes between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition, detailing human digestive systems and the functions of various nutrients. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of a balanced diet and outlines deficiency diseases associated with nutrient shortages.

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ariaweiwei75
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Biology – Chapter 5: Nutrition

1. Introduction

Nutrition: The process by which living organisms obtain and utilize food for energy,
growth, and maintenance.

Nutrients: Chemical substances in food required for survival (carbohydrates, proteins,


fats, vitamins, minerals, water).

Types of nutrition:

1.
Autotrophic – Organisms make their own food (plants photosynthesis).

2.
Heterotrophic – Organisms depend on others for food (animals, humans).

2. Modes of Nutrition
1.
Autotrophic Nutrition

Photosynthesis: Plants use sunlight, CO₂, and water make glucose.


Equation:

6CO2+6H2O C6H12O6+6O26CO₂ + 6H₂O C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂6CO2+6H2O C6H12O6+6O2

Importance: Provides food and oxygen to all living beings.

2.
Heterotrophic Nutrition

Herbivores eat plants.

Carnivores eat animals.

Omnivores eat both plants & animals.

Saprophytic feed on dead matter (fungi).

Parasitic feed on host (tapeworm, plasmodium).

3. Human Nutrition

(a) Human Digestive System


Main parts:

1.
Mouth teeth & saliva (amylase digests starch).

2.
Oesophagus moves food by peristalsis.

3.
Stomach gastric juice (HCl, pepsin digests proteins).

4.
Small Intestine bile (from liver), pancreatic juice, intestinal enzymes digest fats,
proteins, carbs.

5.
Large Intestine absorbs water.

6.
Rectum & Anus stores and expels waste.

(b) Digestive Juices and Enzymes

Saliva contains amylase (starch maltose).

Gastric Juice HCl, pepsin (protein peptides).


Bile emulsifies fats.

Pancreatic Juice trypsin (proteins), lipase (fats), amylase (carbs).

Intestinal Juice maltase, sucrase, lactase (sugars).

4. Nutrients and Their Functions


1.
Carbohydrates

Source of energy.

Examples: rice, wheat, bread, sugar.

2.
Proteins

Growth and repair of body tissues.

Examples: meat, eggs, pulses, milk.


3.
Fats

Store energy, insulation.

Examples: butter, oil, ghee, nuts.

4.
Vitamins

Regulate body functions.

Examples: Vitamin A (eyes), D (bones), C (healing), K (clotting).

5.
Minerals

Iron (hemoglobin), Calcium (bones), Iodine (thyroid).

6.
Water

Maintains temperature, dissolves substances, essential for life.


5. Balanced Diet

A balanced diet contains all nutrients in proper amounts.

Importance: Provides energy, growth, immunity, and prevents deficiency diseases.

6. Deficiency Diseases

Vitamin A Night blindness.

Vitamin D Rickets.

Vitamin C Scurvy.

Vitamin K Bleeding disorders.

Iron Anemia.
Iodine Goiter.

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