11.
How do you handle
missing data?
Answer :
Handling Missing Data:
- Removal: Delete rows or
columns with missing
values.
- Imputation: Fill in
missing values with mean,
median, mode, or using
algorithms like KNN.
- Prediction: Use models
to predict and replace
missing values.
12. What are some
common algorithms for
clustering?
Answer :
Common Clustering
Algorithms:
- K-Means: Partitions data
into K clusters based on
the mean distance.
- Hierarchical Clustering:
Builds a hierarchy of
clusters using a tree-like
structure.
- DBSCAN (Density-Based
Spatial Clustering of
Applications with Noise):
Finds clusters based on
the density of data points.
13. What is the difference
between correlation and
causation?
Answer :
Correlation:
- Measures the strength
and direction of the
relationship between two
variables.
- Correlation does not
imply causation.
Causation:
- Indicates that one event
is the result of the
occurrence of the other
event; there is a
cause-and-effect
relationship.
14. Explain the Central
Limit Theorem (CLT) and
its significance.
Answer :
Central Limit Theorem
(CLT):
- States that the
distribution of the sample
mean of a sufficiently
large number of
independent and
identically distributed
(i.i.d.) variables will
approximate a normal
distribution, regardless of
the original distribution of
the population.
- Significance: Allows for
the use of normal
distribution properties in
inferential statistics, such
as confidence intervals
and hypothesis testing.
15. What are some
techniques for handling
imbalanced datasets?
Answer :
Techniques for Handling
Imbalanced Datasets:
- Resampling:
Over-sampling the
minority class or
under-sampling the
majority class.
- Synthetic Data
Generation: Using
techniques like SMOTE
(Synthetic Minority
Over-sampling
Technique).
- Anomaly Detection:
Treating the minority
class as anomalies.
- Ensemble Methods:
Using algorithms like
Random Forest or
boosting that can handle
imbalance.
- Adjusting Class Weights:
Assigning higher weights
to the minority class
during training.
16. Explain the concept of
feature engineering and
its importance.
Answer :
Feature Engineering:
- The process of creating
new features or
modifying existing
features to improve the
performance of machine
learning models.
- Importance: Helps in
providing better inputs to
the model, thus improving
accuracy and predictive
power.
17. What is the purpose
of regularization in
machine learning?
Answer :
Regularization:
- A technique used to
prevent overfitting by
adding a penalty term to
the model's loss function.
- Types:
- L1 Regularization
(Lasso): Adds the
absolute value of
coefficients as penalty.
- L2 Regularization
(Ridge): Adds the squared
value of coefficients as
penalty.
18. How do you choose
the number of clusters in
K-means clustering?
Answer :
Choosing the Number of
Clusters:
- Elbow Method: Plot the
within-cluster sum of
squares (WCSS) against
the number of clusters
and look for the "elbow"
point.
- Silhouette Score:
Measures how similar an
object is to its own
cluster compared to other
clusters.
- Gap Statistic: Compares
the total within
intra-cluster variation for
different numbers of
clusters with their
expected values under
null reference distribution
of the data.
19. Explain the difference
between PCA and LDA.
Answer :
Principal Component
Analysis (PCA):
- A dimensionality
reduction technique that
projects data onto the
directions of maximum
variance.
- Unsupervised learning
method.
Linear Discriminant
Analysis (LDA):
- A classification and
dimensionality reduction
technique that projects
data to maximize the
separation between
classes.
- Supervised learning
method.
20. What is the difference
between a ROC curve and
a Precision-Recall curve?
Answer :
ROC Curve (Receiver
Operating Characteristic):
- Plots the true positive
rate (TPR) against the
false positive rate (FPR)
at various threshold
settings.
- Useful when the classes
are balanced.
Precision-Recall Curve:
- Plots precision against
recall at various threshold
settings.
- More informative than
the ROC curve for
imbalanced datasets.
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