Module 5
Implementing IPv4
Module Overview
• Overview of TCP/IP
• Understanding IPv4 Addressing
• Subnetting and Supernetting
• Configuring and Troubleshooting IPv4
Lesson 1: Overview of TCP/IP
• The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• Protocols in the TCP/IP Suite
• TCP/IP Applications
• What Is a Socket?
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Application HTTP FTP SMTP
DNS POP3 SNMP
Transport TCP UDP
ARP IGMP
Internet IPv4 ICMP
IPv6
Mobile
Network Interface Ethernet Wi-Fi broadband
Protocols in the TCP/IP Suite
OSI TCP/IP TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Application
Presentation Application
Session
Transport Transport TCP UDP
Network Internet ARP
IPv4
IGMP
ICMP IPv6
Data Link Network Mobile
Interface Ethernet Wi-Fi
Physical broadband
TCP/IP Applications
Some common application layer protocols:
• HTTP
• HTTPS
• FTP
• RDP
• SMB
• SMTP
• POP3
What Is a Socket?
A socket is a combination of an IP address, a transport
protocol, and a port
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
HTTP (80) SMTP (25)
HTTPS (443) DNS (53)
POP3 (110) FTP (21)
TCP/UDP
IPv4 IPv6
Lesson 2: Understanding IPv4 Addressing
• IPv4 Addressing
• Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
• How Dotted Decimal Notation Relates to Binary
Numbers
• Simple IPv4 Implementations
• More Complex IPv4 Implementations
IPv4 Addressing
• Each networked computer must be assigned a unique IPv4
address
• Network communication for a computer is directed to the IPv4
address of the computer
• Each IPv4 address contains:
Network ID, identifying the network
Host ID, identifying the computer
• The subnet mask identifies which part of the IPv4 address is
the network ID (255) and which is the host ID (0)
IP address 172 16 0 10
Subnet mask 255 255 0 0
Network ID 172 16 0 0
Host ID 0 0 0 10
IPv4 Addressing
An IPv4 configuration identifies a computer to other computers on a network
Subnet 1 IP Address: [Link]
Subnet mask: [Link]
IP Address: [Link] IP Address: [Link]
Subnet mask: [Link] Subnet mask: [Link]
Dotted decimal representation
of the address and subnet mask
IPv4 Addressing
An IPv4 configuration identifies a computer to other computers on a network
Subnet 1 IP Address: [Link]
Subnet mask: [Link]
IP Address: [Link] IP Address: [Link]
Subnet mask: [Link] Subnet mask: [Link]
Dotted decimal representation Default gateway defines the
of the address and subnet mask preferred router
Subnet 2 IP Address: [Link]
Subnet mask: [Link]
IP Address: [Link]
Subnet mask: [Link]
IP Address: [Link]
Subnet mask: [Link]
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
Public Private
• Required by devices and • Not routable on the
hosts that connect directly Internet
to the Internet • [Link]/8
• [Link]/12
• Must be globally unique • [Link]./16
• Routable on the Internet • Can be assigned locally
• Must be assigned by by an organization
IANA/RIR • Must be translated to
access the Internet
How Dotted Decimal Notation Relates to Binary Numbers
Dotted decimal notation is based on the decimal number
system, but computers use IP addresses in binary
Within an 8-bit octet, each bit position has a decimal value:
• A bit that is set to 0 always has a zero value
• A bit that is set to 1 can be converted to a decimal value
• The low-order bit represents a decimal value of 1
• The high-order bit represents a decimal value of 128
If all bits in an octet are set to 1, then the octet’s decimal
value is 255, the highest possible value of an octet:
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
How Dotted Decimal Notation Relates to Binary
Numbers
8-Bit Octet
Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
How Dotted Decimal Notation Relates to Binary
Numbers
8-Bit Octet
Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
How Dotted Decimal Notation Relates to Binary
Numbers
8-Bit Octet
Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Decimal Value
Simple IPv4 Implementations
Class A (/8) Network Host ID
Large Network ID
0
w x y z
Class B (/16) Network ID Host ID
Medium
10
Network w x y z
Class C (/24) Network ID Host ID
Small Network
110
w x y z
More Complex IPv4 Implementations
[Link]/22
[Link]/24
[Link]/22
[Link]
[Link]/20 [Link]/22 [Link]/24
[Link]
[Link]/22
Lesson 3: Subnetting and Supernetting
• How Bits Are Used in a Subnet Mask or Prefix
Length
• The Benefits of Using Subnetting
• Calculating Subnet Addresses
• Calculating Host Addresses
• Discussion: Creating a Subnetting Scheme for a
New Office
• What Is Supernetting?
How Bits Are Used in a Subnet Mask or Prefix Length
Class B Address with Subnet
10 Network ID Subnet ID Host ID
128
256
16
32
64
1
2
4
8 65534
32766
16382
8190
4094
2046
1022
510
254
The Benefits of Using Subnetting
When you subdivide a network into subnets, you
create a unique ID for each subnet that is derived
from the main network ID
By using subnets, you can:
• Use a single network address across multiple
locations
• Reduce network congestion by segmenting
traffic
• Increase security by using firewalls
• Overcome limitations of current technologies
Calculating Subnet Addresses
When determining subnet addresses you should:
• Choose the number of subnet bits based on
the number of subnets required
• Use 2n to determine the number of subnets
available from n bits
For five locations, the following three subnet bits
are required:
• 5 locations = 5 subnets required
• 22 = 4 subnets (not enough)
• 23 = 8 subnets
Calculating Host Addresses
When determining host addresses you should:
• Choose the number of host bits based on the
number of hosts that you require on each
subnet
• Use 2n-2 to determine the number of hosts that
are available on each subnet
For subnets with 100 hosts, seven host bits are
required:
• 26-2 = 62 hosts (not enough)
• 27-2 = 126 hosts
Discussion: Creating a Subnetting Scheme for a
New Office
• How many subnets are required?
• How many bits are required to create that
number of subnets?
• How many hosts are required on each subnet?
• How many bits are required to support that
number of hosts?
• What is an appropriate subnet mask that
would satisfy these requirements?
20 minutes
What Is Supernetting?
• Supernetting combines multiple small networks
into a larger network
• The networks that you combine must be
contiguous
• The following table shows an example of
supernetting two class C networks
Network Range
192.168.00010000.00000000/24 [Link] - [Link]
192.168.00010001.00000000/24 [Link] - [Link]
192.168.00010000.00000000/23 [Link] - [Link]
Lesson 4: Configuring and Troubleshooting IPv4
• Configuring IPv4 Manually
• Configuring IPv4 Automatically
• Using Windows PowerShell Cmdlets to
Troubleshoot IPv4
• IPv4 Troubleshooting Tools
• The IPv4 Troubleshooting Process
• What Is Microsoft Message Analyzer?
• Demonstration: How to Capture and Analyze
Network Traffic by Using Microsoft Message
Analyzer
Configuring IPv4 Manually
Configuring IPv4 Manually
Examples using Windows PowerShell cmdlets:
Example using the netsh command-line tool:
Configuring IPv4 Automatically
DHCP Server with IPv4 DHCP Client
IPv4 Scope
Using Windows PowerShell Cmdlets to Troubleshoot IPv4
New Windows PowerShell cmdlets include:
• Get-NetAdapter • Set-DnsClient
• Restart-NetAdapter • Set-DnsClientGlobalSetting
• Get-NetIPInterface • Set-DnsClientServerAddress
• Get-NetIPAddress • Set-NetIPAddress
• Get-NetRoute • Set-NetIPv4Protocol
• Get-NetConnectionProfile • Set-NetIPInterface
• Get-DNSClientCache • Test-Connection
• Get-DNSClientServerAddress • Test-NetConnection
• Register-DnsClient • Resolve-Dnsname
IPv4 Troubleshooting Tools
Use the following tools to troubleshoot IPv4:
• Ipconfig
• Ping
• Tracert
• Pathping
• Telnet
• Netstat
• Resource Monitor
• Windows Network Diagnostics
• Event Viewer
The IPv4 Troubleshooting Process
After you identify the scope of the problem, use the
following tools to troubleshoot network connectivity:
Step Windows PowerShell Command-
line tool
Verify the network Get-NetIPAddress ipconfig
configuration is correct
Identify the network Test-NetConnection -TraceRoute tracert
path between hosts
See if the remote host Test-NetConnection ping
responds
Test the service on a Test-NetConnection -Port Telnet
remote host
See if the default Test-NetConnection ping
gateway responds
What Is Microsoft Message Analyzer?
You can use Microsoft Message Analyzer to perform
the following network analysis tasks:
Capture
message
data
Save Import View Filter Create
message message message message charts
data data data data from
captured
data
Demonstration: How to Capture and Analyze Network
Traffic by Using Microsoft Message Analyzer
In this demonstration, you will see how to:
• Start a new Capture/Trace in Microsoft Message
Analyzer
• Capture packets from a ping request
• Analyze the captured network traffic
• Filter the network traffic
Lab: Implementing IPv4
• Exercise 1: Identifying Appropriate Subnets
• Exercise 2: Troubleshooting IPv4
Logon Information
Virtual machines 20410D-LON-DC1
20410D-LON-RTR
20410D-LON-SVR2
User name Adatum\Administrator
Password Pa$$w0rd
Estimated Time: 45 minutes
Lab Scenario
You have recently accepted a promotion to the
server support team. One of your first
assignments is configuring the infrastructure
service for a new branch office.
After a security review, your manager has asked
you to calculate new subnets for the branch office
to support segmenting network traffic. You also
need to troubleshoot a connectivity problem on a
server in the branch office.
Lab Review
• Why is variable-length subnetting required in this
lab?
• Which Windows PowerShell cmdlet can you use to
view the local routing table of a computer instead
of using route print?
Module Review and Takeaways
• Review Questions
• Best Practices
• Common Issues and Troubleshooting Tips
• Tools
