MODULE 1

Folk and traditional art can take a wide variety of forms, including arts as _____ one
another as storytelling and quilting. The National Heritage Fellowship was created to
honor people for their accomplishments in these diverse arts and includes among its
winners the gospel singer Willie Mae Ford Smith.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. humble about

B. different from

C. confused with

D. useful to

The following text is adapted from John Matheus's 1926 short story, "Mr. Bradford Teaches
Sunday School." Mr. Bradford is driving through the countryside in Florida.
The moss in the towering water oaks had become enlivened with a verdant sheen of
silver and hung like festoons of carnival or like funeral decorations for the mourning
of the dead. The pine green was resplendent. The bald cypresses spread themselves
along the water courses while the willows wept as they always did.
Mr. Bradford was conscious of this gorgeous display of nature

As used in the text, what does the word "display" most nearly mean?

A. Exhibition

B. Concealment

C. Similarity

D. Pretentiousness

Possessing an outstanding collection of public art, Chicago has everything from

monumental sculptures like Anish Kapoor's Cloud Gate at sites like Millennium Park to
innovative street art like Amuse 126's mural High Tide located on South State Street. The
______ public art on display in the city can thus satisfy any art lover.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. controversy over

B. apathy toward
 C. breadth of

D. confusion about

As with other river deltas, the Danube River delta is ______ it is a constantly evolving
network of channels and strips of land that change in size and shape as the river deposits
new sedimentary particles where the river meets the waters of the Black Sea.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. sustainable

B. immutable

C. unrivaled

D. dynamic

A survey found that in April 2022, 7.6 percent of subscribers to fashion and apparel
services canceled their subscriptions. Reducing this kind of subscriber turnover is
especially challenging for subscription sellers: customers initial enthusiasm for a
subscription is often quick to ______ and sellers must thus devise other incentives to
bolster retention.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. subside

B. converge

C. rejuvenate

D. resolve

The Vizcaya is just one of approximately three million known historical shipwrecks spread
throughout the world's oceans, and their impact on sea life and underwater ecosystems is
of great interest to researchers. Rachel Mugge and colleagues were particularly curious
about the effects of wooden shipwrecks on seafloor microbial communities. The
researchers studied two wooden shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico by placing pieces of
pine and oak between zero and 200 meters away from each shipwreck to collect samples
of three kinds of microbes: bacteria, archaea, and fungi. They found that across the three
microbial communities, peak diversity and richness was observed on pine and oak
samples placed approximately 125 meters from the shipwrecks.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

 A. It introduces a study of microbial communities near shipwrecks that has
received significant scholarly attention, summarizes the results of that study,
and then describes a research team's reaction to the study.

B. It states the number of known shipwrecks, describes the historical significance

of one of those shipwrecks, and then comments on the various microbes found
at the shipwreck site.

C. It notes a general scientific interest in shipwrecks' ecological effects, describes a

specific study related to that interest, and then states one of the study's findings.

D. It names a famous historical shipwreck, describes the type of wood used to

build that ship, and then explains how that wood type influences underwater
microbial communities.

The following text is from Thomas Mann’s 1924 novel The Magic Mountain, translated
by John E. Woods in 1995.

The story of Hans Castorp that we intend to tell here – not for his sake (for the
reader will come to know him as a perfectly ordinary, if engaging young man), but for
the sake of the story itself, which seems to us to be very much worth telling (although
in Hans Castorp’s favor it should be noted that it is his story, and that not every story
happens to everybody) – is a story that took place long ago, and is, so to speak,
covered with the patina of history and must necessarily be told with verbs whose tense is
that of the deepest past.

What does the text most strongly suggest about the story of Hans Catrop?

A) Though it is true that stories of even the most uninteresting people are themselves
interesting because all people are unique, the reason this story is interesting is
nonetheless difficult to understand because of the passage of time.

B) Even though it is a story of a person of no particular importance, its age and the
manner in which it therefore must be told are both indicators that the story itself is
important.

C) It is a remarkable story that happened to an unremarkable person, though one could

plausibly argue that because the story is valuable, some of its value accrues to the
person at its center.

D) Like all stories about the lives of inconsequential people, this story must
necessarily be related in a particular way if the reason the story is consequential is to
be made evident to the audience.

Community science, which involves professional scientists collaborating with amateur

science enthusiasts to study a topic, is often an effective and engaging way to conduct
research. It can allow people to assist with conservation efforts, provide youth with
learning experiences outside of the classroom, and increase the amount of data
researchers can collect. This approach was essential to the success of a study by biologist
Grace Herzel and colleagues of butterfly color and its relation to behavior, which included
findings from hundreds of students and community members in northwestern Arkansas.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It argues for a new approach to scientific research, comments on the public's

opinion about the approach, and then describes how that approach was applied
in a certain study.

B. It introduces the topic of a scientific study, describes the study's importance,

and then presents the study's results.

C. It describes the development of a type of scientific collaboration, shows how

that type of collaboration has been used in a particular field of study, and then
suggests future collaborative projects.

D. It identifies a particular approach to research, lists some benefits of that

approach, and then mentions a study in which that approach was used.

The following text is adapted from Jerome K. Jerome's 1889 novel Three Men in a Boat
(To Say Nothing of the Dog). The narrator is traveling by boat with Harris and another
friend.

[Harris] told us anecdotes of how he had gone across the [English] Channel when it
was so rough that the passengers had to be tied into their [beds], and he and the
captain were the only two living souls on board who were not ill. Sometimes it was he
and the second mate who were not ill; but it was generally he and one other man. If
not he and another man, then it was he by himself.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Harris is worried that the captain will start to feel sick during this boat trip.

B. Harris has a hard time remembering his first trip across the English Channel
when his friends ask about it.

C. When Harris speaks of an earlier trip, he often changes the details but always
brags about his own wellness.

D. Harris spent most of his time with a particular passenger during a previous
boat trip.

"Tomato" is an example of a loanword-that is, a word that originated in one language and
was later adopted by another. The word came to English indirectly from tomate, the
Spanish word for the widely cultivated plant. Spanish had borrowed it from Nahuatl, an
Indigenous language of Central Mexico, in which the word's original form is tomatl.
"Maize" is also Indigenous in origin and entered English through Spanish. But in this case,
the original source was Taino, a language of the Caribbean islands, in which the word for
the corn plant is mahis.

10

The author makes which point about the Spanish language?

A. It has borrowed words from Indigenous languages and contributed words to

them.

B. Its contribution to English vocabulary roughly equals the collective

contribution by Indigenous languages.

C. It adopted Nahuatl and Taino words in approximately equal numbers.

D. It has served as a medium through which Indigenous languages have

influenced English.

Researchers investigated how enjoyment of a story is affected when it has been spoiled
(when the reader has foreknowledge of an important plot development). As part of the
study, participants rated their enjoyment of one story that was spoiled before they read it
and one story that was unspoiled. For each story, participants who had been given a spoiler
reported greater enjoyment than did those who hadn’t received a spoiler. But the degree
of this difference varied across the stories, as is best illustrated by the enjoyment ratings
for ______

11

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?

A. "Blitzed" and "Plumbing."

B. "Owl Creek Bridge" and "A Chess Problem" .

C. "Blitzed" and "A Chess Problem."

D. "The Calm" and "Plumbing."

Urban agriculture is the practice of growing plant-or animal-based products in urban
settings such as community gardens and rooftop farms. Esther Sanyé-Mengual,
Kathrin Specht, and their team surveyed three groups of people in Bologna, Italy-
leaders of urban agriculture projects, stakeholders in urban agriculture (e.g., food
researchers and urban farming associations), and the general public-to compare
their views about the extent to which urban agriculture contributes to 25 social or
ecological services that the team identified. The survey results show that, on average,
project leaders rated urban agriculture as contributing less to ______

12

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the
assertion?

A. improving the local microclimate than to increasing global biodiversity.

B. increasing global biodiversity than to providing tourist attractions.

C. improving community members' sense of attachment to the

neighborhood than to offering educational opportunities.

D. increasing global biodiversity than to improving the local microclimate.

Quasars-such as APM 08279+5255, located in the Lynx constellation-are extremely

luminous galactic nuclei powered by supermassive black holes, some of which are
known to have developed within the first billion years of the formation of the universe.
Based on simulations they conducted, astrophysicists Daniel Whalen. Muhammad
Latif, and colleagues concluded that these early quasars developed partly as a result
of rare convergences of gases in space without the need for ultraviolet backgrounds
or other extreme and implausible environmental conditions that models of the early
universe have included to account for the presence of these quasars. If this conclusion
is correct, it suggests that ____

13
Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) future models of the early universe may not need to include conditions that explain
early quasars since those quasars may not have actually existed at the time.

B) it may be possible to develop models of the early universe that rest on more credible
assumptions than previous models have.

C) factors that previous models of the early universe assumed were necessary for the
formation of quasars may have actually been consequences of the formation of
quasars.

D) previous models of the early universe may have underemphasized the importance of
ultraviolet backgrounds to quasar formation.

Evan MacLean and colleagues evaluated behavioral and genetic data from over 14,000
dogs, representing more than 100 breeds, and found that variations in behavior between
breeds can be attributed to genetic variations between those breeds, suggesting a genetic
basis for breed differences in behavior. This was the case for both separation problems and
dog rivalry but was especially pronounced for attachment and attention-seeking, which
can be seen when a dog solicits affection or attention. In a different study, researchers
found that, with regard to attachment and attention-seeking, the French bulldog behaves
in notably different ways than the cairn terrier. Together, these findings imply that _____

14

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. the French bulldog and the cairn terrier will likely become more genetically
similar over time.

B. French bulldogs and cairn terriers show a greater tendency toward attachment
and attention-seeking than most other dog breeds do.

C. individual French bulldogs may display higher levels of attachment and

attention-seeking than individual cairn terriers.

D. the French bulldog and the cairn terrier differ with respect to the genetic
underpinnings for attachment and attention-seeking.

The jade hawkmoth, a large-bodied moth, defends itself against the eastern red bat and
other insect-eating bats, which use echolocation to hunt, by emitting ultrasonic clicks that
can, for instance, disrupt the bats' echolocation signals. To investigate moths' defensive
ultrasound-which researchers had thought was exclusive to tiger moths, hawkmoths, and
one species of geometer moths-Akito Y. Kawahara et al. recorded the responses of moths
from 252 genera, representing most families of large-bodied moths, to audio playback of
bat echolocation. The researchers found that 52 of the genera, including several genera
belonging to the geometer family, produced defensive ultrasonic clicks. This result
suggests that _____

15
Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. anti-bat ultrasound production may be a more prevalent defense strategy

among large-bodied moths than previously known to researchers.

B. ultrasound production is only one of a diverse range of effective strategies

moths employ to evade bat attacks.

C. some genera of large-bodied moths may use ultrasonic signaling for purposes
other than avoiding capture by predators such as the eastern red bat.

D. unlike the 52 moth genera that emit ultrasonic clicks, most moth genera have
likely nor developed defenses specifically against bat attacks.

There is a common misconception that all cats detest_____ fishing cat, Prionailurus
viverrinus, proves this assumption is false. This wild cat that lives in Southeastern
Asia can not only swim long distances but also relies on fish for roughly 75 percent
of its diet.

16

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A. water; the

B. water, the

C. water the

D. water – the

In 2020, internationally renowned Slovak photographer Maria Svarbova exhibited

her work at the Contessa Gallery and the Art Angel Gallery in the United States and
_____ utilizing vivid pastel colors, overexposed tones, and mirror like symmetry,
Svarbova’s photographs evoke a Socialist-era aesthetic that she describes as
”minimalistic but also futuristic.”

17

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A. Japan, respectively,

B. Japan, respectively;

C. Japan; respectively

D. Japan, respectively

It was the kind of challenge that would set any art curator’s mind into _____ that
elusive thread that could link artists as disparate as American abstract painter Anne
Ryan, Romanian impressionist painter Micaela Eleutheriade, and Flemish mannerist
painter Anthony van Dyck.

18

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A. motion, finding:

B. motion. Finding

C. motion; finding

D. motion: finding

Scholars Tammy Kernodle and Paul Austerlitz have lent their expertise on Black
history and music to an important new project: the Timeline of African American
Music, a digital _____ through a rich combination of text, images, and music
clips, traces the development of specific musical genres (such as funk and swing).

19

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A. resource, that

B. resource, that,

C. resource that,

D. resource that

Scholars have praised Gwendolyn Brooks’s 1945 poem ”Ballad of Pearl May Lee” for
its nuanced portrayal of life in Brooks’s South Side Chicago neighborhood. The
poem shouldn’t be regarded as being simply a product of Brooks’s ______ the breadth
of the poet’s influences, which range from medieval English ballads to the poetry of
Emily Dickinson and Langston Hughes.

20

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A. surroundings, though, considering

B. surroundings; though, considering

C. surroundings, though. Considering

 D. surroundings, though; considering

Two of the most celebrated examples of visual allegory in painting, The Four Elements:
Air by Joachim Beuckelaer and Ceres (Summer) by Antoine Watteau, were completed in
1570 and ____ such allegorical artwork was particularly popular from the 15th through the
late 18th centuries.

21

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A. 1712, respectively,

B. 1712, respectively;

C. 1712 respectively,

D. 1712; respectively,

A blend of gabardine and wool, the material for Elvis Presley's Peacock jumpsuit was
flexible enough to allow the singer to perform his signature dance moves. ____ the added
weight of the suit's embroidered feathers in shades of blue and green likely limited Elvis's
mobility to some degree.

22

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. However,

B. Firstly,

C. In other words,

D. For this reason,

When it was completed in 1889, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, was criticized-even
protested-for the novelty of its unique spire-like silhouette. ______ the design is
commonplace, found in everything from Eiffel Tower replicas like the one in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, to structures like the Copenhagen Zoo Tower in Copenhagen, Denmark.

23

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. On the contrary,

B. In conclusion,

C. Furthermore,
 D. Nowadays,

Scientists studying asteroid deflection have focused on secondary objects such as S/2006
(311066), a moonlet orbiting the near-Earth asteroid 2004 DC. In 2022 NASA intentionally
crashed a probe into just such an object, successfully altering its orbit. Scientists have yet
to demonstrate, _____ that 2004 DC and other primary objects would be similarly affected.

24

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. moreover,

B. for example,

C. likewise,

D. though,

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

. The Simon Kenton Trail is a rail trail.
. It is located in Ohio.
. The Papermill Trail is a rail trail.
. It is located in Maine.
. Rail trails are former railroad corridors that have been converted into public paths.

25

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the Simon Kenton Trail and the
Papermill Trail. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

A. Both the Simon Kenton Trail and the Papermill Trail are rail trails.

B. A former railroad corridor, the Simon Kenton Trail is located in Ohio.

C. A public path created from a former railroad corridor can be found in Maine.

D. The Simon Kenton Trail is in Ohio, whereas the Papermill Trail is in Maine.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

. Most of the plant and bird species in Oahu, Hawaii, are non-native.
. In a 2019 study, researchers wanted to know what role non-native birds play in
dispersing plant seeds in Oahu.
. Researchers catalogued plant seeds found in fecal samples from non-native birds.
· Touchardia latifolia, a flowering shrub, was one of fifteen native species catalogued.
. Hedychium gardnerianum, an herbaceous vine, was one of twenty-nine non-native
species catalogued.
. Researchers concluded that non-native birds play a vital role in dispersing the seeds
of native and non-native plants.

26
The student wants to contrast the two plants. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Touchardia latifolia, a species of shrub, is native to Oahu, Hawaii, but

Hedychium gardnerianum, a species of vine, is not.

B. Most plant species found in Oahu, Hawaii, like Hedychium gardnerianum, are
non-native.

C. In Oahu, Hawaii, seeds from Touchardia latifolia and Hedychium

gardnerianum plants were found in the fecal samples of non-native birds.

D. The plants Touchardia latifolia and Hedychium gardnerianum can be found in

Oahu, Hawaii.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

. Lighthouses send out crucial light signals to help ships and other watercraft
navigate at night.
· Before automation, lighthouses were run by lighthouse keepers.
. Elizabeth Lusby was the lighthouse keeper at Turkey Point Light in Maryland.
. She held this position from 1844 to 1862.
. Thelma Austin was the lighthouse keeper at Point Fermin Light in California.
. She held this position from 1925 to 1941.

27

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two lighthouse keepers. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. As the lighthouse keeper at Point Fermin Light, Thelma Austin helped

watercraft navigate at night.

B. Elizabeth Lusby worked as a lighthouse keeper in an earlier century than did

Thelma Austin.

C. From 1844 to 1862, the nighttime waters of Maryland were made more
navigable thanks to Elizabeth Lusby.

D. Elizabeth Lusby and Thelma Austin both played crucial roles in ensuring safe
navigation for watercraft in past centuries.

MODULE 2

Cybersecurity experts often encourage users to create passwords that are fairly
complicated and therefore difficult to guess. Nonetheless, research has shown that the
more ______ approach to password selection seems to favor convenience over security:
for example, the second most commonly used password in 2016 was the easily remembered
"password."

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. creative

B. useful

C. popular

D. complex

The fossil remains of the individual known as Oase 1, discovered in Romania in 2002, can
help paleoanthropologists not only _____ steps in the evolution of hominids but also
illuminate the Pleistocene epoch generally, revealing important details about the time in
which Oase 1 lived.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. exploit

B. prioritize

C. yield

D. discern

The pronghorn can run very fast-up to 89 kilometers per hour (km/hr)-but it is
significantly slower than the frigatebird, which can fly at speeds up to 153 km/hr. The
difference between these speeds is largely ______ of the fact that the features that make
flight possible do less to limit top speeds than the features suitable for running on land.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. a consequence

B. an objective

C. a repudiation

D. an explanation

Some social scientists say that while a desire for cooperation rather than conflict is key to
democracy, public understanding of economics is also central to public comprehension of
state politics, and if a citizenry is to function, economic issues cannot remain the domain
only of experts. In short, knowledge of economics is not _____ and must not be left to
economists alone.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. unattainable

B. equitable

C. commonplace

D. superfluous

Rome has high pedestrian traffic, but simply replicating a feature of Rome associated with
walkability-e.g., its high number of street crossings-may be insufficient to induce
increased walking in other cities. As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo argues, our understanding
of individuals' decision-making about whether to walk is insufficiently robust: some
studies emphasize the role of demographic characteristics, others the role of sidewalk
width, and so on, but walking decisions are made in complex contexts in which multiple
conditions and needs inform individuals' choices.

Which choice best describes the function of the references to "demographic

characteristics" and "sidewalk width" in the text as a whole?

A. They identify factors that Alfonzo argues have been overemphasized in studies
of decision-making about walking but that the text asserts are relevant to most
people's walking decisions.

B. They represent factors that have been identified as important influences on

walking decisions but that the text suggests are merely some of the many
factors that may contribute to people's decision-making about walking.

C. They are examples of factors that studies suggest are important in people's
decision-making about walking but that the text claims most people rarely
consider when making walking decisions.

D. They illustrate factors that researchers believe people consider when making
walking decisions in most contexts but that the text argues are unique to
walking decisions made by people in Rome.

The following text is from Reyna Grande's 2012 memoir The Distance Between Us. In the
text, Grande is reflecting on experiences she had as a child. Abuela Evila is her
grandmother, Élida is her cousin, and Mago and Carlos are her siblings.

Every few days, Abuela Evila washed Élida's hair with lemon water because, according
to her, lemon juice cleans the impurities of the hair and makes it shiny and healthy. In
the afternoons, she would fill up a bucket from the water tank, pick a few lemons from
the tree, and squeeze the juice into the water.
Mago, Carlos, and I would hide behind a pink oleander bush and watch their ritual
through the narrow leaves. Abuela Evila washed Élida's hair as if she were washing an
expensive silk rebozo.

Which choice best describes the main purpose of the text?

A. To give an example of a typical interaction between Grande's siblings

B. To describe a regular occurrence from Grande's childhood

C. To illustrate how Grande's relationship with Elida grew over time

D. To explain how Grande felt about a location where she spent time as a child

Text 1

In parts of New Zealand, the stoat is a major predator of the house mouse. Researcher G.L.
Blackwell and colleagues found that when this predation pressure on house mice was
temporarily reduced, their numbers significantly increased. This finding illustrates a
foundational ecological principle: predators control prey population numbers.

Text 2

François Potvin and colleagues found that excluding wolves from a site in Quebec, Canada,
where they typically prey on white-tailed deer had no significant effect on white-tailed
deer abundance. Many other predation relief studies show an increase in prey abundance,
but those studies often focus on small, rapidly reproducing prey, like birds, mice, and frogs,
rather than large, slowly reproducing prey, like white-tailed deer, which could account for
the difference between those results and Potvin and colleagues' results.

Based on the texts, the author of Text 2 would most likely agree with which statement
about Blackwell and colleagues' findings (Text 1)?

A. They may have been different if the ratio of the body size of stoats to that of
house mice was greater than it is.

B. They may reflect a response that does not tend to be observed in prey species
other than house mice.

C. They may be partially explained by the fact that stoats are smaller and
reproduce more rapidly than wolves.

D. They may be partially attributable to physical characteristics of house mice that

are not shared by white-tailed deer.

The following text is from Virginia Woolf's 1919 novel Night and Day. The narrator
describes a gathering of artists and intellectuals.
One person after another rose, and, as with an ill-balanced axe, attempted to hew out
his conception of art a little more clearly, and sat down with the feeling that, for some
reason which he could not grasp, his strokes had gone awry. As they sat down they
turned almost invariably to the person sitting next them, and rectified and continued
what they had just said in public.

The text makes which point about the people at the gathering?

A. Each is contemptuous of the other attendees but strives to impress them.

B. Each fails at presenting a wholly coherent vision of art but does not understand
why.

C. Each becomes entangled in a debate about art, and no one knows how to
resolve the debate.

D. Each delights in speaking publicly about abstract subjects but detests speaking
privately about them.

J. Mason Heberling and David J. Burke relied on historical DNA (hDNA)-genomic data
incidentally preserved in specimens housed in natural history collections-to investigate
the evolutionary trajectory of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Although this approach offers
unique benefits, such as access to genomic data from extirpated populations, it remains
relatively underutilized because archival specimens are sometimes stored in ways that
compromise DNA quality, a situation not easily remediable under current methodological
paradigms and with extant DNA extraction and analysis technologies.

What does the text most strongly suggest about specimens from natural history
collections?

A. While they were used in a study that made an important scientific discovery,
they are generally of marginal value as sources of genomic data.

B. Because of their often-deteriorated condition, they tend to yield genomic data

that are time-consuming to extract and interpret.

C. While they may contain valuable genomic data, not all of them can yield usable
hDNA.

D. They are primarily used as sources of genomic data by scientists studying

organisms that have undergone major evolutionary change.

The utilization of deceptive antipredator displays is well documented in the spotted

sandpiper (Actitis macularius) and other species of the avian order Charadriiformes. An
extensive literature review conducted by Lena de Framond et al. revealed that this trait
has evolved across a surprisingly large phylogenetic distribution of 13 Aves orders,
including Galliformes and Apodiformes. Subsequent investigation of potential selection
mechanisms prompted the researchers to conclude that independent of avian order, the
prevalence of the trait is mediated by environmental variations associated with the
absolute latitude of brooding sites.
10

Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the researchers' conclusion?

A. The use of deceptive antipredator displays is widespread among

Charadriiformes species independent of the absolute latitude of their breeding
sites, but its prevalence in other avian orders is limited to species with brooding
sites located in absolute latitudes of 0°-30°.

B. Deceptive antipredator displays are documented in Charadriiformes species

across the entire range of absolute latitudes of brooding sites within that order,
but in species from other orders, deceptive antipredator displays are
documented only when brooding sites are at absolute latitudes 10°-20° higher
than what is typical for those species.

C. Across the orders in the study, deceptive antipredator displays are observed in
approximately 34% of species with brooding ranges of 0°-30° absolute latitude
and approximately 60% of species with brooding ranges of 50°-80° absolute
latitude.

D. Across the orders in the study, approximately 54% of the bird species brood in
ranges from 50° to 80° absolute latitude, but most of the birds that are known to
use deceptive antipredator displays brood between 0° and 30° absolute latitude.

Sony's introduction of the PlayStation console in 1994 is an instance of brand extension-

the company leveraged its brand recognition as a television and radio manufacturer to
enter a product category where it had not previously competed. To determine if perceived
category similarity predicts consumers' likelihood of purchasing brand extensions, Alicia
Grasby et al. identified 30 extended-brand pairs (e.g., the same brand of hiking shoes and
sleeping bag) in 52 weeks of purchases by approximately 60,000 households; for each pair,
Grasby et al. had consumers rate the similarity of the product categories and calculated the
change in probability of a brand in one category being purchased if the same brand was
purchased in the other category.

Which finding, if true, would provide evidence that the possibility Grasby et al.
investigated does occur?

A. Consumers tended to purchase more products in categories in which extended-

brand pairs are found than in categories in which extended-brand pairs are not
found.

B. Consumers' ratings and the changes in probability calculated by the

researchers were both affected by level of brand recognition.

C. There was a strong positive correlation between consumers' ratings and the
changes in probability calculated by the researchers.

D. Consumers' ratings varied substantially by category pair, whereas the changes

in probability calculated by the researchers were broadly similar for each pair.
Neuroscientist Kiyohito Iigaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict
how much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4
(very much). They then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of
paintings in various styles and calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by
the model and those reported by the participants. Assuming participant P1 gave equal
ratings to the impressionist and color-field paintings, the data in the graph suggest that the
model predicted that _____

12

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?

A. P1 would derive more aesthetic pleasure from impressionist paintings than

from color-field paintings.

B. P1's ratings for impressionist and color-field paintings would differ from one
another.

C. P1 would derive less aesthetic pleasure from impressionist paintings than from
color-field paintings.

D. P1's ratings for impressionist and color-field paintings would equal one another.

Scholars cite Men of Maize, the 1949 novel by Guatemalan author Miguel Ángel Asturias,
as a foundational text of magical realism, the Latin American style of fiction in which
antirealistic plot devices-often borrowed from the folkloric traditions of Indigenous and
colonial societies in the Americas-are deployed in an otherwise realistic mode of
representation typical of the modern novel. This style has exerted a decisive influence on
authors around the world, including Orhan Pamuk, whose 2001 novel My Name Is
Red resembles classic magical realist novels in its juxtaposition of literary realism with
folklore-namely, that of Turkey.

13

Which quotation from a literary scholar would most directly support the claim in the
underlined portion of the text?

A. "Although Turkish folklore clearly informs the style and occasionally

antirealistic plot of My Name Is Red, the novel also shows the inarguable
influence of the magical realist tradition of Latin America."
 B. "The logic of the realistic plot of My Name Is Red is repeatedly and productively
disrupted by the presence of imagery and situations drawn from Turkish
folklore."

C. "Like many works in the Latin American magical realist tradition, My Name Is
Red is indebted to antirealistic elements in the folkloric tradition of Turkey."

D. "While My Name Is Red alternates between realistic and antirealistic modes of

representation, details suggesting the influence of Turkish folklore nevertheless
occur throughout the novel."

Interested in how differences in the color of dogs' irises affect human responses to dogs,
Akitsugu Konno et al. showed close-up images of dogs' faces to human participants and
asked them to rate the dogs' traits and their own attitudes toward the dogs. Konno et al.
suggest that differences in iris color led participants to view some dogs as more vulnerable
and in need of protection than others and that this phenomenon could help explain the
association the researchers observed between iris color and participants' inclinations to
interact with or keep dogs, as illustrated by the finding that ______

14

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A. the more mature a dog was perceived to be, the more likely participants were to
rate it as having light irises.

B. participants favored the dogs in images 2 and 11, which they rated as less
mature than the dogs in images 20 and 16.

C. participants rated the dog in image 2 as less mature than the dog in image 11
and rated the dog in image 16 as less mature than the dog in image 20.
 D. dogs that participants rated as friendlier were also dogs that participants
indicated a stronger willingness to interact with or keep.

As exemplified by Yi songs about the natural environment and Tlingit songs about wildlife
encounters, ecological information can be transmitted in Indigenous songs, and in some
instances is maintained only in this way. Kwaxsistalla Wathl'thla, a song keeper for the
Kwakwaka'wakw people in Canada, collaborated with ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky et al.,
sharing songs referencing terraced intertidal clam gardens the people implemented in the
past to foster healthy development of a dietary staple. Drawing on archaeological evidence
as well, Lepofsky et al. determined that the prevalence of the practice described in the
songs corresponded with growth in clam size and abundance despite increased harvesting
pressure a finding that demonstrates that ______

15

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. representation of practical applications of ecological knowledge is the defining

characteristic of the music of certain Indigenous peoples.

B. the Kwakwakaʼwakw people likely would not have detailed their creation of
clam gardens in songs if their efforts had not produced significantly larger
clams.

C. the clams harvested from intertidal terraces by Kwakwakaʼwakw people in the

past likely were a different species than the clams found in those areas today.

D. effective methods for the cultivation of sources of sustenance are among the
ecological knowledge preserved in Indigenous songs.

Chondrites are stony meteorites that are undifferentiated that is, their contents have
not melted and separated into distinct layers. They are hardly _____ many chondrites
experience aqueous alteration as a result of exposure to fluids, as well as fracturing,
veining, and localized melting due to collisions with other objects.

16

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A. pristine, though;

B. pristine; though

C. pristine, though

D. pristine, though,

While the greater adjutant can be found in places like the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
in Nepal and Chhnuk Tru in Cambodia, more than 80 percent of this endangered
stork species is found in Assam, India. There, wildlife biologist Dr. Purnima Devi
Barman is on the front lines of conservation efforts _____ through community involvement
and scientific study, aim to bring adjutants back from near extinction.

17

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A. that-

B. that;

C. that:

D. that,

Having devised an optical spectroscopy technique that allowed researchers to

study ultrafast chemical reactions within molecules, ______ known as femtochemistry.
For this groundbreaking work, he won the Othmer Gold Medal and the Davy
Medal from the Royal Society.

18

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A. chemist Ahmed Zewail introduced a new scientific discipline

B. a new scientific discipline was introduced by Ahmed Zewail, a chemist

C. the introduction of a new scientific discipline was initiated by chemist Ahmed

Zewail

D. chemist Ahmed Zewail’s introduction of a new scientific discipline would be

Between December 28 and January 12 each year, particles shed by comet (196256) 2003
EH1 enter Earth’s atmosphere at a velocity of 41 kilometers per second. Relatively few
of these particles are likely to reach Earth’s _______ since the meteoroids’ compression
of the air surrounding them causes the vast majority to burn mesosphere, producing the
Quadrantid meteor shower.

19

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A. surface; however,

B. surface, however,

C. surface. However,

D. surface, however;
On most of the world’s beaches, sand is a predictable cream or beige color. The sand
at Talofofo Beach in Guam is an ________ sand gets its shade from deposits of grayand
tan-hued quartz and feldspar, deposits of crushed olivine crystal and other organic
matter lend the sand at Talofofo Beach a colorful green tint.

20

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A. exception, though most

B. exception: though most

C. exception, though, most

D. exception, though. Most

Nanoengineers have developed synthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles that are used to
improve treatments for certain conditions related to oxidative stress. As nanotechnology
evolves, medical technology ________ to evolve as well.

21

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A. had likely been continuing

B. will likely continue

C. would likely have continued

D. had likely continued

Forming extensive networks via mycorrhizal association-that is, a symbiotic relationship

between plants and fungi-_______

22

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A. hemlock trees and the fungus Cantharellus cibarius can transport nutrients through
their entangled tree roots and fungal hyphae.

B. nutrients can be transported through the entanglement of hemlock trees’ roots and
the fungus Cantharellus cibarius’s fungal hyphae.

C. the transport of nutrients is possible through the entanglement of hemlock

trees’ roots and the fungus Cantharellus cibarius’s fungal hyphae.
 D. it is the entanglement of hemlock trees’ roots and the fungus Cantharellus
cibarius’s fungal hyphae that makes nutrient transport possible.

During the 1924 New York ticker-tape parade for US Olympic champions, the ribbonlike
swirls descending on the scene were paper spools from "tickers," telegraph machines used
to transmit stock prices. Of course, the original ticker tape had long since been retired by
the 2019 parade for the US women's national soccer team. _____ shredded standard paper
enriched the celebration.

23

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. In other words,

B. With this in mind,

C. In addition,

D. Then,

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

. Grimanesa Amoros is a Peruvian American artist well known for her LED light
sculptures.
. Her sculpture Watch Your Step is made of smooth multicolored LED domes.
. It occupies 335 cubic feet of space.
· Her sculpture Golden Connection is made of entangled blue and white LED tubes.
. It occupies 100,000 cubic feet of space.

24

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between Watch Your Step and Golden
Connection. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

A. Grimanesa Amoros is the artist behind Watch Your Step-a sculpture made of
smooth multicolored LED domes.

B. At 100,000 cubic feet in size, Grimanesa Amoros's Golden Connection cuts a

larger figure than the 335-cubic-foot Watch Your Step.

C. Watch Your Step is an LED light sculpture made by Grimanesa Amoros, as is

Golden Connection.

D. The smooth LED domes of Grimanesa Amoros's Watch Your Step stand in
contrast to the tangled LED tubes of Golden Connection.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

. Generally, an object will heat up when twisted.
. The twisting of an object is known as torsion.
. A 2019 study led by Zunfeng Liu and Ray Baughman tested the torsional heating of
various fibers.
. When a 3-millimeter-thick sample of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fiber was
twisted, its average surface temperature increased by 6C.
· When a 4-millimeter-thick sample of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS)
rubber fiber was twisted, its average surface temperature increased by 3.5°C.

25

The student wants to contrast the two samples. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Twisting an object will generally cause its temperature to increase, a process

known as torsional heating.

B. In 2019, researchers studied the effect of torsional heating on various fibers,

including samples of SEBS rubber and TPU.

C. When the fibers were twisted as part of the 2019 study, the surface temperature
of both samples increased.

D. The SEBS rubber sample used in the 2019 study was thicker than the TPU
sample.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

. Merle Oberon (1911-1979) was an actress born in Mumbai (then known as Bombay),
India.
. She was of Indian, Maori, and Irish heritage.
. She was the first Indian-born actress to be nominated for an Academy Award.
. Early in her career, she played many nameless, uncredited roles, such as her role in
Service for Ladies (1932).
· Later, she played many named, credited roles, such as Katherine Beckmann in Of
Love and Desire (1963).

26

The student wants to emphasize the order in which the two films were released. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Service for Ladies (1932) was released early in Merle Oberon's career, whereas
Of Love and Desire (1963) came out years later.

B. In Service for Ladies (1932), actress Merle Oberon played a nameless, uncredited
role; however, in Of Love and Desire (1963), she played a credited role-that of
Katherine Beckmann.

C. Merle Oberon was famous for her roles in films like Service for Ladies (1932)
and Of Love and Desire (1963).

D. Early in her career, Merle Oberon wasn't listed in some film credits, such as the
credits for the film Service for Ladies, where she played a nameless, uncredited
role.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
. A river's stream length is the length of a line that follows along the river path.
. A river's valley length is the length of a straight line drawn from the beginning of
the river to the end.
. The river's curviness, or sinuosity, is the ratio of the river's stream length to its
valley length.
. Low-sinuosity rivers have a stream length 1-1.5 times longer than their valley
length, and high-sinuosity rivers have a stream length 1.5 or more times longer than
their valley length.
. The Embarras River in Canada has high sinuosity.
. The Luni River in India has low sinuosity.

27

The student wants to compare the curviness of the two rivers. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. The high-sinuosity Luni River in India is curvier than the low-sinuosity

Embarras River in Canada.

B. In both the Embarras and the Luni rivers, curviness is determined by

comparing stream length to valley length.

C. By comparing the stream lengths of the Embarras and Luni rivers to their
valley lengths, one can calculate their curviness, or sinuosity.

D. The Embarras River's ratio of stream length to valley length, also known as
sinuosity, is greater than that of the Luni River.