Unit-I

Cloud Computing
Course Objective: Essentials of Cloud Computing, Concepts of Virtualization
and the Cloud Delivery and Deployment models.

Course Outcomes: Summarize the main concepts for state-of-the-art cloud

computing, identify the architecture and infrastructure of cloud computing,
including cloud delivery and deployment models.

Syllabus
Introduction to Cloud Computing: Meaning of Cloud and History, Evolution
of Cloud Computing, Cloud essential characteristics, Cloud Computing
Architecture: Cloud Service models/Types (Public, Private, Hybrid and
Community), Cloud Deployment models (i.e., SaaS, PaaS, IaaS), System
Models for Distributed and Cloud Computing, Service Oriented Architecture,
Performance, Security and Energy Efficiency.

Idea of Cloud computing:

Everyone is familiar about this cloud computing because nowadays everything
whatever you have taken online using Internet.
Everything is on cloud. You are getting every piece of information relating to
the Internet, whatever the information that you need retrieving or storing,
everything is accessible through cloud.
Basics of the Cloud Computing (Now let me start with):
Actually, different people have different answers on cloud. So, whenever you
ask the cloud.
What is the cloud? What is the definition of the cloud?
Some people say that: -
Widely Distributed: Cloud is Widley distributed, nowadays, everything and
every technology is depending on cloud.
Network based: - Some people say it’s purely network based means once it
is connecting with another system with the help of networking i.e., Internet.
So that, we are gathering the information, we are retrieving the
information, we are storing the information based on Network.
Storing: Some people says that the cloud computing is itself is the storage.
It is generally distributed over different locations may be data centers also.
Here, we have to store lot of data. Here, we have to retrieving the data from
cloud.
What exactly is cloud?
You just, Using Some one’s else’s server to host, to process, or to store data.
If you want to store large amount of data in your system i.e., so, much of
amount of data but the system capacity very less when compare the cloud.
This so much amount of data in your system not stored.
Using Some one’s else’s server to host, to process, or to store data.
Who is someone’s means for instance, Gmail.

 Internet will be accessing the cloud providers like Amazon, Google,

Microsoft Azure.
 With the help of cloud providers (relevant information into server to
maintenance) you want to access different services like SaaS, PaaS,
IaaS.
 So, these are all services provided by cloud providers to customers.
 Customers as users is to access the information like software’s,
frameworks, hardware’s from internet.
Evolution of Cloud Computing:
Coming to the next concept of Cloud Computing i.e., Evolution of Cloud
Computing.
How the cloud computing is evaluated from years to years. So, previously
there is no the concept of cloud computing.
Everything, we are using the transactions and whatever you have to store the
data on local systems.
But now it will drastically be increasing the concept of cloud computing.
So that, it will be aware of everyone and it will be flexible to use and it will be
available everyone to access whenever, wherever, you want.
So, now see how cloud computing from years to years.
Evolution of Cloud Computing:
1.Grid Computing: Preliminary, we are having the grid computing in early
1990.
Grid computing can be solving large problems with parallel computing.
Parallel computing divides large problems into smaller, independent parts,
executed simultaneously by multiple processors using shared memory, and
combined into a general algorithm.
Made Mainstream by Globus Alliance: Globus is a secure, reliable software-
as-a-service used by numerous research institutions and HPC facilities
worldwide for data management and file transfer.
Globus is a tool used to transfer large and distributed research data,
including Gigabytes, Terabytes, and Petabytes.

Globus is a software that allows the efficient, secure, and reliable transfer of
data.

2. Utility Computing: Offering Computing resources as a metered service.

Introduced in late 1990’s.
Utility computing is a service delivering/provisioning model that offers
computing resources such as hardware, software, and network bandwidth to
clients as and when they require them on an on-demand basis.
The service provider charges only as per the consumption of the services, rather
than a fixed charge or a flat rate.
The term managed Services are also used to describe utility computing. It is an
overall term for various third-party technology and support services.
3. Software as Service: Network based subscriptions to applications.
Gained Momentum in 2001 Means A process or movement gains momentum as
it develops or occurs more quickly, becoming less likely to stop.
This enables users to access and use application like email, calendaring, and
office tools on a pay-as-you-go basis from a service provider.

4.Cloud Computing: Next Generation Internet computing. Whatever, wherever

you want to access the data.
As well as, Next generation data centers namely everything is store on cloud.
A data center is a physical location that stores computing machines and their
related hardware equipment. It contains the computing infrastructure that IT
systems require, such as servers, data storage drives, and network equipment.
Evolution of Cloud Computing:
How the cloud computing is evaluated from years to years. So previously there
is no the concept of cloud computing
Everything on local system using the transactions whatever you want to
store the data.
Evolution of Cloud Services
2010 The one server field service manages software moves top the cloud.
2008-09 Google App/Microsoft Azure
2006 S3 Launches/EC2
2002 Launch of Amazon Web Services
1990 The first Milestone for Cloud Computing arrival of salesforce.com
1960 Supercomputers/Mainframe

Definition of Cloud Computing: Cloud definition can be done, i said

different people explaining different ways:
1.Customer-Oriented Definition:
 You should any time use the cloud.
 You Should anywhere to access the data.
 With any device like tablet, laptop, mobile, computer, you can access.
 Accessing any service as SaaS, PaaS, IaaS.
When I ask you said you can access any time.
2.Business Oriented Definition:
 Universal Access
  Scalable Services (Managing)
 New application service models
 XaaS means Executing as a Service
 Pay-as-you-go model
What is exactly the definition of cloud computing?
Cloud Computing: It is delivery of On-demand computing service over the
Internet on a pay-as-you-go-basis.
How much you pay to use services over the Internet.
For example, Gmail, Hotmail, Web email access remotely. So, everything on
services computer cloud.
It is giving service to the people based on On-demand.
What is the mean of Pay-as-you-go-basis?
How much storing for that you have to pay. How much you are using you
have to pay. Because to maintain local system cost is more.
Why we are using Cloud Computing?
Earlier, the view is based on a single organization, personal system, or on-
premise, cloud computing is used.
What customer think about cloud computing? What the business people
think about cloud computing?
Why Cloud computing?
On Premise/ Personal System/Single Cloud Computing
Organization
Higher Pay, Less Scalability. Pay for what you use either
Scale Up: Pay more.
Scale Down: Pay less
Scaling down: Resources can reduce cloud
costs by restoring them to their initial
configuration when they are less utilized.
Scale up: Resources efficiently manages
high workloads.
Allot huge space for servers. No Server Space required.
(More servers maintain in the business
organization)
No automatic updates Automatic software updates
The team will be appointed for No Experts are required to maintenance
hardware/software maintenance, including servers.
the release of new software and hardware
upgrades.
Lack of flexibility (Immovable) High flexibility (Anywhere from you can
use or you can access).
 Data cannot be accessed Remotely Data can be accessed and shared anywhere
over the internet.
Takes longer implementation time. Rapid implementation
Poor Data Security. The cloud suggestions have significantly
improved data security.
So, this reasons we are using cloud computing rather than going for the file
organization, storage with single server.
Cloud Computing Applications
Cloud Computing is applied in almost all the fields like
 Business
 Entertainment
 Data Storage
 Social Networking
 Education System
 Management
Some of the popular applications of cloud computing are as follows:
1. Business Applications: cloud computing constructs more collaborative
and easy business with the help of different applications like Mailchimp,
chatter, GoogleApps for business and QuickBooks.
2. Mailchimp: It is providing on email publishing platform. It is a simple
email marketing system. It provides a various option to design, send and
save templates for emails.
3. Chatter: This application helps to share important information about
organizing in real-time.
4. GoogleApps for Business: Google Provides creating text documents,
spread sheets presentations etc.
Challenges in Cloud Computing:
The next topic is discussed about the various challenges faced by cloud
computing.
Cloud computing is an emerging technology and has many challenges in
various aspects of information handling.
This challenge helps to public users, storing public information, and
managing organizational aspects.

So, all the things that people can access and storing depend on the cloud.
So, whatever the people who are holding this cloud service are providing the
cloud services, they are facing some different challenges.
Cloud is an emerging technology is facing numerous challenges in various
aspects of Information Handling.
The concept is the information handling. They want to handle the public
information; they have to provide security for that information. They are not
supposed to give our access to everyone.
So, they have to face some challenges if they are handling the information,
So, let's see, what are the challenges for cloud computing?

The primary challenge in cloud computing is ensuring security and privacy.

So, without providing security, how can people trust the cloud?
How can they put their data so that confidential data will not be stored on
the cloud?
Also, by providing some privacies and securities aspects to that information,
that is the first challenge, and next is interoperability, Portability, Service
Quality, Computing Performance, Reliability and Availability.
Security and Privacy: Whatever the data that is stored in the cloud, the first
thing is that it provides security and privacy. This is the main challenges in
cloud computing.
This challenge can be reduced by using security applications, encrypted file
systems, and data loss software.
So, this security and privacy challenge can be reduced for cloud computing.
They can reduce this burden by providing security applications, so whatever the
data they are providing, they are providing security applications.
If you want to access your data, you also need to give a username and
password that are above those provided by those provided by other security
applications. That is the encrypted file system, and the data loss software is
also dead if suddenly some data is lost.
Some have some malfunctions, but they can retrieve that data and restore that
data with the help of data loss software.
So, these are the constraints they are taking to reduce the burden on security and
privacy by providing security applications with encrypted file systems for
confidential data and preventing software data loss.
Interoperability: The application on one platform should be able to incorporate
services from the other platform. This is known as interoperable.

Interoperability means if you are using some information. Some applications

use some platform, but the person who is using that software is using another
platform. So, this cloud compute is the interoperability.

So, it is becoming possible through web services.

So different platform systems can access data by using Web services.

So, this interoperability problem can be handled by cloud technology by using

web services.

So, if using web services means you can access whatever platform you are
using, suppose you are using the Linux operating system.

You can access the data the data with the help of web services by opening the
web pages.

Other people are using some Windows applications and Windows software,
which they can access by using web services.

So, this interoperability can be made possible by using web services.

Portability: The next challenge is portability. How is the portability can be

very important?

 The application running on one cloud platform can be moved to another,

ensuring its proper operation and functioning. They should operate
correctly without making any changes to the design code.
 Actually, this portability is not possible because each of the cloud
providers uses a different standard language for the platform.
  Even though this portability is not possible, they are providing their
maximum services by running the applications on one cloud platform and
then moving to another cloud per platform.
 So, without making any changes in designing or coding.

Service Quality: Next is service quality. How this cloud computing is facing
the service quality, the service level agreement will be one of the agreements
there, so with the help of these service level agreements of providers or not
enough to guarantee the availability and scalability, the business disclaimed
this inkling/suspicion shift to cloud without a strong service quality guarantee.

So how can we trust? If you want to store your data, how can you trust the
cloud people, the cloud service providers?

 With the help of these service level agreements, businesses are

motivated/inclined, shift to the cloud without a strong service quality
guarantee.
 If there is no strong service quality assurance from the cloud service
providers, they won't shift to the cloud.

Whenever the cloud services are providing some assurance, how can they
provide those assurances?

 The cloud services are providing this assurance with the help of some
securities, privacies, and encrypted file systems, and with some data loss
offered by showing all these things, they are giving some assurance to the
people to store the data in the cloud.

Computing Performance: Cloud computing faces challenges in computing

performance due to the need for high network bandwidth for data-intensive
applications, resulting in high costs. Low bandwidth may not meet desired
performance, leading to high costs when low bandwidth is not needed.

Therefore, providing high bandwidth is crucial for cloud computing.

Reliability and Availability: Most of the business or depend on service

provided by third party.

So hence it is mandatory for the cloud system to be reliable and robust. So,
everything is the main it depends on the service or the provided by the third
party.

So, hence it is mandatory for the cloud systems to be reliable and robust any
way.
So, these are the different challenges for the cloud system.

Cloud Computing Architecture:

We have clear idea about the cloud computing, what exactly cloud
computing?

Actually, the cloud computing architecture. Let see this below diagram.
Here, what you observing. Let see this is below the cloud.

Cloud is nothing but let takes Internet. So that, we are features like storage,
infrastructure, application.

Cloud consisting of Tablet, Laptop, Mobile, System.

Figure-2: Architecture of Cloud

The cloud computing architecture comprises of many cloud components

each of them loosely coupled not depends on one and another. Whoever can
access they can access.

Loose coupling is an approach to interconnecting the components in a

system, network or software application so that those components.

We can broadly divide the cloud architecture into two parts:

1. Front-End and 2. Back-End.

 Front-End: Refers to the client part of the cloud computing system. It
consists of interfaces and applications that are required to access the cloud
platform. Example: Web browser.

Back-End: Refers to cloud itself, it includes of huge data storage, virtual

machine, security mechanism, services, deployment models, server etc.
So, many of things are present itself.

Figure-3: Cloud Architecture

There are certain services and models working behind the scene/division
creation the cloud computing possible(feasible) and accessible to the end
users.

Following are the working models for cloud computing:

1.Deployment Models like Public, Private, Hybrid, Community
2. Service Models: SAAS, PAAS, IAAS.

Now let us see that Deployment Models: It defines the type of access to the
cloud i.e., how the cloud is located?
Cloud can have any of the four types of access will be deployment models.
1.Public
2.Private
3.Hybrid
4.Community

So, the Users can access the data by using different clouds like Public,
Private, Hybrid, Community.

Public Private
Cloud Cloud

Hybrid Community
Cloud Cloud

Let’s see the first thing is Public Cloud.

Public means So, the name itself is indicating that we are public those who
are having internet they can access the data from the cloud.

Public Cloud: It allows systems and services to be easily accessible to the

general public.

For example, if you want to download the software. How you are going to
download?

For example, Public Cloud providers like Google, Amazon, and Microsoft
offers cloud services via Internet to the public peoples.

Cloud Providers to maintain the user information’s in the data centers.

User-A Compute
Services Administr
Message ator for
Services Third
 Figure: Public Cloud

Here, the different users A, B, C can access everything from public cloud Using
Services like Message, Compute, Platform, Storage.

Benefits:

Cost Effective: Shares same resources for large number of customers.

Reliability: Public cloud the employer’s large number of resources from

different locations. If any of resource fail then the public employee can
another one. So, whenever wants to fail goes to another thing.

Flexibility: Public Cloud integrate with private cloud that is flexibility.

Location Independence: Provides through Internet.

Utility Style Costing: Pay-Per-Use

High Scalability:

How we can say that public cloud is High scalability?

Here the cloud resources are made available on demand from a pool of
resources. That is, they can be scale up or scale down according the
requirement.

Disadvantage: Low security and less customizable.

Obviously, Public Cloud is Low Security because So many peoples access
the same information not only the information available on the public
cloud.

Less Customize: you cannot customize(modify) frequently i.e., less

customize. There is no Modifications of public cloud.

Private Cloud

Let us see what is the private cloud?

So, here name saying that private means privacy is there. It is not visible. It
is not accessible by all the people.
So, the data that wants to be secure that wants to be important information
which is not share to everyone that type of data will be placed on private
cloud.
Private Cloud:
It allows system and services to be accessible within an organization.
It can be managed internally by organization itself or by third party.

Your application

Your information

Enterprise IT Resources virtualized infrastructure

Cloud Operating System/Cloud internetwork

Enterprise infrastructure Provider infrastructure

Network Server Storage Network Server Storage

Figure: Private Cloud

For example, Each and Every Bank because your account, your
information manages, your jewellery like things to storage in bank.

Everything is internally managed by organization by third party.

Benefits of Private Cloud:

  High Security and Privacy.
 More Control of private cloud: Because it has more control of
Resources, hardware and then public cloud.
 Cost and Energy efficiency: The resources are not as cost effective as
resources in public. So, whatever the resources using in public. So,
these resources not cost as cost effective as resources in public but the
offer more efficiency than the public cloud resources.

Disadvantages:

 Restricted area of operations:

 So, what is the restricted area of operation?
 Here, we can’t maintain our data globally means it is restricted
because private data can be restricted. It can’t expose to everyone.
So, it is restricted area of the operations. It is deployed globally.
 It is high priced: Why it is high priced? Suppose purchased
hardware is high priced by third party because of customer on
demand.
 Limited Scalability: Data Accessibility.

Hybrid Cloud

Let us continuous with the deployment model. Hybrid is a combination of

Public & Private.

 It is a mixture of public and private cloud.

 Public is non-secure whereas private means Fully secured.

What is type of information will be stored in Hybrid cloud?

There are two ways information will be stored in Hybrid cloud: -

 Non-critical activities are performed using public cloud, whereas

Critical activities are performed using private cloud.

For example, if you're purchase the hybrid cloud, the critical path might
include activities like storage information, accessing the information.
 Figure: Hybrid Cloud

So, hybrid means public as well as private whatever the information that will be
accessible by everyone that will be placed on public and the information that
should be most secure one, which is not visible to everyone that should be on
private. So, everything on the cloud. See Here diagram of cloud having public
cloud.

Benefits of Hybrid Cloud: Here, we discuss about the hybrid cloud benefits
shown in below:

1. Scalability: Public + Private features will be scalability.

2. Flexibility: Offers secure resources + scalable public resources.
3. Cost-effective: Hybrid clouds can be cost saving.
4. Security: In hybrid cloud of private cloud that ensure high degree of
security.

Disadvantages:

Network Issues: By Third party organization, they have to be maintained the

public cloud information and private cloud information. So, the network issues
to be presented.

Security Compliance: Some data will be highly secured; some data will be less
secured. So, Security complaints is there in the hybrid cloud because public
cloud allows peoples without secure whereas private cloud highly secure i.e.,
without permissions not access the data or storage and everything.

Infrastructure Dependency: In Hybrid cloud maintain internal IT

infrastructure. So, that why its having infrastructure dependency.

Community Cloud

Let us discuss the four models of deployment, last one of deployment model
is Community Cloud.
  It allows system and services to be accessible by group of organization
(which was maintained by Third Party) like Microsoft, Intergraph, HCL,
TCS.
 It shares infrastructure between several organization from a specific
community.
 It must be managed internally by organization or by the third party.

Figure: Community Cloud

Benefits:

Cost-effective: It offers same advantage and as that of private cloud at low cost.

Security: It is comparatively more secure than public and less secured than
private.

Share among organization: It provides infrastructures to share cloud resources

and abilities among several organization.
 Service Models
Service Models are the reference models on which the cloud computing is
based on these can be categorized into three basic service models to the
customers.

Service Models:
 Infrastructure as a Service
 Platform as a Service
 Software as a Service

End users’ applications delivered as a service rather than on Software.

Here, Application platform a middleware as a service on which developed

can build and deploy custom applications. So, PaaS consisting of operating
system and application stack(load) server storage network.

So, the infrastructure as a service. So, it’s completely consisting of the

hardware. The server storage network and network architecture
infrastructure. So, here the computers storage structure and other
infrastructure as a service rather than as a dedicated capability.
So, rather than the own organization infrastructure the customers are
using the services of infrastructure as a service which is provided by the
cloud.

Infrastructure as a Service: So, this discusses the IaaS. Before going to

know about IaaS.

Whatever it is build and it is consume(eat) by Software as a Service and it

will be deliver to customer. So, this is three terms should be service to
customers.

IaaS provides access to fundamental resources such as physical machines,

virtual machines, virtual storage etc.

For example, Amazon web services, Go-Grid.

IaaS also offers:

Virtual machine disk storage

Virtual local area network (VLAN)

Load Balancer

IP Address

All these resources are available to end users via server virtualization.
These resources are accessed by the customers as if they own them.

So, when the customers own these resources, they can access. So, this is also
based on usage only, on-demand of the customer. The customer can own
the resources which is provided by the infrastructure as a service.

Here, organization use their own platforms and application with a service
provider infrastructure.
Key Features: Now, key features are using IaaS.

The following are as follows

1.Instead of purchasing hardware outright(complete), users pay for IaaS

On-Demand.

 This means So that, rather than buying their own equipment’s to

perform the operations are storages by the organization rather than
purchase their own equipment’s. They will use the IaaS on-Demand.
 So that to users pay for paying some amount to the cloud. They are
using IaaS On-Demand.
 Who are using? The organization on the customers.

2.Infrastructure is Scalable depending on processing and storage needs.

 Here, Infrastructure is scalable depending on processing and storage

needs.
 Scalable means based on the usage you can pay.

If you using less then pay less. If you using more then pay more.

 So, it is completely scalable depending on processing and storage

needs.

ISSUES: - The following issues that are facing IaaS.

1.Compatibility with legacy Security Vulnerabilities.

It so means that IaaS offers customers to run legacy software’s. So, which
provides IaaS to expose customers to all of the customers security
vulnerabilities of such like legacy software.

So, the main thing is otherwise so, the main issue is so here the customers
has to run the legacy software if you are using PaaS.

2.Virthal Machine Sprawl:

So, the virtual machine can be come out of date with respect to the security
updates.

So, whenever the security updates are there automatically the Virtual
Machine can become out of date.

So, the cloud providers have to provides some services to that the
automatically updates such virtual machines.

But did not somewhat hot and complex to maintain this mechanism. So,
these one of the issues.

3.Robustness of Virtual Machine Level isolation:

So, IaaS offers an Isolated environment. So individual customers to

hypothesis.

4.Data Erase Practises:

Suppose whenever the customer using this cloud.

So, whenever customer release the resources the cloud provider must
ensure that next customer to rent the resources does not observe data of
previous customer.

So, whenever the customer releases the resources the cloud provider has to
take care about that disk has to be erase perfectly.

So, this issue face by the IaaS.

Platform as a Service

Let’s discuss about the Platform as a Service. This is second layer

of service model.

PaaS is a middleware software. PaaS provides the Runtime

Environment for applications, development and Deployment tools etc.

PaaS is using the infrastructure which provided by the IaaS with the help
of IaaS develop the products. So, what is going to be develop?

Develop the Runtime environment for applications developments &

development tools etc.
PaaS provides the facilities required to support the complete life cycle of
building(structure), delivering web applications, and services entirely from
the Internet.

For example, App engine of google, Force.com, Joynet, Azure.

So, these are all some development tools, which are used to create some
product, which are consumed (used up) by SaaS.

So, the developers are used to create by taking the infrastructures and
develops the environment.

So, here developers some develops the Integrated Device Environment

(IDE).

So, with the help of IDE, they will create the business applications.

So, this business application accessed by business users. So, developers

create one IDE i.e., Integrated Developed Environment.

So, you can call as PaaS. IDE is maintaining data security, Backup
Recovery, Application hosting and scalable infrastructure.

With help of all these services the IDE was developed. So, this IDE is
creating the business applications and this business application will be
accessed by business users.

Key Features of PaaS:

  PaaS provides a platform with tools to test develop and host
applications in the same environment.
 PaaS allows organization to focus on development without having to
worry about underlying(fundamental) infrastructure.
 PaaS provides manage security, operating systems, server and
backups.
 Facilities collaborative work even if teams work remotely.

Benefits:

 Lower administrative overhead:

How can say PaaS that lower administrative overhead?

Because the Customer responsibility of the cloud provider only. so,

there is no workloads on the administrative.

 Lower Total cost of ownership:

How the total cost of the ownership will be reduced?
By using the PaaS, which is provided by the cloud.
Here, customer need not purchase resources like hardware, storage,
servers.
Here, customer is organization people. They need not purchase
everything. They can take the vend also.
Based on usage they can consume the products. Resources lower total
cost of the ownership.
 Scalable solutions:
It is easy to scale up and scale down automatically based on the
demand.
Scalable solution means How much you are using for that you can
pay?
It may go up or it may be go down based on your storage amount of
data and usage of the resources.

 More current system software: It is responsibility of the providers to

maintain software versions and patterns of the installations. So, here
cloud provider is going to maintain everything the latest software
versions and anything is already ready to bring install the software’s.
So, this is more current technology will be there in PaaS.

Issues:
  Lack of portability between PaaS clouds.
 Event based processor scheduling.
 Security engineering of PAAS.
 Applications.

Platform as a Service Types: -

1. Application Delivery only Environment: Here, Application delivery

only environment include on-demand scaling.
2. Standalone Development Environment: Standalone PAAS works is
independent. It does not include licencing on specific SaaS
application. So, it works on Independent.
3. Open Platform as a Service: Here, the PaaS, it is open platform as a
service because it offers an open-source software. That the PaaS
provide runtime applications.
4. Add on Development facilities: Add on PaaS allows to customize the
existing SaaS Platforms.

Software as a Service
Let us continues with service models as Software as A Service.

This SaaS model is a software distribution model in which applications are

hosted by a vendor or service provider and made available to customers
over a network typically the internet.

SaaS Applications:

 Billing and Invoicing System

 Customer Relationship Management
 Help Desk Application
 Human Resource Management

Some of the SaaS applications are not customizable such as Microsoft

Office Suit.

So, the means of some applications that are present on this clouds those are
not customizable and some applications.
You can customize if you want to customize that application by
downloading the software. But here the Microsoft office suit can’t
customize (Modify).

But it provides us application program interface, which allow the developer

to develop a customized application.

The Application Program Interface helps you can develop customized

application.

Benefits of SaaS Model:

 Easier Administration
 Automatic Updates and Patch Management
 Compatibility: All users will have the same version of software.
 Easier collaboration for the same reason.
 Global Accessibility.

Issues: Let us discuss by facing the Software as a Service.

 It is Browser based Risk for SaaS.

 Network Dependence.
 Lack of Probability between SaaS Clouds.

What do you mean by Browser based Risk? How can you say that SaaS
Browser based Risks?

Actually, Browser based Risk means you will open different browsers on
systems. Let say the Google Chrome. Using Google Chrome on you can
opens different application. Dedicate one browser for example, Internet
Explorer as a SaaS Application, Searching, playing and another browser.

Network Dependence: Actually, all the SaaS applications. The SaaS can be
delivered only when networked continuously available, whenever you
having internet, whenever you having network then only you can open your
browses on your system.

It means continuously available network has to be continuously available.

But there is no guarantee for us. Because, Cloud providers as well as
customers there is no guarantee for continuously network. Network
reliability can’t be guarantee either cloud provider as well as customer.
Lack of Portability between SaaS Clouds: Transferring the workloads
from one SaaS application cloud to another SaaS application cloud. So, it
not easy.

Initially, Open the Web Browser. Whenever you can open the web browser
means in the cloud. First, it connects into the SaaS. The SaaS is an application
which is having the CRM, Email, Virtual Desktop, Games. Everything the
software will be present. Application present in the SaaS. These applications are
consumed by the clients.

And, PaaS is providing a platform to this software. That is execution runtime,

database, webservices and development tools, everything provide by the
platform. PaaS is a creator, supporter, middleware. So, this is the platform for
execution runtime, Database, webservices and development tools are present in
the PaaS.

Whereas Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is consisting of all virtual machine,

servers, storage, and network is everything will be present on infrastructure as a
service.
So, behind the client can only access the browser and mobile apps. So,
whenever is accessing the browser connects the cloud. The cloud is going to
provide a service like SAAS, PAAS, IAAS.

So, these three services compulsories to access any of the browser. So, it is
supporting cloud providers needs these three supports to fulfil the customer
requirements. So, this is about the different service models.

System Models for Distributed and Cloud Computing

Distributed and cloud computing systems are composed of numerous

Autonomous/independent computer nodes.
These node machines/tackles are interconnected by SANs, LANs, or WANs in
a well-ordered/hierarchical manner.
With today’s networking technology, a few LAN switches can easily connect
hundreds of machines as a working cluster.
A WAN can connect many local clusters to form a very large cluster of clusters.
Many National Grids build in the past decade were under-utilized for lack of
reliable middleware or well-coded applications.
Classification of distributed Computing Systems. These can be classified
into Four Groups:
1.Cluster Computing
2. Peer-to-Peer Networks
3. Grid Computing
4. Cloud Computing
1.Cluster Computing: Cluster Computing consists of interconnected
standalone or unrelated computers, which work cooperatively as a single
integrated computing resource. This is also known as Clusters of Cooperative
Computers.
The figure depicts a server cluster's architecture, which is based on a low-
Latency(inexpensive), high-bandwidth interconnection network.

This network can be a simple SAN (Myrinet) or LAN (Ethernet)

configuration.
The interconnection network can be expanded by using multiple levels of
Gigabit Ethernet, Myrinet, or InfiniBand switches to build a larger cluster
with more nodes or servers or computers.
Expandable clusters with a growing number of nodes can be created through
hierarchical/well-ordered architecture using SAN, LAN, or WAN. A VPN
bridge connects the cluster to the internet.

The location of the cluster is controlled by the gateway IP address, whereas

the OS's control over shared cluster resources defines a computer's system
appearance.

Node computers in clusters are often freely/easily connected (All the Nodes).
A server node's individual operating system controls all of its resources.

Because many clusters have numerous independent nodes running separate

operating systems, they typically contain various system versions.

Benefits:
 Centralized resources and security administration.
 Single logon for access to global resources.
 Simplified resource location.

2.Peer-to-Peer Networks: P2P network consists of interconnected standalone

computers, which work cooperatively/helpfully as a single integrated
computing resource.
The Peer-to-Peer architecture offers a distributed model of network systems.

In Peer-to-Peer system, every node acts as a both a client and a server,

providing part of the system resources. Peer machines are simply client
computers connected to the internet. All client machines act autonomously to
join or leave the system freely.

 In a Peer-to-Peer network, every node(peer) acts as both a client and a

server.

 Peers act separately to join or leave the network.

 No Central Coordination or Central Database is needed.

 The complete Peer-to-Peer System is not visible to any one Peer

machine globally.

 The system is self-organizing with distributed control.

 A peer-to-peer network doesn't require an isolated interconnection

network, compared to a cluster or grid.

3. Computational and Data Grid:

Grids are heterogeneous clusters interconnected by high-speed networks.

They have centralized control and are server-oriented with authenticated

security.
They are suited to distributed supercomputing. The grid is constructed across
LAN’s, WAN’s or Internet Backbones at regional, national or Global Scale.

The computers used in a grid include servers, clusters, and super-computers.

PCS, Laptops, and mobile devices can be used to access a grid system.

Benefits: Instead of focusing on a single server, grid computing uses load

sharing applications to divide duties among small server components, ensuring
equal distribution of resources and rules.

4.Cloud Computing:

A Cloud is a pool of virtualized computer resources.

Workloads can be deployed and scaled out quickly through rapid provisioning
of virtual machines.

Virtualization of Server Resources has enabled cost effectiveness and allowed

cloud systems to leverage low costs to benefit both users and providers.

Cloud Computing applies a virtualized platform with resources on demand by

provisioning hardware, software, and data sets dynamically.

Benefits: The advantages of cloud computing include security, serviceability,

and flexibility.
Service Oriented Architecture:
 Identification of patients is required by healthcare organizations'
Electronic Health Record (EHR) and Patient Management Systems.
 These systems can complete the Patient Registration Operation by
making a single, shared service call Using Service Oriented
Architecture.
 Using software components known as services to build business
applications is known as service-oriented architecture, or SOA.
 Every service offers a certain business function, and they can all converse
with one another in multiple languages and platforms.
 With SOA, developers can integrate multiple independent services to
achieve complex tasks or reuse services across different systems.
Service-oriented architecture (SOA) has several benefits over the traditional
massive structures in which all processes run as a single unit.
The main advantages of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) include:
Faster time to market: Developers utilize Service Assembly (SOA) to save
time and costs by reusing services across various business processes,
allowing faster application get-together than code writing and integrations.
Efficient maintenance: Small services in SOA are simpler to create, update,
and debug than large code blocks in massive applications, and any
modification doesn't affect the functionality of the business process.

Better adaptability/flexibility: SOA improves adaptability/flexibility to

technological advancements, allowing for efficient and cost-effective
modernization of applications, such as healthcare organizations integrating
older electronic health record systems into new cloud-based applications.

Performance, Security and Energy Efficiency: Performance, Security, and

Energy Efficiency are crucial aspects of distributed systems such as cloud
computing environments, peer-to-peer networks, and data centers.
Achieving a balance between these three factors is a key challenge in
designing and operating these systems.
Performance in distributed systems is measured by metrics like:

 Throughput: Measured in MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second),

Tflops (tera floating-point operations per second), or TPS (transactions
per second).
 Latency: The delay (interruption) in communication between system
components.
Issues influencing performance include:

 CPU speed: Measured in MIPS.

 Network bandwidth: Measured in Mbps (megabits per second).
 Scalability: The ability of a system to handle increasing workloads.
 Overhead: Attributed to issues like OS boot time, compile time, and
I/O data rate.
Security in distributed systems focuses on protecting the system from threats
like network attacks.
Key security requirements include:

 Confidentiality: Protecting information from unauthorized access.

 Integrity: Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of data.
 Availability: Guaranteeing that the system and its resources are
accessible when needed.
Energy Efficiency is fetching increasingly important due to increasing energy
demands, costs, and environmental anxieties. It involves:

 Minimizing energy consumption without compromising performance.

 Utilizing renewable energy sources.
 Adopting energy-efficient hardware and software.
Plans for achieving a balance:

 Rightsizing and workload optimization: Matching server capacity to

workload demands.
 Power management and idle state management: Using features like
sleep modes and dynamic power scaling.
 Optimizing software: Writing efficient code and using virtualization
technologies.
 Employing Energy Management Standards: Implementing systematic
approaches to manage and improve energy use.