Chapter 1: The Database Environment

Modern Database Management 9th Edition

Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott, Heikki Topi
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

OBJECTIVES

Definition of terms Explain growth and importance of databases Name limitations of conventional file processing Identify five categories of databases Explain advantages of databases Identify costs and risks of databases List components of database environment Describe evolution of database systems

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DEFINITIONS

Database: organized collection of logically related data Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and events

Structured: numbers, text, dates Unstructured: images, video, documents

Information: data processed to increase knowledge in the person using the data Metadata: data that describes the properties and context of user data
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Figure 1-1a Data in context

Context helps users understand data

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Figure 1-1b Summarized data

Graphical displays turn data into useful information that managers can use for decision making and interpretation
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Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data, including data types, field sizes, allowable values, and data context
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DISADVANTAGES OF FILE PROCESSING

Program-Data Dependence

All programs maintain metadata for each file they use Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data No centralized control of data Programmers must design their own file formats 80% of information systems budget

Duplication of Data

Limited Data Sharing

Lengthy Development Times

Excessive Program Maintenance

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PROBLEMS WITH DATA DEPENDENCY

Each application programmer must maintain his/her own data Each application program needs to include code for the metadata of each file Each application program must have its own processing routines for reading, inserting, updating, and deleting data Lack of coordination and central control Non-standard file formats

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Duplicate Data

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PROBLEMS WITH DATA REDUNDANCY

Waste of space to have duplicate data Causes more maintenance headaches The biggest problem:

Data changes in one file could cause inconsistencies Compromises in data integrity

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SOLUTION: THE DATABASE APPROACH

Central repository of shared data Data is managed by a controlling agent Stored in a standardized, convenient form

Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT A software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide SYSTEM controlled access to user databases

Order Filing System

Invoicing System

DBMS

Central database Contains employee, order, inventory, pricing, and customer data

Payroll System

DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources

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ADVANTAGES OF THE DATABASE APPROACH

Program-data independence Planned data redundancy Improved data consistency Improved data sharing Increased application development productivity Enforcement of standards Improved data quality Improved data accessibility and responsiveness Reduced program maintenance Improved decision support

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COSTS AND RISKS OF THE DATABASE APPROACH

New, specialized personnel Installation and management cost and complexity Conversion costs Need for explicit backup and recovery Organizational conflict

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ELEMENTS OF THE DATABASE APPROACH

Data models

Graphical system capturing nature and relationship of data Enterprise Data Modelhigh-level entities and relationships for the organization Project Data Modelmore detailed view, matching data structure in database or data warehouse

Relational Databases

Database technology involving tables (relations) representing entities and primary/foreign keys representing relationships Networks and telecommunications, distributed databases, clientserver, and 3-tier architectures Application programs used to perform database activities (create, read, update, and delete) for database users

Use of Internet Technology

Database Applications

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Figure 1-2 Comparison of enterprise and project level data models

Segment of an enterprise data model

Segment of a project-level data model

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One customer may place many orders, but each order is placed by a single customer One-to-many relationship

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One order has many order lines; each order line is associated with a single order One-to-many relationship

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One product can be in many order lines, each order line refers to a single product One-to-many relationship

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Therefore, one order involves many products and one product is involved in many orders Many-to-many relationship

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Figure 1-5 Components of the Database Environment

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COMPONENTS OF THE DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

CASE Toolscomputer-aided software engineering Repositorycentralized storehouse of metadata Database Management System (DBMS) software for managing the database Databasestorehouse of the data Application Programssoftware using the data User Interfacetext and graphical displays to users Data/Database Administrators personnel responsible for maintaining the database System Developerspersonnel responsible for designing databases and software End Userspeople who use the applications and databases

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THE RANGE OF DATABASE APPLICATIONS

Personal databases Workgroup databases Departmental/divisional databases Enterprise database

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems Data warehousing implementations

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Table 1-6 Summary of Database Applications

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Figure 1-7 Workgroup database with wireless local area network

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ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Integrate all enterprise functions (manufacturing, finance, sales, marketing, inventory, accounting, human resources) Integrated decision support system derived from various operational databases

Data Warehouse

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Figure 1-8 An enterprise data warehouse

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WEB-ENABLED DATABASES

Web applications requiring databases

Customer relationship management (CRM) Business-to-consumer (B2C) Electronic data interchange (EDI) Private intranets XML-defined Web services

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WEB-ENABLED DATABASES (CONT.)

Issues to consider

Which technologies to use? Security/privacy protection Managing huge volumes of data from Internet transactions Maintaining data quality

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Figure 1-9 Evolution of database technologies

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