One Way Slab

ENGR. DANTE L. NEBIT

One Way Slab
One which is supported on two sides only for which the ratio of the
long span to short span is greater than 2.0. The slab will bend or
deflected in a direction perpendicular to the supported lengths. It is
designed as a singly reinforced section with a width of one meter. It
consists of a series of rectangular beams placed side by side.
𝑳
> 𝟐 (𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒚 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒃)
𝟐𝟎
Min. thickness of one-way slab should be
equal to:
𝑳
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝟐𝟎
𝑳
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝟐𝟒
𝑳
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝟐𝟖
𝑳
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝟏𝟎

𝒇
For Fy other than 415 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by 𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝒚
𝟕𝟎𝟎
If the slab is built monolithically with the supporting beams or is continuous over several supports,
positive or negative moments are computed using moment coefficients for continuous beams.
Moment Coefficients:
Two spans which is supported by spandrel beams on both sides.

Two spans supported by columns on both ends.

Moment Coefficients:
More than 3 or more spans which is supported by beams at both ends.

More than 3 or more spans, which is supported by columns at both

ends.
Concrete cover not less than 20 mm at surfaces not exposed to
weather or ground.
∅
𝑑 =𝑡− 2
− 20
d = effective depth
t = total thickness of slab
∅ = diameter of main bars

If the slab is permanently exposed to the ground, min. concrete

cover is 70mm clear.
Spacing of Main Reinforcement
Spacing shall not be more than 3 times slab thickness nor 450 mm.

Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement

A decrease in temperature and shrinkage stresses is likely to cause hairline cracks. It is the
main reason why reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses are provided in a
structural slab.
Areas of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall provide at least the following
ratios of reinforcement area to gross concrete area but not less than 0.0014.
Slabs with Grade 280 and Grade 530 deformed bars are used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002
Slabs where Grade 415 deformed bars or welded wire fabric are used . . . . . . . . 0.0018
Slabs where reinforcement with yield stress exceeding 415 MPa
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖 (𝟒𝟏𝟓)
measured at a yield strain of 0.35% is used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
𝒇𝒚
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcements shall be spaced not farther
Than 5 times the slab thickness or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 mm
Steps in Designing One Way Slab:
1. Assume thickness of slab using the min. requirement of the code.
2. Consider one meter strip of a slab.
3. Compute the factored load using Wu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
𝑊𝑢𝐿2
4. Compute the ultimate moment Mu = 8
for simply supported span only.
1
5. Compute the value of d = h - 20 - of diameter of 12 mm bar.
2
6. Compute “ω” from the relation:
Mu = ∅ fc’ bd2 ω (1-0.59 ω)
ωfc′
7. Compute p =
𝑓𝑦
8. Check whether p > pmin < pmax
Note: When p > pmax increase the thickness of slab, but if p < pmin, decrease the thickness of slab.
1.4
pmin = 𝑓𝑦
pmax = 0.75 pb
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′𝛽600
𝑝𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦

𝛽 = 0.85 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝛽 = 0.85 − 0.008 𝑓𝑐 ′ − 30 for other value of fc’ > 30 MPa with a minimum value of 0.65
Steps in Designing One Way Slab:
9. Compute steel area required As = pbd
10. Compute the spacing of 12 mm ∅ or bigger diameter bars than 12 mm ∅
1000 𝜋
(12)2 = 𝐴𝑠
𝑆 4
1000 𝜋 12 2
4
𝑆= 𝐴𝑠
> 3h or 450 mm
11. Compute the area of temperature bars needed.
Note:
As for main bars must be greater than As for temp. bars.
As = 0.002bh for grade 300 (fy = 300 MPa)
As = 0.0018bh for grade 400 (fy = 400 MPa)

12. Compute the spacing of temperature bars. (10 mm ∅)

1000 𝜋 2
10 = 𝐴𝑠
𝑆 4
1000 𝜋 10 2
4
𝑆= < 5h or 450 mm
𝐴𝑠
Sample Problems
1. A 200 mm thick one way reinforced concrete slab overhangs a simple
support. The span of overhang is 2.4 m. Drawings called for the
reinforcement to be placed with top cover of 25 mm. The steel was
misplaced, however, and later was found to be as much as 87.5 mm
below the top of the concrete. fc' = 27.6 MPa, fy = 414.6 MPa.
Reinforcing bars is 22 mm ∅ spaced at 275 mm o.c.
1. Find the ∅ Mn for the slab as designed.
2. Find the ∅ Mn for the slab as built.
3. Find the percent of reduction in flexural strength.
Solution:
1. The value of ∅ Mn for the slab as designed.

𝜋 1000
𝐴𝑠 = 22 2
4 275
𝐴𝑠 = 1382.3 𝑚𝑚2
𝑑 = 200 − 25 − 11
𝑑 = 164 𝑚𝑚

T=C
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏
1382.3 414.6 = 0.85 27.6 𝑎 1000
𝑎 = 24.43 𝑚𝑚

𝑎
∅ M𝑛 = ∅ 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2

24.43
∅ M𝑛 = 0.90 1382.3 414.7 164 −
2

∅ M𝑛 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟑𝟏 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
2. The value of ∅ Mn for the slab as built.

d = 200 – 87.5 – 11
d = 101.5 mm

T=C
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏
1382.3 414.6 = 0.85 27.6 𝑎 1000
𝑎 = 24.43 𝑚𝑚
𝑎
∅ M𝑛 = ∅ 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2

24.43
∅ M𝑛 = 0.90 1382.3 414.7 101.5 −
2

∅ M𝑛 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟏 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

3. Percent of reduction in flexural strength.

46.1−78.31
% reduction = 100
78.31

% reduction = - 41.13%
2. The one way slab has a thickness of 200 mm. It is reinforced with 25
mm ∅ bars spaced at 150 mm on center. Clear covering is 18.75 mm. fc’
= 20.7 MPa, fy = 276.5 MPa. Wt. of concrete is 24 kN/m3.
Span of slab is 3.6 m center to center of support.

1. Compute the depth of compression block.

2. Compute the ∅ M𝑛 of the slab shown.
3. Compute the service live load in kPa that the slab can carry,
assuming that the only dead load is the weight of the slab.
Solution:
1. Depth of compression block.
Consider 1000 mm strip of slab.
d = 200 – 18.75 – 12.5
d = 168.75 mm

T=C
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏
𝜋 1000
𝐴𝑠 = 25 2
4 150
𝐴𝑠 = 3272.50 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏

3275.50 276.5 = 0.85 20.7 𝑎 1000
𝑎 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝒎
2. Value of ∅ M𝑛 of the slab:
𝑎
∅ M𝑛 = ∅ 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
51.43
∅ M𝑛 = 0.90 3272.50 276.5 168.75 −
2
∅ M𝑛 = 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

3. Service live load in kPa that the slab can carry, assuming that the
only dead load is the weight of the slab.
 𝑊𝑢𝐿2
𝑀𝑢 =
8
𝑊𝑢(3.6)2
116.5 =
8
𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑢 = 71.91
𝑚
DL = 0.20 (1)(24)
DL = 4.8 kN/m
𝑊𝑢= 1.2 𝐷𝐿 + 1.6 𝐿𝐿
71.91 = 1.2 4.8 + 1.6 𝐿𝐿
𝑘𝑁
𝐿𝐿 = 41.34
𝑚
𝐿𝐿 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝑷𝒂
Two Way Slab
ENGR. DANTE L. NEBIT
Two Way Slab
When the slab is supported on all four sides and the ratio of length L is
less than twice the width, the slab is referred to as a two way slab. The
two way slab will deflect in two directions and the loads on the slab are
transferred to all four supports.
Types of Two-Way Slab
1. Flat Plates
This is a two way slab which is most suitable for spans 6 m to
7.6 m and live loads between 2.9 kPa and 4.8 kPa. They are widely used in
buildings either as reinforced or pre stressed concrete slab. There are two
advantages of adopting a flat plate floor system.

a. They have low-cost from work, exposed flat ceilings and time of
construction is faster than the other types.
b. They have low shear capacity and relatively low stiffness which may
cause smaller deflection.
2. Flat Slabs
this slab is most suitable for spans of 6 m to 9 m and for live
loads of 3.8 kPa to 7.2 kPa. It uses more form work than flat plates. In
most cases, only drop panels without column capital is used.
3. Slabs on Beams
This type of two-way slab is suitable for spans between 6 m and
9 m and live loads of 2.8 kPa to 5.8 kPa. Additional formwork for beams
is needed. The supporting beam increases the stiffness of the slab, thus
producing low deflection.
4. Waffle Slab
This type of two-way slab are suitable for spans 9 m to 15 m and
live loads of 3.84 kPa to 5.8 kPa. Additional formwork including the use
of pans is quite expensive. The advantage of this type of two-way slab
is that they can carry heavier than flat-plates and they have attractive
exposed ceilings.
Methods for the Design of Two-Way Slabs
Direct Design Method
This is approximate method for analysis and design of two-way slabs.
This is limited to slabs subjected to uniformly distributed loads and
supported on nearly equally spaced columns. This method uses a set of
coefficients to determine the design moments at critical section.
Equivalent Frame Method
This method is used wherein a three dimensional building is divided
into a series of two-dimensional equivalent frames by dividing the
building along lines midway between columns.
Analysis by Coefficient Method
Ms = Cs w Ls2

(moment along short direction)

Mb = Cb w Lb2
(moment along long direction)
Cs and Cb = tabulated moment coefficients from table
w = uniform load kN/m2
Ls = length of clear span in short direction
Lb = length of clear span in long direction
Moments at the column strip is only 1/3 of the midspan moments
Coefficient for Negative Moments in Slabs +
Coefficient for Dead-Load Positive Moments in Slabs +
Coefficients for Live-Load Positive Moments in Slabs +
Ratio of Load w in la and lb Directions for Shear in Slab and Load on Supports +
Sample Problem
Design a monolithic reinforced concrete slab having clear span
dimensions of 6m x 7.5m. The floor slab is to carry a service live load of
6.97 kPa uniformly distributed over its surface.
fy = 414 MPa, fc’ = 20.7 MPa
Solution:
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙
𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
180
6000 + 7500 2
𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
180

𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 150 𝑚𝑚

Try 150 mm slab

Dead Load = 0.150 (2800) (9.81)
Dead Load = 4120 Pa
Dead Load = 4.12 KPa
w = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
w = 1.2 (4.12) + 1.6 (6.97)
w = 4.94 + 11.15 = 16.09 KPa
Considering 1 meter strip w = 16.09 kN/m
𝐿𝑠
𝑚=
𝐿𝑏
6
𝑚=
7.5
𝑚 = 0.8

(NEGATIVE MOMENTS)
From table (Negative moments at continuous edge), Case 4
Neg Cs = 0.071
Neg Cb = 0.029
Ms = Cs w Ls2
Ms = 0.071 (16.1) (6)2
Ms = 41.152 kN.m

Mb = 0.029 (16.1)(7.5)2
Mb = 26.26 kN.m
Along short direction:
+Ms DL = 0.039 (4.94)(6)2
+Ms DL = 6.94 kN.m
+Ms LL = 0.048 (11.15)(6)2
+Ms LL = 19.27 kN.m
+ MTs = 6.94 + 19.27
+ MTs = 26.21 kN.m

Along long direction:

+w DL = 4.94 kN/m
+Mb DL = 0.016 (4.94) (7.5)2
+Mb DL = 4.446 kN.m
w LL = 11.15 kN/m
+Mb LL = 0.020 (11.15) (7.5)2
+Mb LL = 12.544 kN.m
+Mb T = 4.446 + 12.544
+Mb T = 17.01 kN.m

Negative moment at discontinuous edges equal to 1/3 of positive moment.

1
−𝑀𝑠 = 26.21 = 8.74 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
3
1
−𝑀𝑏 = 17.01 = 5.67 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
3
Along short direction:
Midspan:
Mu = ∅ fc’ bd2 ω (1-0.59 ω)
Mu = 26.21 kN.m
26210000 = 0.90 (20.7) (1000) (125)2 ω (1-0.59 ω)
ω (1-0.59 ω) = 0.09
ω – 0.59 ω2 = 0.09
ω2 – 1.69 ω + 0.153 = 0
ω = 0.0957′
ω 𝑓𝑐
𝑝=
𝑓𝑦
𝑝 = 0.0957 (20.7)
414

𝑝 = 0.0048
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑝 𝑏 𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0048 1000 125
𝐴𝑠 = 600 𝑚𝑚2
𝑈𝑠𝑒 12 𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
1000 𝜋(12)2
= 600
𝑆 4
𝑆 = 188.4 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 180 𝑚𝑚.
Continuous Edge:
Mu = 41.152 kN. M
Mu = 41152000 [Link]
Mu = ∅ fc’ bd2 ω (1-0.59 ω)
41152000 = 0.9 (20.7) (1000) (125)2 ω (1-0.59 ω)
ω (1-0.59 ω) = 0.141
ω2 = 1.69 ω + 0.2396 = 0
ω = 0.156
ω 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑝 = 𝑓𝑦
0.156 (20.7)
𝑝=
414
𝑝 = 0.0078

𝐴𝑠 = 𝑝 𝑏 𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0078 1000 125
𝐴𝑠 = 975 𝑚𝑚2
1000 𝜋(12)2
= 975
𝑆 4
𝑆 = 116 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 100 𝑚𝑚.

Discontinuous Edge:
Use 3 times the spacing of midspan (moment is only 1/3 of midspan)
S = 3 (180) = 540 mm > 450 mm (ACI Code)
Bent up two of every three bars from the bottom steel
Along the long direction:
Midspan d = 125 – 6 = 119 mm
Mu = 17.01 kN.m
Mu = ∅ fc’ bd2 ω (1-0.59 ω)
17010000 = 0.90 (20.7) (1000) (119)2 ω (1-0.59 ω)
ω2 - 1.69 ω + 0.109 = 0
ω = 0.0067

ω 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑝=
𝑓𝑦
0.096 20.7
𝑝=
414
𝑝 = 0.0034

𝐴𝑠 = 𝑝 𝑏 𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0034 1000 119
𝐴𝑠 = 404.6 𝑚𝑚2
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 10 𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
1000 𝜋(12)2
= 404.6
𝑆 4
𝑆 = 194 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 190 𝑚𝑚
Continuous Edge:
Mu = 26.26kN. M
Mu = ∅ fc’ bd2 ω (1-0.59 ω)
26260000 = 0.9 (20.7) (1000) (125)2 ω (1-0.59 ω)
ω2 = 1.69 ω + 0.153 = 0
ω = 0.096
ω 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑝 = 𝑓𝑦
0.096 (20.7)
𝑝=
414
𝑝 = 0.0048

𝐴𝑠 = 𝑝 𝑏 𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0048 1000 125
𝐴𝑠 = 600 𝑚𝑚2
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 12 𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
1000 𝜋(12)2
= 600
𝑆 4
𝑆 = 188.4 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 180 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

Discontinuous Edge:
Moment is only 1/3 at midspan
Spacing = 3 (190) = 570 mm> 450 mm
Bent up two of every three bottom bars.