Irregular Section of Beams
Reinforced for Tension
ENGR. DANTE L. NEBIT
Approximate moment arm:
Z = 0.85 d for rectangular sections
Z = 0.95 d for T – beam sections
Mu = ∅𝑇𝑧
Mu = ∅ 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑧
T=C
As fy = 0.85 fc’ Ac
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0.85 𝑓𝑐′
𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 + 𝐴3 𝑦3
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Actual value of moment arm:
Z=d–y
Ultimate Moment Capacity:
Mu = ∅ 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑦
Problem 1.
The beam has a cross section as shown in the figure. It carries an
ultimate moment of 156 kN.m. Using fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy = 414 MPa.
Es = 200 000 MPa
1. Compute the location of the neutral axis measured from the top of
the beam.
2. Compute the number of 20 mm∅ bars needed.
3. Compute the actual strain of the steel reinforcements used.
Solution:
1. Location of N.A.
Approximate:
Z = 0.85 d
Z = 0.85 (400)
Z = 340
Mu = ∅ T z
156 𝑥 106 = 0.90 𝑇 340
𝑇 = 509804
T=C
509804 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴𝑐
509804 = 0.85 20.7 𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑐 = 28974 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑐 = 100 𝑎 2 + 100 𝑎 − 75
28974 = 200𝑎 + 100𝑎 − 7500
300𝑎 = 36474
𝑎 = 121.58 𝑚𝑚
𝑎= 𝛽𝑐
121.58 = 0.85 𝑐
𝑐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟎𝟒 𝒎𝒎
2. Number of 20 mm∅
𝐴1 = 100 121.58 2
𝐴1 = 24316
𝐴2 = 100 46.58
𝐴2 = 4658
𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2
24316 + 4658 𝑦 = 24316 60.79 + 4658 98.29
𝑦 = 66.82
Z = 400 – 66.82
Z = 333.18 mm
Mu = ∅ 𝑇 𝑧
156 𝑥 106 = 0.90 𝐴𝑠 414 333.18
𝐴𝑠 = 1256.62 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
20 2 𝑁 = 1256.62
4
𝑁 = 4 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟒 − 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎∅ bars
3. Actual Strain of steel bars
𝑒𝑠 0.003
=
256.96 143.04
𝑒𝑠 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟒 (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛)
𝑓𝑦 414
𝜀𝑦 = =
𝐸𝑠 200000
𝜀𝑦 = 0.00207
𝜀𝑠 > 𝜀𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
Beam Reinforced for Tension
and Compression
ENGR. DANTE L. NEBIT
Beam Reinforced for Tension and Compression
Because of architectural or other considerations, the beam cross
section is limited such that concrete could not develop the
compression force required to resist the moment due to its load, this
requires reinforcement to be added in the compression zone, which
resulted to be a doubly reinforced beam, one with tension
reinforcement as well as compression reinforcement. The addition of
compression reinforcement reduces the long term deflections of a
beam subjected to a sustained loads. Creep of the concrete in the
compression zone transfers load from the concrete to the compression
steel, thus reducing the compressive stress of concrete. Because of the
lower compression stress in concrete, it creeps less, leading to a
reduction of sustained load deflections.
Reasons for providing compression reinforcement
Reasons for providing compression reinforcement
1. It reduces, sustained - load deflection.
• The addition of compression reinforcement, causes the creep of the
concrete in the compression zone to transfer load from the concrete
to the compression steel thus reducing the stress in the concrete.
Because of the lower compression stress in the concrete, it creeps
less, leading to a reduction in sustained load deflections.
2. It increases ductility
• The addition of compression reinforcement causes a reduction in the
depth of the compression stress block. As the depth of the
compression block decreases, the strain in the tension reinforcement
at failure increases, resulting in more ductile behavior. The ductility
increases significantly when reinforcement is used.
3. It changes the mode of failure from compression to tension.
• When 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝑝 , the beam will fail in a brittle manner through
crushing of the compression zone before the steel yields. With the
addition of compression steel to such a beam, the compression zone
is strengthening sufficiently to allow the tension steel to yield before
the concrete crushes.
Difference between beams reinforced for tension
only and beam with tension and compression steel.
a. For beams reinforced for tension only.
b. For beams reinforced for tension and compression.
c. Effect of compression reinforced on strain distribution in two
beams with the same area of tension reinforcement.
Note: The neutral axis becomes nearer at the top of compression fiber
of concrete when it is reinforced for compression.
Analysis for Beams Reinforced for
Tension and Compression
Analysis for Beams Reinforced for
Tension and Compression
𝑎
𝑀1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 𝑑−
2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑝𝑏𝑑
To obtain a reduction factor of 0.90, let the max.
reinforcement ratio corresponding to a net tensile
strain of the extreme layer of tensile stress be equal to
0.005.
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽(0.003)
Assume value of 𝑝1 = 𝑓𝑦 0.008
Derivation by ratio and proportion:
0.003 0.008
=
𝑐 𝑑
𝑐 0.003
=
𝑑 0.008
C=T
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠
𝑝=
𝑏𝑑
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑝 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽𝑐
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽𝑐𝑏 = 𝑝 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽𝑐
𝑝=
𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑐 0.003
=
𝑑 0.008 ′
0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝛽(0.003)
𝑝=
𝑓𝑦 (0.008)
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝑝1 𝑏𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
C1 = T1
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏
𝒂
𝑴𝟏 = ∅𝑨𝒔𝟏 𝒇𝒚 𝒅−
𝟐
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀1 + 𝑀2
𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀1 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑴𝟐 = ∅𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − 𝒅′
If compression bars will yield:
𝑓𝑦
1. 𝜀𝑠′
> 𝜀𝑦 = 𝐸
𝑠 ′ ′
′
0.85 𝑓 𝑐
𝛽𝑑 600
2. 𝑝 − 𝑝 >
𝑓𝑦 𝑑(600 − 𝑓𝑦 )
′
𝜀𝑠 0.003
=
𝑐−𝑑 𝑐
0.003 𝑐 − 𝑑
𝜀𝑠′ =
𝑐
𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠2
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 ′
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠 ′
If compression bars will not yield:
𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑠′ < 𝜀𝑦 =
𝐸𝑠 ′
′
0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝛽𝑑 ′ 600
𝑝−𝑝 <
𝑓𝑦 𝑑(600 − 𝑓𝑦 )
𝑓𝑠′ ≠ 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑠′ = 𝜀𝑠′ 𝐸𝑠
0.003 𝑐 − 𝑑
𝑓𝑠′ = (200,000)
𝑐
600 (𝑐 − 𝑑)
𝑓𝑠′ =
𝑐
𝑀2 = ∅𝐴𝑠 ′𝑓′𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑀2 = ∅𝐴𝑠2 𝑓′𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑀2
𝐴𝑠2 =
∅𝑓′𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
𝐴𝑠 ′𝑓′𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 ′𝑓′𝑠
𝐴𝑠2 =
𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
Note:
Adjustment for the concrete area replaced by the compression reinforcement is disregarded as being insignificant for practical design purposes.
Investigation of Beams Reinforced for
Tension and Compression
a. Compression Bars Will Yield
𝜀𝑠′ > 𝜀𝑦
𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓𝑦
Check if compression bars are needed.
𝐴𝑠
𝑝=
𝑏𝑑
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝑝𝑏
𝑝 > 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑
Compression bars will yield if the following conditions are satisfied.
′
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒇′ 𝒄 𝜷𝒅′ (𝟔𝟎𝟎)
𝒑−𝒑 >
𝒇𝒚 𝒅(𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝒇𝒚 )
If compression bars yield:
𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓𝑦
𝐴′𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠2
Another way of checking if compression bars
will yield or not:
Compression steel yields.
𝑑′ 1 𝑓𝑦
a. When < 1−
𝑎 𝛽 600
Compression steel will not yield.
𝑑′ 1 𝑓𝑦
b. When 𝑎
> 𝛽
1 − 600
Summarizing ways of checking whether compression bars will yield or not.
1. Compression bars will yield if
′ ′
′
0.85 𝑓 𝑐
𝛽𝑑 (600)
𝑝−𝑝 >
𝑓𝑦 𝑑(600 − 𝑓𝑦 )
2. Compression bars will not yield if
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝛽𝑑 ′ (600)
𝑐
𝑝 − 𝑝′ <
𝑓𝑦 𝑑(600 − 𝑓𝑦 )
3. Compression bars will yield if
𝑑′ 1 𝑓𝑦
< 1−
𝑎 𝛽 600
4. Compression bars will not yield if
𝑑′ 1 𝑓𝑦
> 1−
𝑎 𝛽 600
Balanced Steel ratio of beams reinforced for both tension and compression:
a. When compression bars will yield
𝑝𝑏 = 𝑝𝑏 + 𝑝′
b. When compression bars will not yield
𝑓𝑠 ′
𝑝𝑏 = 𝑝𝑏 + 𝑝′
𝑓𝑦
Maximum steel area:
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
Note:
Maximum steel ratio:
1. For beam reinforced for tension
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝑝𝑏
2. For beam reinforced for both tension and compression
a. 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝑝𝑏 + 𝑝′
𝑓𝑠 ′
b. 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝑝𝑏 + 𝑝′
𝑓𝑦
Sample Problem
A. Compression Bars Will Yield
A rectangular beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of
537.50 mm to the centroid of tension steel bars. Tension reinforcement
consists of 6-28 mm diameter in two rows, compression consists of 2-
22 mm diameter, 𝑓𝑐′ =27.6 MPa, 𝑓𝑦 = 414.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Assume steel
covering is 60 mm for compression bars.
• Compute the depth of compression block.
• Compute the factored moment capacity of the beam.
• Compute the maximum total tension steel allowed by specifications.
Solution:
Depth of compression block.
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 4 (28)2 (6)
𝐴𝑠 = 3695 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 ′ = 4 (22)2 (2)
𝐴′𝑠 = 760 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠
𝜌= 𝑏𝑑
3695
𝜌= 300(537.50)
𝜌 = 0.0229
𝐴𝑠
𝜌′ = 𝑏𝑑
′ 760
𝜌 =
300 537.5
𝜌′ = 0.00471
Check if compression bar are really needed.
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 (600+𝑓𝑦 )
0.85(27.6)(0.85)(600)
𝜌𝑏 = 414.7(600+414.7)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0284
When
𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏
0.0229 > 0.75(0.0284)
0.0229 > 0.0213
Check: if compression bars will yield
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′𝛽(600)
𝜌 − 𝜌′ = 𝑑𝑓 (600−𝑓
𝑦 )
𝑦
𝜌 − 𝜌′ = 0.0229 − 0.00471
𝜌 − 𝜌′ = 0.0182
0.85(27.6)(0.85)(60)(600)
= 537.5(414.7)(600−414.7)
= 0.0173
0.0182 > 0.0173 (compression bars will yield)
Check:
𝜌 − 𝜌′ < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
0.0182 < 0.0213
𝐶1 = 𝑇1
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠2
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠 ′
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = (𝐴𝑠 −𝐴𝑠 ′)𝑓𝑦
0.85(27.6)(a)(300) = (3695 – 760)(414.7)
a = 172.94 mm (depth of compression block)
2. Factored moment capacity of the beam
𝑎 = 𝛽𝑐
172.94 = 0.85𝑐
𝑐 = 203.46
𝜀1 0.003
=
346.6 203.40
𝜀1 = 0.00511 > 0.005
Use Capacity reduction factor: ∅ = 0.90
𝑎
𝑀1 = ∅𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠 ′
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠2
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠′
172.94
𝑀1 = 0.90 (3695 − 760)(414.7) 537.5 −
2
𝑀1 = 494.07 𝑥 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
𝑀2 = ∅𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑀2 = ∅𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑀2 = 0.90 760 414.7 537.5 − 60
𝑀2 = 135.45 𝑥 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀1 + 𝑀2
𝑀𝑢 = 494.07 + 135.45
𝑀𝑢 = 𝟔𝟐𝟗. 𝟓𝟐 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
3. Maximum total tension steel allowed by specifications.
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑝′𝑏𝑑
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐴𝑠 = 0.75 𝑝𝑏 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑝′ 𝑏𝑑
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑏𝑑(0.75 𝑝𝑏 + 𝑝′ )
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐴𝑠 = 300 537.5 0.0213 + 0.00471
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐 > 𝟑𝟔𝟗𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐
A doubly reinforced concrete beam has a max. effective depth of 630
mm and is subjected to a total factored moment of 1062 kN.m
including its own weight. fc’ = 27.58 MPa, fy = 413.4 MPa. Use 62.5 mm
steel covering.
1. Determine the width of the beam
2. Determine the reinforcement for compression.
3. Determine the total reinforcement for tension.
Approximate proportion of b and d
d = 1.5 to 2 b
try d = 1.80 b
630 = 1.8 b
b = 350 mm
2. Reinforcement for compression
0.85 𝑓𝑐′𝛽 600
𝑝𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
0.85 (27.58)(0.85) 600
𝑝𝑏 =
413.4 600 + 413.4
𝑝𝑏 = 0.0285
Assume
0.85 𝑓𝑐′𝛽 0.003
𝑝1 =
𝑓𝑦 0.008
0.85 (27.58)(0.85) 0.003
𝑝1 =
413.4 0.008
𝑝1 = 0.018
As1 = As- As2
As2 = As’ if compression will yield
As1 = 𝑝1 𝑏𝑑
As1 = 0.018 (350) (630)
As1 = 0.018 (350) (630)
As1 = 3969 mm2
0.85 (27.58) a (350) = 3969 (413.4)
a = 199.97 mm
𝑎
M1 = ∅ As1 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 2)
199.97
M1 = 0.90 (3969) (413.4) (630 − 2 )
M1 = 782.7 kN.m
Mu = M1 + M2
1062 = 782.7 + M2
M2 = 279.3 kN.m
Check whether compression bars will yield:
0.85 𝑓′ 𝑐 𝛽𝑑 ′ 600
If 𝑝 − 𝑝′ > (compression bars will yield)
𝑓𝑦 𝑑(600−𝑓𝑦 )
As = As1 + As2
As2 = As’
As = As1 + As’
𝑝 𝑏𝑑 = 𝑝1 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑝′ 𝑏𝑑
𝑝 − 𝑝′ = 𝑝1
0.85 (27.58)(0.85)(62.5) 600
0.018 >
630(413.4) 600−413.4
0.018 > 0.0154
Therefore compression bars will yield.
fs' = fy
As’ fy = As2fy
As’ = As2 (ok as assumed)
M2 = ∅ 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑′
279.3 𝑥 106 = 0.90 𝐴𝑠 ′ 413.4 630 − 62.5
As’ = 1323 mm2
3. Total reinforcement for tension
As = As1 + As2
As = 3969 + 1323
As = 5292 mm2
𝐴𝑠′
𝑝′ =
𝑏𝑑
1323
𝑝′ =
350 630
′
𝑝 = 0.006
Max. As = bd (0.75 𝑝𝑏 + 𝑝′)
Max. As = 350 (630) [0.75 (0.0285) + 0.00669]
Max. As = 6036 mm2 > 5292 mm2 ok
Use As = 5292 mm2
Problem 2.
A simply supported beam is reinforced with 4 -28 mm ∅ at the bottom
and 2 – 28 mm ∅ at the top of the beam. Steel covering to centroid of
reinforcement is 70 mm at the top and bottom of the beam. The beam
has a total depth of 400 mm and a width of 300 mm. fc’ = 30 MPa, fy =
415 MPa. Balanced steel ratio 𝑝𝑏 = 0.031.
• Determine the depth of compression block
• Determine the design strength using 0.90 as the reduction factor.
• Determine the live load at the mid-span in addition to a DL = 20 kN/m
including the weight of the beam if it has a span of 6 m.
Solution:
Depth of compression block:
𝜋
As = 4 28 2 4
As = 2463 mm2
𝜋
As’ = 4 28 2 2
As’ = 1231.5 mm2
𝐴𝑠
𝑝=
𝑏𝑑
2463
𝑝=
300 (330)
𝑝 = 0.0248
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝑝𝑏
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 0.031
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.023
𝑝 > 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥
Therefore reinforcement for compression is needed.
To ensure that compression bars will yield.
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽𝑑 ′ 600
𝑝 − 𝑝′ >
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 600 − 𝑓𝑦
′
0.85 (30)(0.85)(70)(600)
𝑝−𝑝 >
415(330)(600 − 415 )
𝑝 − 𝑝′ > 0.036
′
𝐴𝑠′
𝑝 =
𝑏𝑑
′
1231.5
𝑝=
300(330)
𝑝′ = 0.0124
𝑝 − 𝑝′ > 0.036
0.0248 − 0.0124 < 0.036
0.0124 < 0.036
Therefore compression bars will not yield.
fs’ ≠ fy
0.003 𝜀𝑠 ′
=
𝑐 𝑐 − 70
′
0.003 𝑐 − 70
𝜀𝑠 =
𝑐
fs’ = 𝜀𝑠 ′𝐸𝑠
T = C1 + C2
Asfy = 0.85 fc’ ab + As’ fs’
0.003 𝑐−70 200000
2463 (415) = 0.85 (30) (a) (300) + 1231.5 𝑐
738900(𝑐 − 70)
1022145 = 7650𝑎 +
𝑐
738900 𝑐 − 70
1022145 = 7650 0.85 𝑐 +
𝑐
157.19c = c2 + 113.63 (c-70)
c2 – 43.56c – 7654.10 = 0
43.56 ± 183.61
𝑐=
2
c = 113.59
a = βc
a = 0.85 (113.59)
a= 96.55 (depth of compression block)
Design strength using 0.90 as reduction factor:
C1 = 0.85 fc’ab
C1 = 0.85 (30) (96.55) (300)
C1 = 738 607.50 N
C2 = As’ fs’
fs’ = 𝜀𝑠 ′𝐸𝑠
′
0.003 𝑐 − 70
𝜀𝑠 =
𝑐
′
0.003 113.59 − 70
𝜀𝑠 =
′
113.59
𝜀𝑠 = 0.0011512
fs’ = 0.0011512 (200 000)
fs’ = 230.25 < 415 MPa
C2 = As’ fs’
C2 = 1231.5 (230.25)
C2 = 283553
𝑎
M1 =𝐶1 (𝑑 − )
2
96.55
M1 =738607.5 (330 − )
2
M1 =208 𝑥 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
M2 = ∅ 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑′
M2 = 283553 330 − 70
M2 = 73.7 𝑥 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
Mu = ∅ (M1 + M2 )
Mu = 0.90 (208 + 73.7)
Mu = 253.53 kN.m
Concentrated live load at mid-span:
𝑃𝐿 𝑊𝐿2
Mu = 4 1.6 + 1.2
8
𝑃(6) 20(6)2
253.53 = 4 1.6 + 8 1.2
P = 60.64 kN
