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Chapter: 1 - Introduction
in ts o n a b o v e or b e l o w th e su rf ac e
io n of re la ti ve po si ti on of po
Surveying is the art of determinat el ation and direction). The
ev
gu la r m e a s u r e m e n t . (D is ta nc e,
of earth by means of linear and an ne ra l vi ew , ob se rv at io n a n d
ree stages namely taking a
e s in th ge
proc es s of su rv ey in g c o m p l e t
meas ur em en t an d pr es en ta ti on of da ta .
Objective of surveying
si ti on s of th e ob je ct s on th e ea rt h su rf ac e.
e To pr ep ar e a m a p to sh ow th e re la ti ve po
e Map is drawn to some suitable scale.
to wn s, vi ll ag e, ro ad s, ra il wa ys , ri ve r etc.
e Shows the natural features such as
History
Human civilization (property ownership)
V
VVVV
Egyptian - Construction of pyramid
Roman- series of engineering project
About 5000 years ago.
r ov er fl ow ed its ba nk s an d wa sh ed out fa rm s bou nda rie s,
In ancient Egypt when Nile Rive
pe str etc her , or su rv ey or , th ro ug h th e ap pl ic at io n of
boundaries were re-established by a ro
simple geometry.
an d no rt h- so ut h or ie nt at io n of th e Gr ea t Py ra mi d of Gi za ,
The nearly perfect squareness
Vv
built 2700 BC, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying.
The Egyptian lands register (3000 BC).
V
VVVV
1808 Napoleon Bonaparte divided land in parcels.
In 1780's William Roy began the principle of triangulation of Britain.
The main development took place in 19th century after invention of telescope.
tion
Now-a-day magnetic compass, leveling instrument, theodolite, EDM, GP%S, total sta
etc.
Uses of surveying
> To prepare a topographical maps.
> To prepared a cadastral map showing the boundaries of fields, houses and other
properties.
> To prepare an engineering maps which shows engineering works such as roads, railways,
reservoirs, irrigation canal etc.
> To prepare military map.
To prepare contour map.
Vv
> To prepare a geological map to determine areas including underground resources.
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a r e a n a r c h e o l o g i c a l m a p .
> To prep
Principle of surveying
Genera l p r i n c i p l e o f s u r v e y i n g
r o m t h e w h o l e to t h e p a r t
1) Working f
precision method.
Sufficient number
> At first two control points are selected and distances between them is measured
accurately.
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m a d e f r o m g i v e n co nt ro l po in ts .
e ot he r co nt ro l po in ts c a n b e
> Then the location of th
> H e r e P & R - co nt ro l po in ts .
> Q- Finding out point.
3) Independent check
4) Consistency
5) Accuracy
6) Safe guarding
7) Scientific instrument handling.
TRUes
SOMEv
Y
E FACTS:
e Oblate spheroid shape of earth
on ly 1 cm gr ea te r th an th e su bt en de d ch or d.
e 12 km long arc lying on earth surface is
e YAngles of spherical traingle —
ia ng le = 1s ec fo r 19 5 sq km ea rt h ar ea
Y angles of plane tr
Classification of surveying:
A) Primary classification
B) Secondary classification
. Primary classification.
1) Plane surveying.
2) Geodetic surveying.
1) Plane surveying
> Spheroid shape of earth neglected. Earth surface is assumed plane.
> Lines joining any two points is considered to be straight and angle between these lines is
taken as plane angle.
> Covers area only less than 260 km? (In some text 250 km’)
> Used for layouts of highways, railways, canal, boundary, bridge, factory ete.
> Simple trigonometry is used.
2) Geodetic surveying
> Curvature of earth is taken into account.
> The line joining any two points is considered as curved line.
> Higher degree of precision
> Covers area larger than 260 km? (some text > 250 km’)
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d to s o l v e p r o b l e m s sp he ri ca l
w o li ne is sp he ri ca l a n g l e s a n
> A n g l e s b e t w e e n a n y t
trigonometry is used.
o n d u c t e d b y su rv ey de pa rt me nt .
> C
B. Secondary classification.
i) Based on instruments
Chain surveying
me eaoge
Compass surveying
Plane table surveying
Theodolite surveying
Tachometric surveying
Photographic surveying
ii) Based on methods
a. Triangulation surveying
b. Traverse surveying
iii) Based on object
a. Geological surveying
Mine surveying
eno
Archaeological surveying
Military surveying
Engineering surveying
iv) Based on nature of field
a. Land surveying
e Topographical survey
¢ Cadastral survey
¢ City survey
b. Marine surveying
¢ Prediction of tides
¢ Determination of mean sea level
¢ Topographical map of shores
c. Astronomical surveying
¢ Used for determining absolute location i.e. latitudes of different places on
the surface of earth by making observations to heavenly bodies
¢ Stars and sun
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