CONTENT
• Introduction
• Engine cooling system overview
• Engine coolants
• Additives in engine coolants
• Importance of Engine coolants and Additives
• Maintenance and Best Practices
• Future Trends in Engine Coolants
• Conclusion
Engine Coolants and Additives
1. Introduction :
The internal combustion engine (ICE) is the heart of most vehicles, operating at extremely high
temperatures due to continuous combustion and friction between moving parts. If not properly
managed, this heat can lead to engine seizure, component damage, and even complete engine
failure.
To prevent these problems, vehicles are equipped with cooling systems that use specially
formulated liquids called engine coolants. These coolants, when combined with additives, not
only regulate the temperature but also protect the engine from corrosion, scaling, foaming, and
freezing.
This report provides a comprehensive overview of engine coolants and additives, their types,
functions, and importance in automotive engineering.
2. Engine Cooling System Overview :
Before understanding coolants, it is important to understand the cooling system of an engine.
2.1 Purpose of Cooling System
• Maintain the engine within the optimal temperature range (85°C – 105°C)
• Prevent overheating in summer and freezing in winter.
• Ensure efficient combustion and longer engine life.
2.2 Components of Cooling System
• Radiator – Dissipates heat from coolant into the air.
• Water Pump – Circulates coolant throughout the engine.
• Thermostat – Regulates coolant flow based on temperature.
• Cooling Fans – Increase air flow through radiator.
• Hoses & Pipes – Connect and transport coolant.
3. Engine Coolants :
3.1 Definition
An engine coolant is a specially designed liquid, typically a mixture of water and antifreeze
(glycol), that circulates through the engine to maintain temperature balance.
3.2 Properties of an Ideal Coolant
• High heat transfer capability.
• Low freezing point (to withstand winter conditions).
• High boiling point (to avoid vaporization in summer).
• Non-corrosive and chemically stable.
• Non-toxic and environmentally safe (preferably).
3.3 Composition
• Base Fluid (Water/Glycol Mixture): Provides heat transfer.
• Additives: Improve performance and protection.
3.4 Types of Engine Coolants
1. Ethylene Glycol (EG) Based Coolants
o Most commonly used.
o Freezing point as low as –37°C when mixed 50:50 with water.
o Toxic if ingested, needs careful handling.
2. Propylene Glycol (PG) Based Coolants
o Environmentally friendly and less toxic.
o Biodegradable and safer for accidental spills.
o Slightly lower heat transfer efficiency compared to EG.
3. Organic Acid Technology (OAT) Coolants
o Use organic acids instead of silicates or phosphates.
o Provide long-life corrosion protection (5–7 years).
o Typically orange, red, or dark green in color.
4. Hybrid Organic Acid Technology (HOAT) Coolants
o Blend of OAT and conventional coolants.
o Provide quick protection and long service life.
o Often yellow or turquoise in color.
5. Inorganic Additive Technology (IAT) Coolants
o Traditional coolants using silicates and phosphates.
o Shorter lifespan (2–3 years).
o Still used in older vehicles.
4. Additives in Engine Coolants :
Coolants alone cannot ensure complete engine protection. Therefore, additives are included to
enhance their effectiveness.
4.1 Functions of Additives
• Prevent corrosion of engine metals (iron, aluminum, copper).
• Reduce foaming to ensure efficient coolant circulation.
• Maintain pH balance of coolant to prevent acidity.
• Prevent scale deposits from minerals in water.
• Provide lubrication to water pump seals and bearings.
4.2 Types of Additives
1. Anti-Corrosion Agents – Form a protective layer on metal surfaces.
2. Anti-Foaming Agents – Eliminate foam and air bubbles.
3. pH Buffers – Maintain coolant’s alkalinity.
4. Scale Inhibitors – Prevent mineral buildup.
5. Dyes & Colorants – Help identify coolant type and detect leaks.
6. Lubricants – Protect seals, gaskets, and pumps.
5. Importance of Engine Coolants and Additives :
• Prevent engine overheating.
• Avoid engine freezing in cold weather.
• Reduce corrosion and rust inside cooling system.
• Extend engine and component life.
• Ensure efficient heat transfer for stable performance.
• Improve fuel efficiency by maintaining ideal combustion temperature.
6. Maintenance and Best Practices :
• Regular Checks: Inspect coolant level in reservoir.
• Flush System: Replace coolant at manufacturer’s recommended intervals.
• Correct Mixture: Typically 50% coolant + 50% distilled water.
• Do Not Mix Types: Mixing EG, PG, OAT, or HOAT can cause chemical reactions.
• Leak Inspections: Check radiator, hoses, and pump regularly.
7. Future Trends in Engine Coolants :
With advancements in technology and the rise of electric vehicles (EVs), new cooling fluids are
being developed:
• Low Conductivity Coolants for EV batteries.
• Environmentally Friendly Coolants with biodegradable additives.
• Nanofluids with nanoparticles to improve heat transfer efficiency.
8. Conclusion :
Engine coolants and additives are not just simple liquids but highly engineered fluids that
safeguard the engine against thermal stress, corrosion, and wear. The right choice of coolant
ensures optimal engine performance, fuel efficiency, and long service life. With continuous
innovations, modern coolants are becoming safer, more efficient, and more eco-friendly,
supporting the next generation of automotive technologies.
