UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
WEEK 2
INTRODUCTION TO FOUNDATION
ENGINEERING
ENGR. JAZIEL MICAH L. LAMBERTE
INSTRUCTOR
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
DEFINITION
Foundation is a part of the structure that supports the structural weight and transmits the load
to underlying soil or rock.
Types of Foundations
FOUNDATIONS
SHALLOW DEPP
FOUNDATIONS FOUNDATIONS
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DRILLED AUGER CAST
SPREAD COMBINED STRIP MAT DRIVEN PILES SHAFTS PILES
FOOTINGS FOOTING FOOTING FOUNDATIONS
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
It is a type of foundation that transfers structural loads to the soil at a relatively small depth
compared to the foundation’s width. The depth of the foundation is generally less or equal to its
width.
Advantages
Simple design and construction.
Cost-effective for small to medium loads.
Requires less equipment compared to deep foundations.
Limitations
Not suitable for very heavy loads or poor surface soils.
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Sensitive to soil settlement and differential movement.
Not recommended in areas with high groundwater tables or very compressible soils.
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Spread Footing (Isolated Footing)
A spread footing, also called an isolated
footing, is designed to support a single
column. It is the simplest type of footing
where the base is made wide enough so
that the load from the column is distributed
safely onto the soil below.
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UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Combined Footing
A combined footing is used when two or more columns are so close to each other that their
spread footings would otherwise overlap. Instead of giving each column its own footing, they
share a larger base.
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UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Strip Footing
A strip footing is a long, continuous
footing that supports a wall or a row
of closely spaced columns. Instead
of isolated bases for each support,
the load is distributed along a strip
of concrete.
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UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Mat or Raft Footing
A mat or raft foundation is like a big concrete slab that covers the entire footprint of the
building. Instead of individual footings under each column, the entire structure “floats” on one
large foundation.
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UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
It is a type of foundation that transfers structural loads to deeper, stronger soil or rock layers
when the surface soils are too weak, compressible, or unstable to support the structure.
Advantages
High Load Capacity
Suitable for weak surfaces soils
Resistance to lateral loads
Versatile applications
Reduce Settlement Problems
Limitations
Higher cost and time consuming
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Complex Construction
Difficult Quality Control
Environmental Concerns
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Driven Piles
Driven piles are long, slender columns
made of precast concrete, steel, or
timber that are hammered into the
ground using pile-driving equipment.
They work by transferring loads either
through end bearing, where the pile
tip rests on a firm soil or rock layer, or
through friction, where the sides of the
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pile grip the surrounding soil to carry
the load.
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts (Caissons)
Drilled shafts, also called caissons, are
constructed by drilling large, deep
holes into the ground and then filling
them with reinforced concrete. Unlike
driven piles, which are hammered,
drilled shafts are created in place and
can have much larger diameters,
allowing them to carry very heavy
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loads.
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Auger Cast Piles
Auger cast piles are made by drilling into the
ground with a hollow-stem auger (a screw-like
tool). As the auger is withdrawn, concrete is
pumped through the hollow center to fill the
hole, and reinforcement may be added
afterward. This method is especially popular in
urban areas because it produces less noise and
vibration compared to driven piles, making it
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suitable for construction near existing buildings.
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
What makes a good foundation
Safe
Reliable
Durable Buildable
Economical
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UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
WEEK 2
INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOIL
ENGR. JAZIEL MICAH L. LAMBERTE
INSTRUCTOR
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOIL
are the basic physical characteristics used to identify, classify, and describe different types of
soil. These properties do not directly measure strength or stability, but they tell us how the soil
will likely behave — especially in terms of moisture content, grain size, and consistency.
Why is it important to know?
Because before we can build anything, we need to know:
What kind of soil we’re dealing with
How it reacts to water
How it changes with moisture
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How coarse or fine it is
Whether it shrinks, swells, or stays stable
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOIL INDEX
PROPERTIES
Soil grain properties refer to
the physical characteristics of
SOIL SOIL GRAIN
individual soil particles —
AGGREGATE PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES including their size, shape,
and specific gravity. These
properties are used to classify
the soil and understand how it
FINE COURSE E.G. SPECIFIC will behave during
AGGREGATE AGGREGATE GRAVITY, SHAPE &
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES SIZE construction activities like
compaction, excavation, or
foundation loading.
E.G. WATER
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CONTENT, E.G. RELATIVE
CONSISTENCY DENSITY /
LIMIT DENSITY INDEX
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOIL INDEX
PROPERTIES
Soil aggregate properties
refer to the behavior and
characteristics of a group or SOIL SOIL GRAIN
AGGREGATE
mass of soil particles acting PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
together, especially when
influenced by moisture. These
properties go beyond the
individual soil grains and FINE COURSE E.G. SPECIFIC
AGGREGATE AGGREGATE GRAVITY, SHAPE &
describe how soil behaves as PROPERTIES PROPERTIES SIZE
a whole, particularly in
response to changes in water
content, compaction, and
load. E.G. WATER
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CONTENT, E.G. RELATIVE
CONSISTENCY DENSITY /
LIMIT DENSITY INDEX
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
WEEK 2
IN SITU STRESSES
ENGR. JAZIEL MICAH L. LAMBERTE
INSTRUCTOR
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
IN SITU STRESSES
In situ stresses are the natural stresses that exist within the ground before any excavation,
drilling, or construction takes place.
They are the original, undisturbed stress state of the soil or rock mass, caused by its own weight
and geological history (such as tectonic movements, sedimentation, and erosion).
Types of In Situ Stresses
1. Overburden (Vertical) Stress
2. Horizontal Stress Effective Stresses
3. Shear Stress
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UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
EFFECTIVE STRESS Saturated unit weight, Effective Total Stress at A:
ST
1 CONCEPT unit weight, or buoyant unit
weight:
ground surface
Ydry
h1
ground water table Effective Stress
Submerged unit weight: = Total Stress - Pore Water Pressure
h2 Ysat
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UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
EFFECTIVE STRESS Total Stress at A:
Pore water Pressure or
neutral stress
2nd CONCEPT
ground water table
water
Effective Stress = Total Stress - Pore Water Pressure
h1
ground surface
h2 Ysat
WEEK 2
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
A.Y. 2024-2025
EFFECTIVE STRESS Pore water Pressure or
3rd CONCEPT Total Stress at A:
neutral stress
ground water table
ground surface
Ydry
h1 Effective Stress = Total Stress - Pore Water Pressure
h2 Ysat
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