proteins
Proteins are the most abundant organic compounds to be found in cells.
They are 50%of their total dry weight .they are present in all types of cells and in all parts of cell
All proteins contain C,H,O,N,P,S (because of nitrogen, proteins are called nitrogenous compound
Structure of proteins
Chemically proteins can be defined as polymers of amino acids or polypeptide chains. A protein
may consists of a single polypeptide(myoglobin) or more then one polypeptide(hemoglobin)
The number of amino acids varies from a few to 3000(HCV) or even more in different proteins
AMINO ACIDS: .most of the proteins are however , made of 20 types of amino acids.
Proteins are building blocks of tissues, present in hair-skin-nail(keratin)…
Meat-pulses-fish-milk etc are the great source of protein
Structure of amino acid(building block of protein)
• All the amino acids have an amino group(-NH2) and a carboxylic group(-COOH)
attached to same carbon atom , also known as alpha carbon
• Variable group known as -R group , the R group has a different structure in each
of the 20 biologically important amino acids
Dipeptide and tripeptide
Proteins are macromolecules or polymers of amino acids
These amino acids are linked together by covalent bond called peptide bond/linkage
Dipeptides and tripeptides are formed by the condensation of amino acids on ribosomes
under the instructions of mRNA which takes these instructions from DNA , this process is
called translation.
Significance of the sequence of amino acids
• [Link] was the first scientist who determined the sequence of amino acids in a
protein molecule
• He found that insulin is composed of 51 amino acids in two chains
• One had 21 amino acids(alpha chain) and other had 30 amino acids(beta chin)
• Both chains are held together by disulphide bonds
• In Hemoglobin, there are four chains, two alpha and two beta chains
• Each alpha chain has 141 amino acids and each beta chain contain 146 amino
acids, total 574 amino acids
• Human body has more than 10,000 proteins
• Proteins are composed of 20 different types of amino acids
• If the sequence of any amino acid will change , the protein fails to carry its
normal function
• One of the example is sickle cell anemia
Sickle cell anaemia
Structural conformation in protein
• Primary structure:-A linear polypeptide with a specific sequence and number
because of peptide bond eg. Insulin is composed of 51 amino acids in two
chains(21+30 amino acids)
• Secondary structure:-A helical (alpha helix) 0r flattened sheets(B-pleated sheet)
like structures which are stablished by H-bonding , called secondary structure
[Link] protein(hair-skin-nail)---silk protein-spiders web protein
• Tertiary structure:- usually a polypeptide chain bends and folds upon itself
forming globular shape, this is maintained by three types of bonds i-e
ionic,hydrogen and disulfide (-s-s-) Eg:- lysozyme enzyme(bacteriolytic
enzyme)….all enzymes
• Quaternary structure:- highly complex protein, polypeptide tertiary chains are
aggregated and held together by peptide bond,hydrogen - ionic bonds-
hydrophobic interaction
eg: haemoglobin, the oxygen carrying protein of red blood cells
• [Link] was the first scientist who determined the sequence of
amino acids in a protein molecule
Four structures of proteins
Types of proteins
Classification of proteins (structural proteins)
Actin Muscle forming protein
amyloid Work as cell surface protein(cell membrane of nerve cells)
Caddisfly(fibroin) Used to bind debris like rocks sticks twigs and shells for net of prey
condrocalein From extracellular matrix(in cartilages)
Elastin Provide elasticity to tissues and organs
fibrillin Glycoprotein provide force bearing structural support in elastic and no-elastic connective tissues
Gelatin Nutritional protein derived from collagen of skin and bones
Sclera protein Include keratin-collagen-elastin-fibrin(sclera, hard part of eye/eye ball
Titin Provide elastic stabilization of myosin and actin filament
Tubulin Microtubule forming protein(cilia-flagella-spindle fibers-centrioles)
Keratin Nails-hairs-skin forming protein
Collagen Main component of cartilages-bones-ligaments-tendons-teeth etc
Classification of proteins(Functional proteins)
Digestive enzymes Amylase-lipase-pepsin-trypsin Help in digestion of food by hydrolysis into simple
monomers
transport Hemoglobin-albumin Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood or lymph
throughout the body
Hormones Insulin-thyroxine Co-ordinate different functions of body
Defenses Immunoglobin-interferon Protect the body from foreign pathogen
contractile Actin-myosin Muscle contraction
storage Legume storage protein-egg white Provide nourishment at the time of development of embryo
albumin
