CHAPTER 1 - CELL
Week (14/04/25 to 18-04-25)
Topic 1- Introduction, Unicellular and multicellular organisms
Learning Objective -
● Define cell
● Differentiate between unicellular and multicellular organisms.
Key Terms & Definitions
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of an organism.
Assessment Questions
1.Which of the following function is performed by a single cell in an unicellular organism
A.respiration and nutrition
B.growth and reproduction
C. Movement
D. All of these
2. Can you name a unicellular organism that causes disease?
● Plasmodium- It is a protozoan parasite responsible for malaria in humans.
● Many bacteria are unicellular organisms that cause diseases.(eg-Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
3. What advantages do multicellular organisms have?
● Different cells perform different functions (e.g., nerve cells, muscle cells), increasing efficiency.
● Being multicellular allows organisms to grow bigger.
● If one cell is damaged or dies, the organism can usually continue functioning.
● They can form tissues, organs, and systems that perform more advanced and coordinated tasks.
● Specialized cells divide labor, reducing the stress on any one part and increasing overall lifespan.
4. How are the pictured organisms different?
a) Organism 1 is unicellular while organism 2 is multicellular.
b) Organism 2 is unicellular while organism 1 is multicellular.
c) Both organisms 1 and 2 are unicellular.
d) Both organisms 1 and 2 are multicellular
H.W
1. Complete Textbook exercise A ( page no- 119)
Topic 2 - Cell shapes and size
Learning Objective -
To analyse different cells with its shape and size.
Cell Theory
● The cell theory was given by Schleiden and Schwann
● According to this theory, all living organisms are made up of cells.
● Virchow discovered that new cells arising from pre existing cells
Assessment Questions
1.Which cell is visible to the naked eye?
The ostrich egg is a cell visible to the naked eye. It is the largest single cell. Other bird eggs – like the
chicken egg, are also single cells (before fertilization), though smaller than the ostrich egg.
2. Why do different cells in our body perform different functions?
Different cells in our body perform different functions because they are specialized to do specific jobs.
This specialization happens so the body can work efficiently—just like a team where each member has a
unique role. For example:
● Red blood cells carry oxygen.
● Muscle cells help us move.
● Nerve cells carry messages.
3. Why do most cells need to stay small?
Cells need to stay small so they can work properly. When a cell is small, it has more surface area compared
to its volume, which helps it take in nutrients and get rid of waste more easily. It also lets things like oxygen
and signals move around the cell quickly. If a cell gets too big, it can't move things in and out fast enough or
stay organized, which makes it harder for the cell to survive and do its job.
4. Complete fill in the blanks - PAGE N0 113
5. Case study
The body of multicellular organisms has various levels of organization. It starts from a single cell which
divides multiple times and forms an entire organism. For instance, the muscle cells in organisms all work
together in the body. They form the muscle tissue which further forms the heart. The heart with the blood
vessels and other organs form the circulatory system in the body.
1. Are tissues present in a unicellular organism? Yes/ No
No. The body of unicellular organisms composed of a single cell.
2. Write the level of organization in a multicellular organism?
Cell ➡️ Tissues➡️ Organ➡️ organ system ➡️organism
3. Is division of labour possible in a unicellular organism? Give reasons.
No, division of labour is not possible in a unicellular organism because it is made up of only one cell. This
single cell has to perform all life functions by itself, such as feeding, breathing, moving, and reproducing.
Unlike multicellular organisms, which have many cells that can specialize in different jobs (like muscle
cells, nerve cells, etc.), a unicellular organism cannot divide its tasks among different cells.
ASSET Questions
1. Why does Amoeba use pseudopodia to take in food?
a) Pseudopodia help in breathing.
b) Pseudopodia allow the Amoeba to trap and engulf food particles.
c) Amoeba uses pseudopodia to digest food.
d) Amoeba cannot move without pseudopodia.
H.W
1.Draw different types of cells and write their functions?
WEEK- (21/04/25 TO 25/04/25)
Topic- Cell Structure and Function ( cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, Mitochondria)
Learning objective
● To identify the parts of cell
● To list the functions of different parts of cell ( Cell wall, Cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria )
Key terms
● PLASMA MEMBRANE
● CELL MEMBRANE
● CELL WALL
● CYTOPLASM
● MITOCHONDRIA
Cell organelles- They are specialized structures or components within a cell that perform specific functions necessary
for the cell's survival and proper functioning.
Cell membrane/ Plasma membrane- Thin outer covering of the cell. It is porous and it allows the movement of some
substances both in and out of the cell. It provide protection and shape of the cell
Cell wall- Plants have additional covering around the cell membrane called the cell wall. It is made up of cellulose and
provides protection against variation in temperature, moisture and wind.
Cytoplasm- The jelly-like fluid occupying the space between cell membrane and the nucleus.
ASSESSMENT
1. Which part of the cell controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell?
a) Cytoplasm
b) Nucleus
c) Mitochondria
d) Cell membrane
2.What is the main function of mitochondria in a cell?
a) Control the activities of the cell
b) Store water and nutrients
c) Provide energy
d) Protect the cell
3.The __________ holds all the cell organelles in place.
Cytoplasm
4. Muscle cells have more mitochondria than skin cells. Why?
Muscle cells have more mitochondria than skin cells because they need a lot more energy to do their job.
Muscles are responsible for movement, which requires continuous and strong contractions. Mitochondria are
known as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they produce energy in the form of ATP. Since muscle cells
use more energy than skin cells, they need more mitochondria to keep up with the demand.
5. What would happen if the cell membrane/ plasma membrane of a cell is ruptured?
If the cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane) is ruptured, the cell would not be able to survive.
The membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell, and it protects the cell’s internal parts. If it breaks,
harmful substances could enter, and important materials like proteins and nutrients could leak out. This loss
of control would damage the cell’s functions, and eventually, the cell would die.
ASSET
1. Which of these adaptations is UNLIKELY to be found in desert animals?
A a thick fur coat to keep warm
B excretion of thick, syrupy urine
C living underground in the day to keep cool
D a long tail used for swinging from tree to tree
H.W
1. Draw and label the parts of the plant cell.
Topic 4- Cell organelles ( Nucleus)
Learning objective
◉ To understand the structure and function of the nucleus in a cell
Key terms
Nuclear envelope
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Chromosomes
Protoplasm
Nucleus
Genes
Nucleus- The small spherical structure generally present in the centre of the cell and is known as the control
centre of the cell.
Nuclear envelope/ Nuclear membrane- It is a double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus in a cell.
It protects the nucleus and controls the movement of materials in and out of it.
Nucleoplasm- Fluid present inside the nucleus.
Nucleolus- Spherical structure present inside the nucleus.
Chromosomes- Some thread-like structures present inside the nucleus that carry genes.
Protoplasm- The cytoplasm and the nucleus together constitute protoplasm. It is the living component of the
cell.
Genes- It is the unit of inheritance in a living organism . They carry instructions that decide how an
organism looks, grows, and functions
ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
1.Which is known as the living component of a cell? Why is it considered as a living component?
The protoplasm is known as the living component of a cell. It includes the cytoplasm and the
nucleus. It is considered the living part because it carries out all the essential life functions like growth,
metabolism, reproduction, and response to stimuli. Protoplasm contains all the cell's organelles and is where
most of the biological activities happen, making it the active, living part of the cell.
2.Two statements are given- one labelled Assertion (A) and
the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (i), (ii),
(iii) and (iv) as given below -
i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of assertion.
ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of assertion.
iii) A is true but R is false.
iv) A is false but R is true
Assertion (A) - Chromosomes are responsible for the transfer of characteristics from parents to
offspring.
Reason (R) - Chromosomes are present in the nucleus.
3. Complete the following table.
Nucleus. Control centre of the cell.
Nucleolus Spherical structure that is present inside of the
nucleus.
Genes Unit of inheritance
Chromosomes Thread-like structure present inside the nucleus
that carry genes.
Protoplasm Fluid present inside the nucleus
ASSET
1. Air contains about 21% oxygen. When we breathe in air, some of the oxygen is used and carbon
dioxide is produced. What happens to the NITROGEN in the air we breathe in?
A It gets converted to proteins.
B It is also converted into CO2
C It comes out of the body unchanged.
D Only the O2 in air is breathed in and CO2 is breathed out
HOME WORK
Complete the life skill question -textbook page no-120
WEEK-3 ( 28-04-25 to 2-05-25)
DAY 1
TOPIC- CELL ORGANELLES
Learning Objective- To identify the different cell organelles with their functions and differentiate
plant cells with animal cells.
Key terms
● Endoplasmic reticulum
● Golgi body
● Lysosome
● Vacuole
● Ribosome
● Plastids.
ASSESSMENT
1. Match the following organelles
● Endoplasmic reticulum Found in plant cells that contain pigments.
● Golgi body Synthesis, storage and transport of materials
like lipids and proteins
● Lysosome Synthesises protein for the cell
● Vacuole Sorting and packaging of materials before
their secretion
● Ribosome It a non living parts which stores excess
water, useful materials, Pigments and waste
products
● Plastids. Suicidal bags of cell found in animal cells.
● Endoplasmic reticulum - Synthesis, storage and transport of materials like lipids and proteins
● Golgi body - Sorting and packaging of materials before their secretion
● Lysosome - Suicidal bags of cell found in animal cells.
● Vacuole - It a non living parts which stores excess water, useful materials, Pigments and waste
products
● Ribosome- Synthesises protein for the cell
● Plastids.- Found in plant cells that contain pigments.
2. Why lysosomes are called as suicidal bags of a cell?
They are sometimes called the "suicidal bags" of the cell because if the cell is badly damaged, the lysosomes
can burst open and release their chemicals, which helps break down the whole cell safely. This way,
lysosomes protect the body from infected or damaged cells.
2.Plastids are found only in plant cells. Why do you think animal cells do not need plastids like chloroplast?
Briefly explain about different plastids in plant cells.
Plastids are found only in plant cells because they serve functions that are specific to plant life, such as
photosynthesis and storage of certain materials. Animal cells do not need plastids like chloroplasts because
animals obtain energy by consuming other organisms rather than producing it through photosynthesis. Since
they don't make their own food from sunlight, there's no need for chloroplasts or similar organelles.
ASSET
1.A girl found the skull of an animal. She did not know what the animal was but she was sure that it preyed
on other animals for its food. What clue led to this conclusion?
A. The eye sockets faced sideways.
B. The skull was much longer than it was wide.
C. Four of the teeth were long and pointed.
D. The jaws could move sideways as well as up and down.
HOMEWORK
Draw and label the parts of the animal cell.
DAY 2
TOPIC- PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELL
Learning objective- Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Key terms
● Prokaryotic cell
● Prokaryotes
● Eukaryotic cells
● Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic cell- Cells that do not contain a well defined nucleus or nuclear membrane are called
prokaryotic cells. Such organisms are called prokaryotes.
Eukaryotic cell- Cells that contain a well defined nucleus and a nuclear membrane are called
eukaryotic cells. Such organisms are called eukaryotes.
ASSESSMENT
1.What type of cell has a true nucleus?
A cell that has a true nucleus is called a eukaryotic cell.
2.Write “P” for prokaryote or “E” for eukaryote:
● Fungi → Eukaryotic
● Bacteria → Prokaryotic
● Human cell → Eukaryotic
3.Fill in the table below:
FEATURE PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
Nucleus No well-defined nucleus or Well-defined nucleus and
nuclear membrane. nuclear membrane
DNA Location DNA floating freely in the cell DNA is stored inside the
in a region called the nucleoid. nucleus
Example of organism Bacteria Humans, plants
4.Write one similarity between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
● Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane that controls what enters and leaves the
cell.
● Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes, which are used to make proteins.
● Both have DNA — they use it to store genetic information and control cell activities.
5.Why do you think eukaryotic cells are able to form complex organisms while prokaryotic cells
generally do not?
Eukaryotic cells can form complex organisms because they contain many specialized structures, such as a
nucleus and other organelles, that enable them to perform specific tasks. These specialized parts allow
eukaryotic cells to work together in a coordinated way, forming multicellular organisms with complex
structures, such as humans, plants, and animals. In contrast, prokaryotic cells are simpler and lack a nucleus
or specialized organelles. As a result, prokaryotic cells typically remain as single-celled organisms, like
bacteria, and are unable to form complex bodies.
ASSET
1.Unlike other birds whose bones are hollow, penguins have solid bones. How does this adaptation
help penguins?
A. They are able to stand on their feet.
B They are able to keep warm in cold climates.
C They allow them to sink and dive deeper.
D They can remain without food for longer periods.
Home work
Text book exercise H- case study (Page no: 121)
Stick the diagrams of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
