School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology
Bennett University (The Times Group)
Program- BTech-3rd Semester Type- Sp. Core-I
Course Code- CSET213 Course Name-Linux and Shell Programming
Year- 2025 Semester- Odd
Date- 22/08/2025 Batch- Cyber Security (B75-86)
Lab Assignment 5
Exp Name CLO Achieved Marks
No CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4
5 Introduction to Shell, Shell basic commands, √ √ 2
variables
Objective: To understand file permissions, external & bult-in Linux commands, and environment
variables using shell commands
Outcomes: After hands-on you will be able to understand basic layout of a shell program and write
basic shell scripts.
Hands-on Learning (60 minutes)
How to Write a Shell Script?
Write a script → Make the script executable → Put the script somewhere the shell can find it
Understanding Linux File Permissions (30 minutes)
Command Syntax Work
chmod $ chmod g+w Changing the permissions on files and directories
filename
$ chmod g-wx
filename
$ chmod o+w
filename
$ chmod o-rwx
foldername
$ chmod ugo+rwx to give read, write, and execute to everyone.
foldername
$ chmod a=r to give only read permission for everyone.
foldername
$ chmod 777 Change Permissions in Numeric Code instead of “r”,
foldername “w”, or “x”.
0= No Permission,
1 = Execute
2 = Write
School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology
Bennett University (The Times Group)
4 = Read
Permission numbers are:
0 = ---
1 = --x
2 = -w-
3 = -wx
4 = r-
5 = r-x
6 = rw-
7 = rwx
chgrp $ chgrp groupname Change Groups of Files and Directories
filename
$ chgrp groupname
foldername
chown $ chown name filename changing ownerships of files and directories
$ chown name
foldername
Introduction to Shell Programming
✓ Shell program is a logical sequence of Linux commands to solve a problem.
✓ Shell script can take input from user, file and output them on screen, file.
✓ Useful to create our own commands that can save our lots of time and to automate some tasks
of day today life.
Variables in Shell Script
✓ Sometimes to process our data/information, it must be kept in computers RAM memory.
✓ RAM memory is divided into small locations, and each location had unique number called
memory location/address, which is used to hold our data.
School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology
Bennett University (The Times Group)
✓ Programmer can give a unique name to this memory location/address called memory variable
or variable (Its a named storage location that may take different values, but only one at a time).
✓ In Shell, there are two types of variables:
o System variables - Created and maintained by Linux itself. This type of variable
defined in CAPITAL LETTERS.
o User defined variables (UDV) - Created and maintained by user. This type of variable
defined in lower LETTERS.
✓ Reading variables from a user input using read command
o read [options] var1 var2 … varN
o
School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology
Bennett University (The Times Group)
External commands Vs Built-in commands (10 minutes)
For external commands a child process is forked, while
built-in commands are part of the shell’s toolkit.
Environment Variables (10 minutes)
– These allow us to customize our LINUX environment
$ setenv Dog Goofy
$ printenv, $ printenv HOME, $ echo $HOME, $ ls $HOME, $ ls /home/vimal, $ set
User Defined Variables:
$ echo $my_variable, $ my_variable=Hello, $ echo $my_variable
Problems to be solved (40 minutes)
1. A file state.txt has current permissions as 643. Write a shell script to change permissions of a
file state.txt with current permissions that allows the owner with full permissions, group has
read and execute permissions and others can read the file state.txt. (Odd Batch)
2. Write a script that displays a simple status report of the system, including the current date/time,
the currently logged-in users, and the system's uptime. (Odd Batch)
3. Write a shell script that displays “man”,”bear”,”pig”,”dog”,”cat”,and “sheep” on the screen
with each appearing on a separate line. Try to do this in as few lines as possible. (Even Batch)
4. Write a script that uses a for loop to print numbers from 1 to 10. (Even Batch)
5. Write a shell program to convert all lowercase letters in a file to uppercase letter. (Both)
6. Read the marks of 10 students for LSP course in terms of Name, regID, and Marks and redirect
in a file. (Both)
7. Write a script that asks the user for a directory name and then checks if that directory exists. It
should print a different message depending on whether the directory is found or not (Both)
Submission Instructions:
1. Submission requires the screen shots of all the incurred steps to execute a shell script or a video
showing the whole process.
2. All these files are in single zip folder.
3. Use the naming convention: Prog_CourseCode_RollNo_LabNo.docx (Example:
BCA3rdSem_CBCA221_ E21BCA002_Lab1.1)
4. Submission is through LMS only
