ECE 318 - Analog & Digital Communication Systems
Fall 2018
Tutorial 5
TA: Subhajit Majhi (smajhi@[Link])
We will review
• VSB.
• Comparison of different AM schemes.
Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Modulation
Textbook Example 3.2.7 (Lecture Slides Example 3.6)
Suppose that the message signal is given as:
m(t) = 10 + 4 cos(2πt) + 8 cos(4πt) + 10 cos(20πt) (1)
Specify the frequency-response characteristics of a VSB filter that passes the upper sideband and
the first frequency component of the lower sideband.
SOLUTION:
The DSB-SC AM signal is:
uDSB (t) = m(t) cos(2πfc t)
= [10 + 4 cos(2πt) + 8 cos(4πt) + 10 cos(20πt)] cos(2πfc t)
= 10 cos(2πfc t) + 4 cos(2πfc t) cos(2πt) + 8 cos(2πfc t) cos(4πt) + 10 cos(2πfc t) cos(20πt)
Since cos(α) cos(β) = 21 [cos(α − β) + cos(α + β)], therefore the above equation becomes:
uDSB (t) = 10 cos(2πfc t) + 2 cos(2π(fc − 1)t) + 2 cos(2π(fc + 1)t) + 4 cos(2π(fc − 2)t)
(2)
+4 cos(2π(fc + 2)t) + 5 cos(2π(fc − 10)t) + 5 cos(2π(fc + 10)t)
Equation 2 gives the DSB-SC AM signal in the time domain.
1
Taking the Fourier Transform of Equation 2 gives us the spectrum of the DSB-SC AM signal. Here
we will use the Fourier Transform pair: cos(2πf0 t) ⇐⇒ 12 [δ(f − f0 ) + δ(f + f0 )].
UDSB (f ) = 5[δ(f − fc ) + δ(f + fc )] + [δ(f − fc + 1) + δ(f + fc − 1)] + [δ(f − fc − 1) + δ(f + fc + 1)]
+2[δ(f − fc + 2) + δ(f + fc − 2)] + 2[δ(f − fc − 2) + δ(f + fc + 2)]
+2.5[δ(f − fc + 10) + δ(f + fc − 10)] + 2.5[δ(f − fc − 10) + δ(f + fc + 10)]
(3)
The spectrum is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Spectrum of the DSB-SC AM Signal. The Upper sideband and the first frequency
component of the Lower sideband have been marked in red and blue respectively.
Now we are required to design a VSB filter that passes the upper sideband and the first frequency
component of the lower sideband. In Figure 1, the upper sideband is marked in red while the first
frequency component of the lower sideband is marked in blue. The VSB filter characteristic must
satisfy the condition:
H(f − fc ) + H(f + fc ) = constant |f | ≤ W
Thus, for this case we can design the VSB Filter to have:
• unity gain in the range fc + 2 ≤ |f | ≤ fc + 10
1
• a gain of 2
+ α at |f | = fc + 1
1
• a gain of 2
at |f | = fc
1
• a gain of 2
− α at |f | = fc − 1
2
where α is some conveniently selected parameter that satisfies the condition 0 < α < 12 . The filter
has odd symmetry about the carrier frequency fc in the frequency range fc − 2 < |f | < fc + 2.
Figure 2 shows the frequency-response characteristics of the VSB filter.
Figure 2: Frequency-response characteristics of the VSB filter in Example 3.2.7.
Textbook Exercise 3.23
A normalized signal mn (t) has a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz, and its power content is 0.5 Watts. The
carrier A cos(2πf0 t) has a power content of 200 Watts.
Part-1
If mn (t) modulates the carrier using SSB amplitude modulation, what will be the bandwidth and
the power content of the modulated signal?
SOLUTION:
Bandwidth of SSB Signal:
The bandwidth of the SSB modulated signal uSSB (t) is the same as the bandwidth of the message
signal mn (t). Therefore the bandwidth WSSB is:
WSSB = 10,000 Hz
3
Power Content of SSB Signal
Given a carrier A cos(2πf0 t), the SSB modulated signal is given as:
uSSB (t) = Am(t) cos(2πf0 t) ∓ Am̂(t) sin(2πf0 t) (4)
where, m̂(t) is the Hilbert Transform of the message signal m(t). The power content of a sinusoidal
A2c
wave of the form Ac cos(2πf0 t) is 2
. Therefore, in case of Equation 4, the power content is:
A 2 PM A2 PM̂
PSSB = + (5)
2 2
where PM and PM̂ are the power contents of the message signal m(t) and the Hilbert transformed
message signal m̂(t). Since, the Hilbert Transform only changes the phase of the message signal
and does not change its power content, i.e., PM = PM̂ , Equation 5 becomes:
PSSB = A2 PM
It is given that PM = 0.5. We also know that the carrier is of the form A cos(2πf0 t) and its power
A2
content is 200 Watts. This means that 2
= 200 or A2 = 400. Thus, the power content of the SSB
signal is:
PSSB = A2 PM = 400 × 0.5 = 200 Watts (6)
Part-2
If the modulation scheme is DSB-SC, what is the answer to Part-1?
SOLUTION:
Bandwidth of DSB-SC Signal:
The bandwidth of the DSB-SC modulated signal uDSB−SC (t) is twice the bandwidth of the message
signal mn (t). Therefore, the bandwidth WDSB−SC is:
WDSB−SC = 2 × 10, 000 = 20,000 Hz
Power Content of DSB-SC Signal
Given a carrier A cos(2πf0 t), the DSB-SC modulated signal is given as:
uDSB−SC (t) = Am(t) cos(2πf0 t) (7)
4
A2c
The power content of a sinusoidal wave of the form Ac cos(2πf0 t) is 2
. Therefore, in case of
Equation 7, the power content is:
A 2 PM
PDSB−SC = (8)
2
where PM is the power content of the message signal m(t). We also know in this case that PM = 0.5
A2
and the power content of the carrier is 2
= 200. Therefore, the power content of the DSB-SC
signal is:
A2 PM
PDSB−SC = = 200 × 0.5 = 100 Watts (9)
2
Part-3
If the modulation scheme is conventional AM (DSB-LC) with a modulation index of 0.6, what is
the answer to Part-1?
SOLUTION:
Bandwidth of DSB-LC Signal:
The bandwidth of the DSB-LC modulated signal uDSB−LC (t) is twice the bandwidth of the message
signal mn (t) (same as the case of DSB-SC). Therefore, the bandwidth WDSB−LC is:
WDSB−LC = 2 × 10, 000 = 20,000 Hz
Power Content of DSB-LC Signal
Given a carrier A cos(2πf0 t), the DSB-LC modulated signal is given as:
uDSB−LC (t) = A[1 + αm(t)] cos(2πf0 t) = A cos(2πf0 t) + Aαm(t) cos(2πf0 t) (10)
where α is the modulation index. The power content of a sinusoidal wave of the form Ac cos(2πf0 t)
A2c
is 2
. Therefore, in case of Equation 10, the power content is:
A2 A2 α2 PM
PDSB−LC = + (11)
2 2
where PM is the power content of the message signal m(t). We also know in this case that PM = 0.5
A2
and the power content of the carrier is 2
= 200. Therefore, the power content of the DSB-LC
signal is:
A2 A2 α2 PM
PDSB−SC = + = 200 + 200 × 0.62 × 0.5 = 236 Watts (12)
2 2
5
Important Information
The Sinc Signal
sin(πx)
x 6= 0
πx
sinc(x) =
1 x=0
Euler’s Formulae
• ejθ = cos(θ) + j sin(θ)
ejθ +e−jθ
• cos(θ) = 2
ejθ −e−jθ
• sin(θ) = 2j
6
Table 1: Table of Fourier-Transform Pairs (Textbook Table 2.1 )
Time Domain Frequency Domain
δ(t) 1
1 δ(f )
δ(t − t0 ) e−j2πf t0
ej2πf0 t δ(f − f0 )
1
cos(2πf0 t) 2 δ(f − f0 ) + 21 δ(f + f0 )
sin(2πf0 t) − 2j1 δ(f + f0 ) + 1
2j δ(f − f0 )
Π(t) sinc(f )
sinc(t) Π(f )
Λ(t) sinc2 (f )
sinc2 (t) Λ(f )
e−αt u−1 (t), α > 0 1
α+j2πf
te−αt u−1 (t), α > 0 1
(α+j2πf )2
e−α|t| 2α
α2 +(2πf )2
2 2
e−πt e−πf
1
sgn(t) jπf
1 1
u−1 (t) 2 δ(f ) + j2πf
0
δ (t) j2πf
δ (n) (t) (j2πf )n
1
t −jπsgn(f )
Pn=+∞ 7 Pn=+∞
1 n
n=−∞ δ(t − nT0 ) T0 n=−∞ δ(f − T0 )
Table 2: Table of Fourier-Transform Properties (Textbook Table 2.2 )
Signal Fourier Transform
αx1 (t) + βx2 (t) αX1 (f ) + βX2 (f )
X(t) x(−f )
1 f
x(at) |a| X( a )
x(t − t0 ) e−j2πf t0 X(f )
ej2πf0 t x(t) X(f − f0 )
x(t) ∗ y(t) X(f )Y (f )
x(t)y(t) X(f ) ∗ Y (f )
d
dt x(t) j2πf X(f )
dn
dtn x(t) (j2πf )n X(f )
j d
tx(t) 2π df X(f )
j n dn
tn x(t) 2π df n X(f )
Rt X(f )
−∞ x(τ )dτ j2πf + 21 X(0)δ(f )
