Introduction

If electricity moving in a wire produces magnetism,

then opposite is also true; a magnet moving near a wire could produce
electricity

2
Electrical Energy is converted t o Mechanical w o r k

How Mechanical Work is

converted t o Electrical Energy?
3
Introduction

How Mechanical Work is converted to Electrical Energy?

Electricity is generated by a generator or turbine 4

Experimental Observation

Flux is a measure of flow of Magnetic Field Lines through an Area



B Changes A Changes
5
Experimental Observation


1. If B Changes, then i flows

2. If A Changes, then i flows
 
3. If  Changes, angle between B and A , then i flows

i.e., If Magnetic Flux   Changes, then i flows

  BACos

If there is any change in the flux in the loop, there is a current in the loop.
6
Magnetic Flux фB

Magnetic Flux is a measure of the number of magnetic field lines crossing perpendicular to a
given area.

7
Magnetic Flux фB

Magnetic flux : Scalar

8
Units of Magnetic Flux фB

Unit : Tesla- meter 2 (or) T-m 2

SI Unit : weber (Wb)

1 W b = 1 T- m 2

CGS Unit : Maxwell

1 M x = 10– 8 W b

9
Magnetic Flux фB
Case Ⅰ

Case Ⅱ

10
Magnetic Flux фB

Case III

Flux is a measure of flow of Magnetic Field Lines

through an Area
11
Objective

From the experimental observation, there are two basic objective of the study.

I. To calculate the direction of current: Lenz Law

II. To calculate the magnitude of current: Faraday’s Law

12
Lenz’s law
I HATE CHANGE

Induced emf/current opposes the cause

by which it is produced.

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Lenz’s law

Induced emf/current opposes the cause

by which it is produced.

Negative sign in Faraday’s Law formula

suggests oppose to the cause.

dB
 ind emf 
dt

14
Lenz’s law
Direction of Induced current:

1. If flux is increasing, magnetic field due to induced current

will be opposite to the existing magnetic field.

15
Lenz’s law
Direction of Induced current:

2. If flux is decreasing,
magnetic field due to induced current is along the
existing magnetic field.

16
Lenz’s law Direction of Induced current:

1. If flux is decreasing, B due to induced i is along the existing.

2. If flux is increasing, B due to induced i is opposite to existing.

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Lenz’s law Direction of Induced current:

18
Faraday’s Law of ElectroMagnetic Induction

When there is a change in magnetic flux passing through

an area bounded by closed conducting loop, an emf
known as induced emf is produced in it

19
Faraday’s Law of ElectroMagnetic Induction

The induced emf in a closed loop equals the negative of

the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop.

εinduced emf =

20
Faraday’s Law of ElectroMagnetic Induction

When there is a change in magnetic flux passing through

an area bounded by closed conducting loop, an emf
known as induced emf is produced in it

21
Faraday’s Law of Electro Magnetic Induction

Induced emf exists for that duration in which flux change takes place

22
Faraday’s Law of Electro Magnetic Induction

Induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of flux

23
Faraday’s Law of ElectroMagnetic Induction

The induced emf in a closed loop equals the negative of

the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop.

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Faraday’s Law of Electro Magnetic Induction

Emf produced only when ф B varies. фB = BA cosፀ

One of these varies : B (Magnetic Field) Varies

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Faraday’s Law of Electro Magnetic Induction

Emf produced only when ф B varies. фB = BA cosፀ

One of these varies : A (Area) Varies

26
Faraday’s Law of Electro Magnetic Induction

Emf produced only when ф B varies. фB = BA cosፀ

One of these varies : A (Area) Varies

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Faraday’s Law of Electro Magnetic Induction

Em f produced only when ф B varies. фB = BA cosፀ

One of these varies : Ө (angle) Varies

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Direction of Induced Current

1. Take a direction of loop &

(generally along B existing )

2. Find and see how it changes

3. If induced current is opposite of the

assigned direction in step 1

4. If induced current is along of the

assigned direction in step 1
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Induced Current Induced e mf gives rise t o induced current

R : Resistance of loop

30
Induced Current Induced e mf gives rise t o induced current

R : Resistance of loop

31
 Induced Current
Induced e mf gives rise t o induced current

R : Resistance of loop

❖ Induced emf does no t depends on nature of the coil and its resistance.
❖ Induced emf exists in open circuit also.

❖ Induced current is dependent on resistance of coil (or circuit).

❖ Magnitude of induced e mf is directly proportional t o the relative speed of coil magnet

system, (e v).

32
Amount of Charge

q : Amount of charge
fl own through the loop
of Resistance R when
magnetic flux through i t
changes by ΔФ

-ve sign shows the movement of charge

(found according to Lenz’s Law
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Amount of Charge

❖ Induced charge in any coil (or circuit) does not depends on time in which
change in flux occurs i.e. i t is indipendent f ro m rate o f change of flux or
relative speed o f c o i l – magnet system.

❖ Induced charge depends on change in flux through the coil

and nature of the coil (or circuit) i.e. resistance.

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Motional EMF

emf produced due to the motion of conductor.

35
Motional EMF of a Rod

EMF o f a rod moving as shown:

B : Magnetic Field
v : velocity o f Rod
l : length of th e Rod

36
Motional EMF of a Rod

EMF o f a rod moving as shown:

  
V  Pd  v  B . l  

For scalar triple product, if any of the two B, v or l is parallel to

each other, then the result will be ZERO.
37
Direction of Induced EMF

Direction o f Induced EMF

A A

B
38
Direction of Induced EMF

Positive polarity towards

Direction of Induced EMF

Faster the motion, higher is Motional EMF

Motional EMF of a Rod

Rod moving at an angle θ

Or
l θ

l’

Where l’ is the component o f

length between ends which is
perpendicular t o
41
Motional EMF of an Arbitrary Shaped Wire

Join initial & final points by Straight Line &

this is th e effective length l.

l’

Where l’ is th e component of
length between ends A & B which
is perpendicular t o
B

42
Motional EMF (General form)

(emf induced in dl)

b

a
Motional EMF of an Arbitrary Shaped Wire

A
Motional EMF (General form)

are parallel
If any t w o o u t of , or
or anti-parallel
 Rail Problem in Motional EMF

A Frictionless track and the rail has no resistance.

l , m, r

46
 Rail Problem in Motional EMF

A Frictionless track and the rail has no resistance.

Find External force to be applied so, that the velocity
remains constant
l , m, r

47
 Rail Problem in Motional EMF

A Frictionless track and the rail has no resistance.

Find velocity at any instant of time.

l , m, r

48
Motional EMF due to Rotation

Rod AB rotating at angular speed ω about end A

A B
dx
x

A B

49
EMF Induced in Rotating Coil

Rotating Ring

Potential Difference between centre

and any point on the circumference.

50
EMF Induced in Rotating Disc

Potential Difference between centre

and any point on the circumference.
ω

Rotating Disc

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Induced EMF

d=
  emf
εinduced 
dt

Reason?

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Induced Electric Field

1. Cannot apply a force on e-s , only an can do that

since e-s do not move

Changing B

53
Induced Electric Field

2. developed here is due to changing and

not due to charges [called induced electric field]

54
Induced Electric Field

An electric field is produced by a changing magnetic field

55
Induced Electric Field

An electric field is produced by a changing magnetic field:

56
Induced Electric Field


3. Field lines of Ein are closed curves
(no starting or terminating points)

57
Induced Electric Field

Induced Electric Field

developed in closed loop

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Properties of Induced Electric Field Lines :

1. Induced electric field lines are not created by source charges.

2. These are created by changing magnetic field.
3. These lines form closed loops without any source charge present
in loop.
4. The electric field vector is tangent to the electric
field line at each point.

5. is non-electrostatic & non-conservative. It has no potential

associated with it.

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Self Inductance

If the current changes with time, flux

through the loop changes which induces
an emf.

This process is called self-induction.

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Self Inductance Self-inductance: Property of a coil by which
it opposes any change in the magnitude of current flowing
through it by inducing an emf in itself.

L: Self-inductance
i

Total flux through the loop per unit current

Units: weber/ampere or Henry (H)

L: depends on geometry of loop

61
Self Inductance Self-inductance: Property of a coil by which
it opposes any change in the magnitude of current flowing
through it by inducing an emf in itself.

Corresponding induced emf

L units : Volt-sec/Ampere

62
Direction of Induced emf

(a) I is increasing

I
I

e = L dl/dt

(b) I is decreasing

I I

e = L dl/dt
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Direction of Induced emf

(c) I is increasing

e = L dl/dt

(d) I is decreasing

e = L dl/dt
64
Self inductance of a Long Solenoid

Comparing with:

65
Self inductance of a Long Solenoid

depends on geometry ( r, l, n )

l = length, A = area of cross-section

n = number of turns/length N= total number of turns

66
Mutual Inductance

When the current passing through a coil (primary) changes , the magnetic flux through
neighbouring coil (Secondary) changes, hence an emf is produced in the secondary coil.
This phenomenon is called Mutual Induction.

Primary Secondary
secondary   primary
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Mutual Inductance

Magnetic flux linked with the second coil depends on current in the primary coil

2  i1
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Mutual Inductance

i1

M : coefficient of
Primary Secondary mutual inductance

69
Mutual Inductance

M: Mutual inductance
depends on geometry only

Units : weber/amp or Henry(H)

Emf induced in
secondary coil

70
Mutual Inductance of 1. Coil having N1 turns (radius r1) surrounded by
another coil having N2 turns (radius) r2 [r2 >> r1]

N2
i

N1 1
2

71
Mutual Inductance of 2. A Solenoid S1 (n1, r1, l1) placed inside
another Solenoid S2 (n2, r2, l2) (l2>>l1)

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Inductor

Thick wire, negligible resistance

Symbol of inductor

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Inductor On passing a current through Inductor
Self-induced emf in a coil opposes the
change in the current that has induced it.

1. If current is increasing,
induced emf will be
opposite to direction of current.
I

2. If current is decreasing I
induced emf will be
in the same direction as the current.
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Direction of Induced emf

(a) I is increasing

I
I

e = L dl/dt

(b) I is decreasing

I I

e = L dl/dt
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Energy stored in an Inductor

Thus ½ Li2 is the energy stored in inductor

when current through it is i

76
Energy Density in Magnetic field
For a long Solenoid (r, l, n)

Assuming uniform field throughout solenoid

Neglecting end effects

77
Energy Density in Magnetic field

Energy stored per unit volume in a region

where magnetic field is B

78
Combination of Inductor

Series
Leq

☰
A B A B
L1 L2

79
Combination of Inductor

i1 L1
Parallel

A B

i2 L2

80
Combination of Inductors

Inductor in Series L1 L2

(a) L = L1 + L2

(Neglecting mutual induction)

(b) L = L1 + L2 ± 2M

(If mutual inductance is also considered)

81
Relation between Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance

L1 L2
M (Current in coils in same direction)

Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M

L1
M

L2

(Current in coils in
Leq = L1 + L2 - 2M opposite direction)

82
Relation between Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance

L1 L2

M = Mutual inductance of two inductors L1 and L2 K =

Coefficient of coupling

For a tight (perfect) coupling K = 1, otherwise K < 1

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Growth of Current in LR Circuit At = 0 the Key K is closed

L R

84
Growth of Current in LR Circuit At = 0 the Key K is closed

L R

ε t=0

85
Growth of Current in LR Circuit

L R

ε t =0

86
Growth of Current in LR Circuit

L At t = ∞
A B A B

at steady state

we can replace all inductors of the

circuit by a straight conducting

wire

87
RC Charging Circuit q: Charge on the Capacitor

Recalling

q
Time Constant (τ)
q0

0.63q 0

Time after which

growth process
t=τ t
completes by 63%

88
Growth of Current in LR Circuit i: current in the R

Time Constant (τ)

i

i0

0.63i 0

τ : time after which growth

process of current completes
t=τ t
by 63%
For small ‘τ’ current rises faster
89
Decay of Current in LR Circuit

Time Constant ( τ )

i
R
i0

Time after which

decay process 0.37i 0
completes by 63%
t =τ t
90
LC Circuit A charged capacitor is connected to an inductor
and switch is closed at t = 0.
+ -

91
LC Circuit A charged capacitor is connected to an inductor
and switch is closed at t = 0. + -

i C
L

+ -
ε

92
LC Circuit A charged capacitor is connected to an inductor
and switch is closed at t = 0. + -

i C
L

+ -
ε

93
LC Oscillations A charged capacitor is connected to an inductor
and switch is closed at t = 0. + -

q = Ǫ0cos ωt
i C
L
Ǫ0 : initial charge
on Capacitor
+ -
ε
q

Ǫ0
T/2
t
T

94
LC Oscillations A charged capacitor is connected to an inductor
and switch is closed at t = 0.

q = Ǫ0cos ωt

95
LC Oscillations A charged capacitor is connected to an inductor
and switch is closed at t = 0.

i = i0sin ωt

i 0 = Ǫ0ω

ω
T/2 T

96
LC Oscillations

i 0 = Ǫ0ω
97
Energy during LC Oscillations

i = i0sin ωt

q = Ǫ0cos ωt

98
Energy during LC Oscillations

99
LC Oscillations

● In Ideal situation when R = 0, UL + UC is constant.

● If there is some resistance, there is a continuous loss of energy.

Amplitude of charge or current decays with time.

● During oscillations, at all times VC = VL

voltage across capacitor at any instant = emf induced in the inductor.

• Energy stored in capacitor or inductor oscillates wi t h frequency 2

100
Eddy Current

Changing Magnetic field generates Induced Electric Field which generates emf that generates currents
on the surface of metal

101
Eddy Current
Changing Magnetic field generates Induced Electric Field which generates emf that generates currents
on the surface of metal

102
Eddy Current

Changing Magnetic field generates Induced Electric Field which generates emf that generates currents
on the surface of metal

103
Eddy Current

Also, a moving magnet generates Induced Electric Field which generates emf that generates
currents on the surface of metal

104
Eddy Current

105
Eddy Current

106
Eddy Current

1. Conductor Moving through B

107
Magnetic Brake 2. Conductor Rotating in B

108
Eddy Current
plates moves through region of magnetic field, magnetic flux
through an area bounded by a random loop on metal plate
changes.

Hence a current is induced.

Induced current appears on surface along

variety of paths.

System itself looks for loops on surface.

Induced current Thermal energy Damping of K.E.

Electromagnetic
cut slots damping
in metal
109
Eddy Current

110
Eddy Current

When slots are cut eddy current are reduced and plate swings more freely through the
magnetic field

111
Induction Coil

Induction Furnace

112
Eddy Current
Eddy currents have both undesirable effects and
practically useful applications.

Applications of eddy currents :

(i) Induction furnace

(ii) Electromagnetic damping
(iii) Magnetic brakes
(iv) Speedometers
(v) Induction motor
(vi)Electromagnetic shielding
(vii)Inductothermy (viii)Energy meters
Induction Furnace

113
Properties of Eddy Current

● These currents are produced only in closed path within the entire volume and on the surface of
metal body. Therefore their measurement is impossible.

● Circulation plane of these currents is always perpendicular to the external field direction.

● Generally resistance of metal bodies is low so magnitude of these currents is very high.

● These currents heat up the metal body and some time body will melt out
(Application : Induction furnace)

● Due to these induced currents a strong eddy force (or torque) acts on metal body which
always opposes the translatory (or rotatory) motion of metal body, according to lenz.

114