G code and M code Mechanical Engineering Insights

What is G-code
G-code is a programming language used to control CNC (Computer Numerical Control)
machines. It provides a set of instructions that tells the machine how to move its tools, control
its speed, and perform various operations such as cutting, drilling, milling, or 3D printing.

G Codes and Descriptions

G-Code Description

G0 Rapid positioning

G1 Linear interpolation

G2 Clockwise circular/helical interpolation

G3 Counterclockwise circular/Helical interpolation

G4 Dwell

G10 Coordinate system origin setting

G12 Clockwise circular pocket

G13 Counterclockwise circular pocket

G15/G16 Polar Coordinate moves in G0 and G1

G17 XY Plane select

G18 XZ plane select

G19 YZ plane select

G20/G21 Inch/Millimetre unit

G28 Return home

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G code and M code Mechanical Engineering Insights

G-Code Description

G28.1 Reference axes

G30 Return home

G31 Straight probe

G40 Cancel cutter radius compensation

G41/G42 Start cutter radius compensation left/right

G43 Apply tool length offset (plus)

G49 Cancel tool length offset

G50 Reset all scale factors to 1.0

G51 Set axis data input scale factors

G52 Temporary coordinate system offsets

G53 Move in absolute machine coordinate system

G54 Use fixture offset 1

G55 Use fixture offset 2

G56 Use fixture offset 3

G57 Use fixture offset 4

G58 Use fixture offset 5

G59 Use fixture offset 6 / use general fixture number

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G code and M code Mechanical Engineering Insights

G-Code Description

G61/G64 Exact stop/Constant Velocity mode

G68/G69 Rotate program coordinate system

G70/G71 Inch/Millimetre unit

G73 Canned cycle – peck drilling

G80 Cancel motion mode

G81 Canned cycle – drilling

G82 Canned cycle – drilling with dwell

G83 Canned cycle – peck drilling

G85/G86/G88/G89 Canned cycle – boring

G90 Absolute distance mode

G90.1 Absolute IJK mode

G91 Incremental distance mode

G91.1 Incremental IJK mode

G92 Offset coordinates and set parameters

G92.x Cancel G92 etc.

G93 Inverse time feed mode

G94 Units Per Min.

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G code and M code Mechanical Engineering Insights

G-Code Description

G98 Rapid Height By Z Height

G99 Rapid Height By R Height

What is M Code
In CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining, M codes—often called miscellaneous
codes—are commands that control various machine functions that aren’t directly related to
the tool’s movement (which is typically handled by G codes). They are used to manage
auxiliary functions of the machine, such as starting or stopping the spindle, turning the
coolant on or off, pausing the program, and initiating tool changes.

M Codes and Descriptions

M Code Description

M00 Mandatory Program Stop

M01 Optional or Planned Program Stop

M02 Program End

M03 Spindle On Forward/Clockwise

M04 Spindle On Reverse/Counterclockwise

M05 Spindle Stop

M07 Mist Coolant On

M08 Flood Coolant On

M09 Coolant Off

M10 Pallet Clamp On

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G code and M code Mechanical Engineering Insights

M11 Pallet Clamp OFF

M13 Spindle Clockwise and Coolant On

M19 Spindle Orientation

M30 Program End and Rewind

M48 Enable Feed/Speed Overrides

M49 Disable Feed/Speed Overrides

M52 Unload last tool from spindle

M60 Automatic pallet change

M98 Subprogram Call

M99 Return From Subprogram / Rewind

Applications of CNC (Computer Numerical Control)

 CNC machining is used to produce complex parts with high accuracy.

 Common in automobile, aerospace, and medical equipment manufacturing.

 Produces engine parts, turbine blades, and surgical instruments.

2. Aerospace Industry

 Used for aircraft components like engine parts, landing gear, and structural
elements.

 Ensures tight tolerances and lightweight materials for aviation needs.

3. Automotive Industry
 CNC machines manufacture gears, engine components, brake system parts, and
body panels.

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G code and M code Mechanical Engineering Insights

 Supports mass production with consistent quality.

4. Medical Sector

 CNC is used to create prosthetics, implants (hip, knee), and surgical tools.

 Ensures precise and patient-specific designs.

5. Electronics Industry

 Used in PCB (Printed Circuit Board) manufacturing.

 Helps in producing small, complex parts with high accuracy.

6. Woodworking & Furniture Making

 CNC routers cut, engrave, and shape wood for furniture, doors, and decorative
panels.

 Allows for intricate designs with minimal waste.

7. Metal Fabrication

 CNC plasma and laser cutters shape and engrave metals for construction, machine
parts, and artwork.

 Reduces manual labor and increases efficiency.

8. Military & Defense

 Ensures reliability and precision in critical defense applications.

9. Textile Industry

 CNC machines control automated embroidery and fabric cutting.

 Helps in mass production with high accuracy.

10. Jewelry & Engraving

 CNC machines assist in crafting intricate jewelry designs and engraving metals.

 Enables mass production while maintaining detail.