3D Frame Analysis Library

Technical Notes & Examples

Static, Dynamic, Linear and Non-

Linear 3D Structural Analysis for
frames and shells
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Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3
Basic theoretical background .................................................................................................... 4
Skyline storage scheme ......................................................................................................... 4
Coordinate systems ............................................................................................................... 6
Global system .................................................................................................................... 6
Element local system ......................................................................................................... 6
Node local system ............................................................................................................. 6
Degrees of freedom............................................................................................................... 8
Load combination ...................................................................................................................... 9
Rigid diaphragm constrained................................................................................................... 10
The frame element .................................................................................................................. 13
Equations in Local Coordinate System ................................................................................ 13
Equations in Global Coordinate System .............................................................................. 14
Frame element end releases ............................................................................................... 18
Unstable End Releases ........................................................................................................ 19
Introduction to Dynamic Analysis ........................................................................................... 20
Response Spectrum Analysis ............................................................................................... 22
Example problems for 3D Frame Analysis Library ................................................................... 23
Example 1: Load case and combination definitions ............................................................ 23
Example 2: Element local coordinate system (skew member) ........................................... 27
Example 3: Node local coordinate system (skew support) ................................................. 30
Example 4: Spring supports ................................................................................................. 32
Example 5: Partial (semi-rigid) member releases................................................................ 34
Example 6: Rigid offsets ...................................................................................................... 37
Example 7: Simple 3D building with rigid floor diaphragms and Response Spectrum Analysis
............................................................................................................................................. 40
Example 8: Beam under uniform and large axial load (P-Δ effect) ..................................... 47
Example 9: Column under shear and large axial load (P-Δ effect) ...................................... 50
Example 10: Frame on Winkler springs ............................................................................... 53
Example 11: Single storey building with shell elements (wall, foundation slab and
superstructure slab) ............................................................................................................ 56

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Introduction
The finite element method (FEM) (sometimes referred to as finite element analysis) is a
numerical technique for finding approximate solutions of partial differential equations (PDE)
as well as of integral equations. The solution approach is based either on eliminating the
differential equation completely (steady state problems), or rendering the PDE into an
approximating system of ordinary differential equations, which are then numerically
integrated using standard techniques such as Euler's method, Runge-Kutta, etc.

In solving partial differential equations, the primary challenge is to create an equation that
approximates the equation to be studied, but is numerically stable, meaning that errors in the
input data and intermediate calculations do not accumulate and cause the resulting output to
be meaningless. There are many ways of doing this, all with advantages and disadvantages.
The Finite Element Method is a good choice for solving partial differential equations over
complex domains (like cars and oil pipelines), when the domain changes (as during a solid
state reaction with a moving boundary), when the desired precision varies over the entire
domain, or when the solution lacks smoothness.

ENGISSOL, as a leader company in finite element programming, has launched many finite
element libraries which are continuously enriched by new contemporary arithmetic
techniques and optimized in order to come up to any complex engineering simulation. Among
these libraries, ENGISSOL’s R&D department has created a commercial library which can
perform 3D finite element analysis for frames and buildings very easily with great accuracy
and reliability. This library has been developed in the modern programming environment of
MS Visual Studio 2008 and is compatible with almost every programming interface. The
integration of 3D Frame Analysis Library to a programming interface can result into a
complete, high quality and competitive finite element application.

The scope of this paper is to provide theoretical and also practical information about the
library’s assumptions, as well as a comprehensive description of the adapted methods and
algorithms. Reference to finite element analysis theory will be made if necessary. In any case,
the reader is advised to refer to a general finite element book in order to get familiar enough
with the philosophy of the finite element method and particularly 3D Frame Analysis Library.
Furthermore, reference to the library’s classes, objects, methods etc will be made if needed.

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Basic theoretical background

Skyline storage scheme
A skyline matrix, or a variable band matrix, is a form of a sparse matrix storage format for a
square, banded (and typically symmetric) matrix that reduces the storage requirement of a
matrix more than banded storage. In banded storage, all entries within a fixed distance from
the diagonal (called half-bandwidth) are stored. In column oriented skyline storage, only the
entries from the first nonzero entry to the last nonzero entry in each column are stored. There
is also row oriented skyline storage, and, for symmetric matrices, only one triangle is usually
stored.

Skyline storage has become very popular in the finite element codes for structural mechanics,
because the skyline is preserved by Cholesky decomposition (a method of solving systems of
linear equations with a symmetric, positive-definite matrix; all fill-in falls within the skyline),
and systems of equations from finite elements have a relatively small skyline. In addition, the
effort of coding skyline Cholesky is about same as for Cholesky for banded matrices.

An example of the skyline storage scheme follows in the next picture.

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3D Frame Analysis Library uses this storage technique at all cases where symmetric and
positive defined matrices are to be stored, in order to minimize computer memory usage and
accelerate the solution speed as much as possible.

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Coordinate systems
Three different coordinate systems are available in 3D Frame Analysis Library. The global
system and two local ones, the element local and node local system. It has to be noted that
these three coordinate systems result into more flexibility and ease in creating the structural
model, since data as loads, boundary conditions etc can be defined at the desired system,
whereas analysis results are obtained in each corresponding coordinate system.

Global system
The global coordinate system remains constant for each element, node and generally the
complete model.

Element local system

For each element (frame etc), a local system is assigned by rotating the global one according
to followings:

• Local x axis is defined from element’s starting to its ending node

• Local y axis is defined by an auxiliary point that lies on the plane that is formed by the
local x and y element axes
• Local z axis is defined as perpendicular to x and y local axes, so that a right hand side
coordinate system is formed.

Node local system

Generally the local system of a node matches the global system unless otherwise defined.
Local system of a node is defined the same way as the element local system.

Model data and corresponding coordinate system

Nodal loads Node local system

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Nodal reactions Node local system

Nodal displacements Node local system
Prescribed displacements Node local system
Member loads Element local and global system (as
specified)
Member end releases Element local system
Response spectrum excitation (ground Global system
motion direction)
Member internal forces and displacements Element local system
Diaphragm loads Global system
Diaphragm displacements Global system

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Degrees of freedom
3D Frame Analysis Library features 6 degrees of freedom per node as indicated below. Each
degree of freedom can be fully or partially (by springs) constrained. Furthermore, in case of
frame elements, each set of degrees of freedom can be released unless a mechanism is
formed. The ability of partial releases is also available in 3D Frame Analysis Library.

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Load combination
The following load combination types are supported in 3D Frame Analysis Library:

• Linear Add: All load case results are multiplied by their scale factor and added
together.
• Envelope. A max/min Envelope of the defined load cases is evaluated for each frame
output segment and object joint. The load cases that give the maximum and minimum
components are used for this combo. Therefore the load Combo holds two values for
each output segment and joint.
• Absolute Add: The absolute of the individual load case results are summed and
positive and negative values are automatically produced for each output segment and
joint.
• SRSS: The Square Root Sum of the Squares calculation is performed on the load cases
and positive and negative values are automatically produced for each output segment
and joint.
• CQC: The Complete Quadratic Combination is used in case of coupled modes
combination. Modes are generally coupled in ordinary building structures so this
method is used as an improvement on SRSS.

It should be noted that in case of Modal analysis, only one of the last two combination
methods (SRSS, CQC) can be used, since the remaining do not have a meaning when combining
dynamic modes.

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Rigid diaphragm constrained

Many automated structural analysis computer programs use master-slave constraint options.
However, in many cases the user’s manual does not clearly define the mathematical
constraint equations that are used within the program. To illustrate the various forms that
this constraint option can take, let us consider the floor diaphragm system shown below.

The diaphragm, or the physical floor system in the real structure, can have any number of
columns and beams connected to it. At the end of each member, at the diaphragm level, six
degrees of freedom exist for a three-dimensional structure before introduction of constraints.
Field measurements have verified for a large number of building-type structures that the in
plane deformations in the floor systems are small compared to the inter-story horizontal
displacements. Hence, it has become common practice to assume that the in-plane motion of
all points on the floor diaphragm move as a rigid body. Therefore, the in-plane displacements
of the diaphragm can be expressed in terms of two displacements, (m) ux(m) and uy(m), and a
rotation about the z-axis, uzθ(m). In the case of static loading, the location of the master node
(m) can be at any location on the diaphragm. However, for the case of dynamic earthquake
loading, the master node must be located at the center of mass of each floor if a diagonal
mass matrix is to be used. 3D Frame Analysis Library automatically calculates the location of
the master node based on the center of mass of the constraint nodes. As a result of this rigid
diaphragm approximation, the following compatibility equations must be satisfied for joints
attached to the diaphragm:

ux(i) = ux(m) – y(i) uzθ(m)

uy(i) = uY(m) + x(i) uzθ(m)

uzθ(i) = uzθ(m)

Or in matrix form, the displacement transformation is:

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If displacements are eliminated by the application of constraint equations, the loads

associated with those displacements must also be transformed to the master node. From
simple statics the loads applied at joint “i” can be moved to the master node “m” by the
following equilibrium equations:

Rx(mi) = Rx(i)

Ry(mi) = Ry(i)

Rθz(mi) = Rθz(i) – y(i) Rx(i) + x(i) Ry(i)

Or in matrix form the load transformation is:

Again, one notes that the force transformation matrix is the transpose of the displacement
transformation matrix. The total load applied at the master point will be the sum of the
contributions from all slave nodes, or:

𝑇
𝑅 (𝑚) = ∑ 𝑅 (𝑚𝑖) = ∑ 𝑇 (𝑖) 𝑅 (𝑖)
𝑖

Now, consider a vertical column connected between joint i at level m and joint j at level m+1,
as shown below. Note that the location of the master node can be different for each level.

It is apparent that the displacement transformation matrix for the column is given by

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Or in symbolic form:

D=Bu

The displacement transformation matrix is 12 by 14 if the z-rotations are retained as

independent displacements. The new 14 by 14 stiffness matrix, with respect to the master
and slave reference systems at both levels, is given by:

K = BT k B,

where k is the initial 12 by 12 global stiffness matrix for the column.

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The frame element

The approach used to develop the two-dimensional frame elements can be used to develop
the three-dimensional frame elements as well. The only difference is that there are more DOFs
at a node in a 3D frame element than there are in a 2D frame element. There are altogether
six DOFs at a node in a 3D frame element: three translational displacements in the x, y and z
directions, and three rotations with respect to the x, y and z axes. Therefore, for an element
with two nodes, there are altogether twelve DOFs, as shown in Figure below.

Equations in Local Coordinate System

The element displacement vector for a frame element in space can be written as.

The element matrices can be obtained by a similar process of obtaining the matrices of the
truss element in space and that of beam elements, and adding them together. Because of the
huge matrices involved, the details will not be shown herein, but the stiffness matrix is listed
here as follows, and can be easily confirmed simply by inspection:

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where Iy and Iz are the second moment of area (or moment of inertia) of the cross-section of
the beam with respect to the y and z axes, respectively. Note that the fourth DOF is related to
the torsional deformation. The development of a torsional element of a bar is very much the
same as that for a truss element. The only difference is that the axial deformation is replaced
by the torsional angular deformation, and axial force is replaced by torque. Therefore, in the
resultant stiffness matrix, the element tensile stiffness AE/le is replaced by the element
torsional stiffness GJ/le, where G is the shear modules and J is the polar moment of inertia of
the cross-section of the bar. The mass matrix is also shown as follows:

Where
𝐼𝑥
𝑟𝑥 2 =
𝐴
in which Ix is the second moment of area (or moment of inertia) of the cross-section of the
beam with respect to the x axis.

Equations in Global Coordinate System

Having known the element matrices in the local coordinate system, the next thing to do is to
transform the element matrices into the global coordinate system to account for the
differences in orientation of all the local coordinate systems that are attached on individual
frame members.

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Assume that the local nodes 1 and 2 of the element correspond to global nodes i and j ,
respectively. The displacement at a local node should have three translational components in
the x, y and z directions, and three rotational components with respect to the x, y and z axes.
They are numbered sequentially by d1–d12 corresponding to the physical deformations as
defined by Eq. (6.16). The displacement at a global node should also have three translational
components in the X, Y and Z directions, and three rotational components with respect to the
X, Y and Z axes. They are numbered sequentially by D6i−5,D6i−4, . . . , and D6i for the ith node,
as shown in Figure below. The same sign convention applies to node j. The coordinate
transformation gives the relationship between the displacement vector de based on the local
coordinate system and the displacement vector De for the same element but based on the
global coordinate system:

de = T De, where

and T is the transformation matrix for the truss element given by

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in which

where lk, mk and nk (k = x, y, z) are direction cosines defined by

lx = cos(x,X), mx = cos(x, Y ), nx = cos(x,Z)

ly = cos(y,X), my = cos(y, Y ), ny = cos(y,Z)

lz = cos(z,X), mz = cos(z, Y ), nz = cos(z,Z)

To define these direction cosines, the position and the three-dimensional orientation of the
frame element have to be defined first. With nodes 1 and 2, the location of the element is
fixed on the local coordinate frame, and the orientation of the element has also been fixed in
the x direction. However, the local coordinate frame can still rotate about the axis of the
beam. One more additional point in the local coordinate has to be defined. This point can be
chosen anywhere in the local x– Y plane, but not on the x-axis. Therefore, node 3 is chosen, as
shown in Figure 6.6.The position vectors _ V1, _ V2 and _ V3 can be expressed as

where Xk, Yk and Zk (k = 1, 2, 3) are the coordinates for node k, and 𝑋⃗, 𝑌
⃗⃗, 𝑍⃗ are unit vectors
along X, Y and Z axes. We now define

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⃗⃗⃗⃗2 -𝑉
Vectors (𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1) and (𝑉
⃗⃗⃗⃗3 -𝑉
⃗⃗⃗⃗1) can thus be obtained using above equations as follows:

⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 -𝑉⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = X21𝑋⃗ + Y21 𝑌
⃗⃗ + Z21𝑍⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉3 -𝑉⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = X31𝑋⃗ + Y31 𝑌
⃗⃗ + Z31𝑍⃗

The length of the frame element can be obtained by

⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑙𝑒 = 2𝑎 = |𝑉 2
𝑉1 | = √𝑋21 2
+ 𝑌21 2
+ 𝑍21

The unit vector along x-axis can thus be expressed as

(𝑉⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 ) 𝑋21 𝑌21 𝑍
𝑥⃗ = = 𝑋⃗ + ⃗⃗ + 21 𝑍⃗
𝑌
|𝑉⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 | 2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎

Therefore, the direction cosines in the x direction are given as

𝑋21
𝑙𝑥 = cos(𝑥, 𝑋) = 𝑥⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑋=
2𝑎
𝑌21
𝑚𝑥 = cos(𝑥, 𝑌) = 𝑥⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑌=
2𝑎
𝑍21
𝑛𝑥 = cos(𝑥, 𝑍) = 𝑥⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑍=
2𝑎

It now can be seen that the direction of z axis can be defined by the cross product of vectors
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗3 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 ) and (𝑉 𝑉1 ). Hence a unit vector along z axis can be expressed as:

⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗3 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 )x(𝑉 𝑉1 )
𝑧⃗ =
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
|(𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗3 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 )x(𝑉 𝑉1 )|

Since y axis is perpendicular to both x axis and z axis, the unit vector along y axis can be
obtained by cross product

𝑦⃗ = 𝑧⃗ x 𝑥⃗

Using the transformation matrix, T, the matrices for space frame elements in the global
coordinate system can be obtained as:

Ke = TT ke T

Me = TT me T

Fe = TT fe

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Frame element end releases

Including member loading in equation

fIJ = kIJ uIJ,

the twelve equilibrium equations in the local IJ reference system can be written as

F = ku + r

If one end of the member has a hinge, or other type of release that causes the corresponding
force to be equal to zero, above equation requires modification. A typical equation is of the
following form:
12

𝑓𝑛 = ∑ 𝑘𝑛𝑗 𝑢𝑗 + 𝑟𝑛
𝑗=1

If we know a specific value of fn is zero because of a release, the corresponding displacement

un can be written as:
𝑛−1 12
𝑘𝑛𝑗 𝑘𝑛𝑗
𝑢𝑛 = ∑ 𝑢𝑗 + ∑ 𝑢 + 𝑟𝑛
𝑘𝑛𝑚 𝑘𝑛𝑚 𝑗
𝑗=1 𝑗=𝑛+1

Therefore, by substitution of last equation into the other eleven equilibrium equations, the
unknown un can be eliminated and the corresponding row and column set to zero. Or:

̅̅̅
𝑓𝑖𝑗 = ̅̅̅̅
𝑘𝑖𝑗 𝑢𝐼𝐽 + ̅̅̅
𝑟𝑖𝑗
The terms fn = rn = 0 and the new stiffness and load terms are equal to:

𝑘𝑛𝑗
̅̅̅̅
𝑘𝑖𝑗 = 𝑘𝑖𝑗 − 𝑘𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑛𝑛

𝑘𝑛𝑖
𝑟̅𝑖 = 𝑟𝑖 − 𝑟𝑛
𝑘𝑛𝑛

This procedure can be repeatedly applied to the element equilibrium equations for all
releases. After the other displacements associated with the element have been found from a
solution of the global equilibrium equations, the displacements associated with the releases
can be calculated from Equation (4.31) in reverse order from the order in which the
displacements were eliminated. The repeated application of these simple numerical
equations is defined as static condensation or partial Gauss elimination.

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Unstable End Releases

In 3D Frame Analysis Library, any combination of end releases may be specified for a Frame
element provided that the element remains stable; this assures that all load applied to the
element is transferred to the rest of the structure. The following sets of releases are unstable,
either alone or in combination, and are not permitted.

• Releasing U1 at both end

• Releasing U2 at both ends
• Releasing U3 at both ends
• Releasing R1 at both ends
• Releasing R2 at both ends and U3 at either end
• Releasing R3 at both ends and U2 at either end

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Introduction to Dynamic Analysis

The dynamic force equilibrium Equation can be written in the following form as a set of Nd
second order differential equations:
𝐽

𝑀𝑢̈ (𝑡) + 𝐶𝑢̇ (𝑡) + 𝐾𝑢(𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑓𝑗 𝑔(𝑡)𝑗

𝑗=1

All possible types of time-dependent loading, including wind, wave and seismic, can be
represented by a sum of “J” space vectors fj , which are not a function of time, and J time
functions g(t)j.

For the dynamic solution of arbitrary structural systems, however, the elimination of the
massless displacement is, in general, not numerically efficient because the stiffness matrix
loses its sparsity. Therefore, 3D Frame Analysis Library does not use static condensation to
retain the sparseness of the stiffness matrix.

The fundamental mathematical method that is used to solve the equilibrity equations is the
separation of variables. This approach assumes the solution can be expressed in the following
form:

u(t) = Φ Y(t)

Where Φ is an “Nd by N” matrix containing N spatial vectors that are not a function of time,
and Y(t) is a vector containing N functions of time.

Before solution, we require that the space functions satisfy the following mass and stiffness
orthogonality conditions:

ΦΤ Μ Φ = Ι

ΦΤ Κ Φ =Ω2

where I is a diagonal unit matrix and Ω2 is a diagonal matrix in which the diagonal terms are
ωn2 .The term ωn has the units of radians per second and may or may not be a free vibration
frequencies. It should be noted that the fundamentals of mathematics place no restrictions
on those vectors, other than the orthogonality properties. Each space function vector, φn, is
always normalized so that the Generalized Mass is equal to one, or φnT M φn = 1.0.

The above equations yield to:

𝐽

𝐼𝑌̈(𝑡) + 𝑑𝑌̇(𝑡) + 𝛺 𝑌(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑝𝑗 𝑔(𝑡)𝑗

2

𝑗=1

where pj = ΦT fj are defined as the modal participation factors for load function j. The term pnj
is associated with the nth mode. Note that there is one set of “N” modal participation factors
for each spatial load condition fj . For all real structures, the “N by N” matrix d is not diagonal;
however, to uncouple the modal equations, it is necessary to assume classical damping where

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there is no coupling between modes. Therefore, the diagonal terms of the modal damping are
defined by:

dnn = 2 ζn ωn

where ζn is defined as the ratio of the damping in mode n to the critical damping of the model.
A typical uncoupled modal equation for linear structural systems is of the following form:
𝐽

𝑦̈ (𝑡)𝑛 + 2𝜁𝑛 𝜔𝑛 𝑦̇ (𝑡)𝑛 + 𝜔𝑛 2 𝑦(𝑡)𝑛 = ∑ 𝑝𝑛𝑗 𝑔(𝑡)𝑗

𝑗=1
For three-dimensional seismic motion, this equation can be written as:

𝑦̈ (𝑡)𝑛 + 2𝜁𝑛 𝜔𝑛 𝑦̇ (𝑡)𝑛 + 𝜔𝑛 2 𝑦(𝑡)𝑛 = 𝑝𝑛𝑥 𝑢̈ (𝑡)𝑔𝑥 + 𝑝𝑛𝑦 𝑢̈ (𝑡)𝑔𝑦 + 𝑝𝑛𝑧 𝑢̈ (𝑡)𝑔𝑧

where the three-directional modal participation factors, or in this case earthquake excitation
factors, are defined by pnj = -ΦnT Mj in which j is equal to x, y or z and n is the mode number.

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Response Spectrum Analysis

The maximum modal displacement for a structural model can now be calculated
for a typical mode n with period Tn and corresponding spectrum response value
S (ωn) . The maximum modal response associated with period Tn is given by:

Y(Tn) MAX = S(ωn) / ωn2

The maximum modal displacement response of the structural model is calculated
from:

un = y(Tn )MAX φn

The corresponding internal modal forces, fkn, are calculated from standard matrix structural
analysis using the same equations as required in static analysis.

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Example problems for 3D Frame Analysis Library

At this section some characteristic primer problems will be presented in order to
comprehensively demonstrate the basic features of 3D Frame Analysis Library. The reader is
advised to refer to the corresponding Visual Studio project to see in action how each example
is implemented and analyzed with 3D Frame Analysis Library.

Example 1: Load case and combination definitions

//New model definition

Model Model = new Model();
Model.LicenseInfo = LicenseInfo;

//-------MATERIAL DEFINITION-------

//Create a new material for concrete

Material matConcrete = new Material();
matConcrete.Name = "Concrete";//Material name
matConcrete.Density = 2.5;//density in mass units/m3, for
example tn/m3
matConcrete.G = 11538461;//shear modulus
matConcrete.E = 30000000;//elasticity modulus

//-------SECTIONS DEFINITION-------

//Create a new beam section of dimensions 40cmx80xm

FrameElementSection secBeam40_80 = new
FrameElementSection();
secBeam40_80.Name = "Beam40/80";//section name
secBeam40_80.A = 0.4 * 0.8;//section area
secBeam40_80.Iy = 0.4 * 0.8 * 0.8 * 0.8 / 12;//inertia
moment about local y axis
secBeam40_80.Iz = 0.8 * 0.4 * 0.4 * 0.4 / 12;//inertia
moment about local z axis
secBeam40_80.It = 0.0117248;//torsional constant
secBeam40_80.b = 0.40;//section width
secBeam40_80.h = 0.80;//section height

//-------MODEL GEOMETRY AND LOADS DEFINITION-------

//Create node n1
Frame3D.SuperNode n1 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(1, 0, 0, 0);

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n1.dof1constraint = true;//delete
n1.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n1.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n1.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n1.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n1);

//Create node n2
Frame3D.SuperNode n2 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(2, 5, 0, 0);
n2.dof1constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n2.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n2.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n2.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n2.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n2);

//Create frame element 1

//Note that the 4th argument specifies the auxiliary
point that lies in the xy plane that is formed by the x and y axes in
the local element system
FrameSuperElement el1 = new FrameSuperElement(1, n1, n2,
new Geometry.XYZ(0, 0, 1), matConcrete, secBeam40_80, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);

LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement lc1 = new

LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement("lc1", LoadCaseType.DEAD);
lc1.UniformLoad.UniformLoadsY.Add(new
FrameSuperUniformLoad(0, 1, -10, -10,
LoadDefinitionFromStartingNode.Relatively,
LoadCordinateSystem.Global));
lc1.PointLoad.PointLoadsY.Add(new SuperPointLoad(3.5, -
50, LoadDefinitionFromStartingNode.Absolutely,
LoadCordinateSystem.Global));
el1.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(lc1);

LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement lc2 = new

LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement("lc2", LoadCaseType.LIVE);
lc2.UniformLoad.UniformLoadsY.Add(new
FrameSuperUniformLoad(0, 1, -5, -5,
LoadDefinitionFromStartingNode.Relatively,
LoadCordinateSystem.Global));
el1.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(lc2);

LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement lc3 = new

LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement("lc3", LoadCaseType.LIVE);
lc3.UniformLoad.UniformLoadsY.Add(new
FrameSuperUniformLoad(0, 1, -1, -1,
LoadDefinitionFromStartingNode.Relatively,
LoadCordinateSystem.Global));
el1.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(lc3);

Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el1);

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//-------SOLUTION PHASE-------
Model.Solve();

//-------OBTAIN RESULTS-------
double[] Min, Max;//The combination results will be saved
in these arrays
//Note that the definition of two arrays for minimum and
maximum combination results is required
//For combination type "ADD", Min and Max values are
always equal

//Reactions (All are defined in the node local system)

//Rections for load case lc1
n1.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n1_Rty_lc1 = Max[1];
n2.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n2_Rty_lc1 = Max[1];

//Rections for load case lc2

n1.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc2", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n1_Rty_lc2 = Max[1];
n2.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc2", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n2_Rty_lc2 = Max[1];

//Rections for load case lc13

n1.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc3", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n1_Rty_lc3 = Max[1];
n2.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc3", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n2_Rty_lc3 = Max[1];

//Node Displacements (All are defined in the node local

system)
//Note that constained degrees of freedom have zero
displacements
n1.GetNodalDisplacementsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);
double[] n1_Disp = Max;
n2.GetNodalDisplacementsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);
double[] n2_Disp = Max;

//Element internal forces and displacements

el1.GetInternalForcesForLoadCase(0, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0); //Internal forces at the start of the member
double[] forces_along_member_left = Max;
el1.GetInternalForcesForLoadCase(2.5, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);//Internal forces at the middle of the member
double[] forces_along_member_middle = Max;
el1.GetInternalForcesForLoadCase(5, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);//Internal forces at the end of the member
double[] forces_along_member_right = Max;

el1.GetDisplacementsForLoadCase(0, "lc1", out Min, out

Max, 0); //Internal displacements at the start of the member
double[] disps_along_member_left = Max;
el1.GetDisplacementsForLoadCase(2.5, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);//Internal displacements at the middle of the member
double[] disps_along_member_middle = Max;
el1.GetDisplacementsForLoadCase(5, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);//Internal displacements at the end of the member

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double[] disps_along_member_right = Max;

//Creation of a load combination

//Note that load combinations can also be defined after
analysis has been completed
//A load combination for 2.00 lc1 - 0.5 lc2 is created,
as follows:
LoadCombination LCombo = new
LoadCombination("combination", ComboType.ADD);
LCombo.Items.Add(new LoadCaseWithFactor("lc1", 2));
LCombo.Items.Add(new LoadCaseWithFactor("lc2", -0.5));

//All result data can be now obtained for the combination

in the same way as for the load cases
//for example, get first node reactions:
n1.GetReactionsForLoadCombination(LCombo, out Min, out
Max);

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Example 2: Element local coordinate system (skew member)

//New model definition

Model Model = new Model();
Model.LicenseInfo = LicenseInfo;

//-------MATERIAL DEFINITION-------

//Create a new material for concrete

Material matConcrete = new Material();
matConcrete.Name = "Concrete";//Material name
matConcrete.Density = 2.5;//density in mass units/m3, for
example tn/m3
matConcrete.G = 11538461;//shear modulus
matConcrete.E = 30000000;//elasticity modulus

//-------SECTIONS DEFINITION-------

//Create a new beam section of dimensions 40cmx80xm

FrameElementSection secBeam40_80 = new
FrameElementSection();
secBeam40_80.Name = "Beam40/80";//section name
secBeam40_80.A = 0.4 * 0.8;//section area
secBeam40_80.Iy = 0.4 * 0.8 * 0.8 * 0.8 / 12;//inertia
moment about local y axis
secBeam40_80.Iz = 0.8 * 0.4 * 0.4 * 0.4 / 12;//inertia
moment about local z axis
secBeam40_80.It = 0.0117248;//torsional constant
secBeam40_80.b = 0.40;//section height
secBeam40_80.h = 0.80;//section height

//-------MODEL GEOMETRY AND LOADS DEFINITION-------

//Create node n1
Frame3D.SuperNode n1 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(1, 0, 0, 0);
n1.dof1constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n1.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n1.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n1.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n1.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node

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n1.dof6constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n1);

//Create node n2
Frame3D.SuperNode n2 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(2, 5, 0, 0);
n2.dof1constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n2.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n2.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n2.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n2.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n2.dof6constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n2);

//Create frame element 1

//Note the definition of the auxiliary point:
Geometry.XYZ(0, Math.Tan(30/180*Math.PI), 1)
//It shows that the frame will be inserted properly
(rotated about its longitudinal axis)
FrameSuperElement el1 = new FrameSuperElement(1, n1, n2,
new Geometry.XYZ(0, 0, 1), matConcrete, secBeam40_80, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);

LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement lc1 = new

LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement("lc1", LoadCaseType.DEAD);
lc1.UniformLoad.UniformLoadsY.Add(new
FrameSuperUniformLoad(0, 1, -10, -10,
LoadDefinitionFromStartingNode.Relatively,
LoadCordinateSystem.Global));
el1.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(lc1);

Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el1);

//-------SOLUTION PHASE-------
Model.Solve();

//-------OBTAIN RESULTS-------
double[] Min, Max;

//Reactions
//Rections for load case lc1
n1.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double[] n1_R_lc1 = Max;
n2.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double[] n2_R_lc1 = Max;

//Note that element forces are now different, shear force

acts on both y and z directions in element local system
el1.GetInternalForcesForLoadCase(0, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);//Internal forces at the start of the member
double[] forces_along_member_left = Max;
el1.GetInternalForcesForLoadCase(2.5, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);//Internal forces at the middle of the member

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double[] forces_along_member_middle = Max;
el1.GetInternalForcesForLoadCase(5, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);//Internal forces at the end of the member
double[] forces_along_member_right = Max;

el1.GetDisplacementsForLoadCase(0, "lc1", out Min, out

Max, 0);//Internal displacements at the start of the member
double[] disps_along_member_left = Max;
el1.GetDisplacementsForLoadCase(2.5, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);//Internal displacements at the middle of the member
double[] disps_along_member_middle = Max;
el1.GetDisplacementsForLoadCase(5, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);//Internal displacements at the end of the member
double[] disps_along_member_right = Max; }

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Example 3: Node local coordinate system (skew support)

//New model definition

Model Model = new Model();
Model.LicenseInfo = LicenseInfo;

//-------MATERIAL DEFINITION-------

//Create a new material for concrete

Material matConcrete = new Material();
matConcrete.Name = "Concrete";//Material name
matConcrete.Density = 2.5;//density in mass units/m3, for
example tn/m3
matConcrete.G = 11538461;//shear modulus
matConcrete.E = 30000000;//elasticity modulus

//-------SECTIONS DEFINITION-------

//Create a new beam section of dimensions 40cmx80xm

FrameElementSection secBeam40_80 = new
FrameElementSection();
secBeam40_80.Name = "Beam40/80";//section name
secBeam40_80.A = 0.4 * 0.8;//section area
secBeam40_80.Iy = 0.4 * 0.8 * 0.8 * 0.8 / 12;//inertia
moment about local y axis
secBeam40_80.Iz = 0.8 * 0.4 * 0.4 * 0.4 / 12;//inertia
moment about local z axis
secBeam40_80.It = 0.0117248;//torsional constant
secBeam40_80.b = 0.40;//section height
secBeam40_80.h = 0.80;//section height

//-------MODEL GEOMETRY AND LOADS DEFINITION-------

//Create node n1, the local coordinate system of the node

is assigned, which means that it is different from the default global
system.
//In order to define the new system, a new
LocalCoordinateSystem is passed in the corresponding constructor of
SuperNode object
//The first two point of this constructor define the
local x axis of the node system and the third one defines the
coordinates of an auxiliary
//point that lies in local XY plane
Frame3D.SuperNode n1 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(1, 0, 0, 0,
new LocalCoordinateSystem(new Geometry.XYZ(0, 0, 0), new

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Geometry.XYZ(1, Math.Tan(-Math.PI / 6), 0), new Geometry.XYZ(1,
Math.Tan(60.0 / 180 * Math.PI), 0)));
n1.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system (which was defined previously) of node
n1.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n1.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n1.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n1);

//Create node n2
Frame3D.SuperNode n2 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(2, 5, 0, 0);
n2.dof1constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n2.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n2.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n2.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n2.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n2);

//Create frame element 1

FrameSuperElement el1 = new FrameSuperElement(1, n1, n2,
new Geometry.XYZ(0, 0, 1), matConcrete, secBeam40_80, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);

LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement lc1 = new

LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement("lc1", LoadCaseType.DEAD);
lc1.UniformLoad.UniformLoadsY.Add(new
FrameSuperUniformLoad(0, 1, -10, -10,
LoadDefinitionFromStartingNode.Relatively,
LoadCordinateSystem.Global));
el1.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(lc1);

Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el1);

//-------SOLUTION PHASE-------
Model.Solve();

//-------OBTAIN RESULTS-------
double[] Min, Max;

//Support reactions (Note that they are defined in the

node local system)
n1.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n1_Rty_lc1 = Max[1];
n2.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max,
0);//Axial force is acting on the element because of the skew support
at node 1
double n2_Rtx_lc1 = Max[0];
n2.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n2_Rty_lc1 = Max[1];

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Example 4: Spring supports

//New model definition

Model Model = new Model();
Model.LicenseInfo = LicenseInfo;

//-------MATERIAL DEFINITION-------

//Create a new material for concrete

Material matConcrete = new Material();
matConcrete.Name = "Concrete";//Material name
matConcrete.Density = 2.5;//density in mass units/m3, for
example tn/m3
matConcrete.G = 11538461;//shear modulus
matConcrete.E = 30000000;//elasticity modulus

//-------SECTIONS DEFINITION-------

//Create a new beam section of dimensions 40cmx80xm

FrameElementSection secBeam40_80 = new
FrameElementSection();
secBeam40_80.Name = "Beam40/80";//section name
secBeam40_80.A = 0.4 * 0.8;//section area
secBeam40_80.Iy = 0.4 * 0.8 * 0.8 * 0.8 / 12;//inertia
moment about local y axis
secBeam40_80.Iz = 0.8 * 0.4 * 0.4 * 0.4 / 12;//inertia
moment about local z axis
secBeam40_80.It = 0.0117248;//torsional constant
secBeam40_80.b = 0.40;//section height
secBeam40_80.h = 0.80;//section height

//-------MODEL GEOMETRY AND LOADS DEFINITION-------

//Create node n1
Frame3D.SuperNode n1 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(1, 0, 0, 0);
n1.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n1.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n1.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n1.Kdof2 = 5000;//Translational spring constant of
partial support at y direction of local node system (units:
force/length, for example kN/m)

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n1.Kdof6 = 30000;//Rotational spring constant of partial
support about z direction of local node system (units:
moment/rotation, for example kNm/rad)
Model.InputNodes.Add(n1);

//Create node n2
Frame3D.SuperNode n2 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(2, 5, 0, 0);
n2.dof1constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n2.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n2.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n2.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n2.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n2.dof6constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n2);

//Create frame element 1

FrameSuperElement el1 = new FrameSuperElement(1, n1, n2,
new Geometry.XYZ(0, 0, 1), matConcrete, secBeam40_80, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);

LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement lc1 = new

LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement("lc1", LoadCaseType.DEAD);
lc1.UniformLoad.UniformLoadsY.Add(new
FrameSuperUniformLoad(0, 1, -10, -10,
LoadDefinitionFromStartingNode.Relatively,
LoadCordinateSystem.Global));
el1.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(lc1);

Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el1);

//-------SOLUTION PHASE-------
Model.Solve();

//-------OBTAIN RESULTS-------
double[] Min, Max;

//Spring reactions can be obtained from the corresponding

Method, as follows
//Spring reactions, as node reactions, as reported in the
node local system
n1.GetSpringReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max,
0);
double n1_Rty_lc1 = Max[1];
n1.GetSpringReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max,
0);
double n1_Rrz_lc1 = Max[5];
n2.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n2_Rty_lc1 = Max[1];
n2.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n2_Rzz_lc1 = Max[5];

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Example 5: Partial (semi-rigid) member releases

//New model definition

Model Model = new Model();
Model.LicenseInfo = LicenseInfo;

//-------MATERIAL DEFINITION-------

//Create a new material for concrete

Material matConcrete = new Material();
matConcrete.Name = "Concrete";//Material name
matConcrete.Density = 2.5;//density in mass units/m3, for
example tn/m3
matConcrete.G = 11538461;//shear modulus
matConcrete.E = 30000000;//elasticity modulus

//-------SECTIONS DEFINITION-------

//Create a new beam section of dimensions 30cmx70xm

FrameElementSection secBeam30_70 = new
FrameElementSection();
secBeam30_70.Name = "Beam30/70";//section name
secBeam30_70.A = 0.3 * 0.7;//section area
secBeam30_70.Iy = 0.3 * 0.7 * 0.7 * 0.7 / 12;//inertia
moment about local y axis
secBeam30_70.Iz = 0.8 * 0.3 * 0.3 * 0.3 / 12;//inertia
moment about local z axis
secBeam30_70.It = 4.347e-3;//torsional constant
secBeam30_70.b = 0.30;//section height
secBeam30_70.h = 0.70;//section height

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//Create a new beam section of dimensions 50cmx50xm
FrameElementSection secColumn50_50 = new
FrameElementSection();
secColumn50_50.Name = "Column50/50"; //section name
secColumn50_50.A = 0.5 * 0.5;//section area
secColumn50_50.Iy = 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 / 12;//inertia
moment about local y axis
secColumn50_50.Iz = 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 / 12;//inertia
moment about local z axis
secColumn50_50.It = 8.8125e-3;
secColumn50_50.b = 0.50;//section height
secColumn50_50.h = 0.50;//section height

//-------MODEL GEOMETRY AND LOADS DEFINITION-------

//Create node n1
Frame3D.SuperNode n1 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(1, 0, 0, 0);
n1.dof1constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n1.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n1.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n1.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n1.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n1.dof6constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n1);

//Create node n2
Frame3D.SuperNode n2 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(2, 0, 4, 0);
Model.InputNodes.Add(n2);

//Create node n3
Frame3D.SuperNode n3 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(3, 5, 4, 0);
Model.InputNodes.Add(n3);

//Create node n4
Frame3D.SuperNode n4 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(4, 5, 0, 0);
n4.dof1constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n4.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n4.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n4.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n4.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n4.dof6constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n4);

//Create frame element 1

FrameSuperElement el1 = new FrameSuperElement(1, n1, n2,
new Geometry.XYZ(0, 0, 1), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el1);

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ENGISSOL LTD 3D Frame Analysis Library
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//Create a MemberRelases object. Release are defined in
element local coordinate system.
MemberReleases PartialRelease = new MemberReleases();
PartialRelease.Name = "Partial bending release";//Name of
the object
PartialRelease.rz = true;//Release the rotational degree
of freedom about z axis (in element local coordinate system)
PartialRelease.krz = 10000;//Assign a spring stiffness
(units in moment/rotations, for example kNm/rad)
//Note that the corresponding degree of freedom should be
first released in order to define afterwards a partial stiffness
constant
//In case of full release we should have given
PartialRelease.krz = 0;

//Create frame element 2. Note that the proper release

object (Partial Releases is passed in the constructor)
FrameSuperElement el2 = new FrameSuperElement(2, n2, n3,
new Geometry.XYZ(0, 4, 1), matConcrete, secBeam30_70, PartialRelease,
PartialRelease, false, false);
LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement lc1 = new
LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement("lc1", LoadCaseType.DEAD);
lc1.UniformLoad.UniformLoadsY.Add(new
FrameSuperUniformLoad(0, 1, -10, -10,
LoadDefinitionFromStartingNode.Relatively,
LoadCordinateSystem.Global));
el2.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(lc1);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el2);

//Create frame element 3

FrameSuperElement el3 = new FrameSuperElement(3, n4, n3,
new Geometry.XYZ(5, 0, 1), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el3);

//-------SOLUTION PHASE-------
Model.Solve();

//-------OBTAIN RESULTS-------
double[] Min, Max;

//Support reactions
n1.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n1_Rtx_lc1 = Max[0];
n1.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n1_Rty_lc1 = Max[1];
n4.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n4_Rtx_lc1 = Max[0];
n4.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n4_Rty_lc1 = Max[1];

//Rotations at nodes 2 and 3 (in local node system)

n2.GetNodalDisplacementsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);//negative rotation
double n2_Rrz_lc1 = Max[5];//negative rotation
n3.GetNodalDisplacementsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);//the same rotation, but positive
double n3_Rrz_lc1 = Max[5];//the same rotation, but
positive

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ENGISSOL LTD 3D Frame Analysis Library
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Example 6: Rigid offsets

//New model definition

Model Model = new Model();
Model.LicenseInfo = LicenseInfo;

//-------MATERIAL DEFINITION-------

//Create a new material for concrete

Material matConcrete = new Material();
matConcrete.Name = "Concrete";//Material name
matConcrete.Density = 2.5;//density in mass units/m3, for
example tn/m3
matConcrete.G = 11538461;//shear modulus
matConcrete.E = 30000000;//elasticity modulus

//-------SECTIONS DEFINITION-------

//Create a new beam section of dimensions 30cmx70xm

FrameElementSection secBeam30_70 = new
FrameElementSection();
secBeam30_70.Name = "Beam30/70";//section name
secBeam30_70.A = 0.3 * 0.7;//section area
secBeam30_70.Iy = 0.3 * 0.7 * 0.7 * 0.7 / 12;//inertia
moment about local y axis
secBeam30_70.Iz = 0.7 * 0.3 * 0.3 * 0.3 / 12;//inertia
moment about local z axis
secBeam30_70.It = 4.347e-3;//torsional constant
secBeam30_70.b = 0.30;//section height

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secBeam30_70.h = 0.70;//section height

//Create a new beam section of dimensions 50cmx50xm

FrameElementSection secColumn50_50 = new
FrameElementSection();
secColumn50_50.Name = "Column50/50"; //section name
secColumn50_50.A = 0.5 * 0.5;//section area
secColumn50_50.Iy = 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 / 12;//inertia
moment about local y axis
secColumn50_50.Iz = 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 / 12;//inertia
moment about local z axis
secColumn50_50.It = 8.8125e-3;
secColumn50_50.b = 0.50;//section height
secColumn50_50.h = 0.50;//section height

//-------MODEL GEOMETRY AND LOADS DEFINITION-------

//Create node n1
Frame3D.SuperNode n1 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(1, 0, 0, 0);
n1.dof1constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n1.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n1.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n1.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n1.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n1.dof6constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n1);

//Create node n2
Frame3D.SuperNode n2 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(2, 0, 4, 0);
Model.InputNodes.Add(n2);

//Create node n3
Frame3D.SuperNode n3 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(3, 5, 4, 0);
Model.InputNodes.Add(n3);

//Create node n4
Frame3D.SuperNode n4 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(4, 5, 0, 0);
n4.dof1constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n4.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n4.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n4.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n4.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n4.dof6constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n4);

//Create frame element 1

FrameSuperElement el1 = new FrameSuperElement(1, n1, n2,
new Geometry.XYZ(0, 0, 1), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);

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el1.RigidOffsetEndDx = 0.35;
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el1);

//Create frame element 2. Note that the proper release

object (Partial Releases is passed in the constructor)
FrameSuperElement el2 = new FrameSuperElement(2, n2, n3,
new Geometry.XYZ(0, 4, 1), matConcrete, secBeam30_70, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
el2.RigidOffsetStartDx = 0.25;
el2.RigidOffsetEndDx = 0.25;
LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement lc1 = new
LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement("lc1", LoadCaseType.DEAD);
lc1.UniformLoad.UniformLoadsY.Add(new
FrameSuperUniformLoad(0, 1, -10, -10,
LoadDefinitionFromStartingNode.Relatively,
LoadCordinateSystem.Global));
el2.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(lc1);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el2);

//Create frame element 3

FrameSuperElement el3 = new FrameSuperElement(3, n4, n3,
new Geometry.XYZ(5, 0, 1), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
el3.RigidOffsetEndDx = 0.35;
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el3);

//-------SOLUTION PHASE-------
Model.Solve();

//-------OBTAIN RESULTS-------
double[] Min, Max;

//Support reactions
n1.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n1_Rtx_lc1 = Max[0];
n1.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n1_Rty_lc1 = Max[1];
n4.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n4_Rtx_lc1 = Max[0];
n4.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n4_Rty_lc1 = Max[1];

//Rotations at nodes 2 and 3 (in local node system)

n2.GetNodalDisplacementsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0); //negative rotation
double n2_Rrz_lc1 = Max[5];//negative rotation
n3.GetNodalDisplacementsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0); ;//the same rotation, but positive
double n3_Rrz_lc1 = Max[5];//the same rotation, but
positive

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ENGISSOL LTD 3D Frame Analysis Library
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Example 7: Simple 3D building with rigid floor diaphragms and

Response Spectrum Analysis

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ENGISSOL LTD 3D Frame Analysis Library
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//New model definition
Model Model = new Model();
Model.LicenseInfo = LicenseInfo;

//-------MATERIAL DEFINITION-------

//Create a new material for concrete

Material matConcrete = new Material();
matConcrete.Name = "Concrete";//Material name
matConcrete.Density = 2.5;//density in mass units/m3, for
example tn/m3
matConcrete.G = 11538461;//shear modulus
matConcrete.E = 30000000;//elasticity modulus

//-------SECTIONS DEFINITION-------

//Create a new beam section of dimensions 30cmx70xm

FrameElementSection secBeam30_70 = new
FrameElementSection();
secBeam30_70.Name = "Beam30/70";//section name
secBeam30_70.A = 0.3 * 0.7;//section area
secBeam30_70.Iy = 0.3 * 0.7 * 0.7 * 0.7 / 12;//inertia
moment about local y axis
secBeam30_70.Iz = 0.8 * 0.3 * 0.3 * 0.3 / 12;//inertia
moment about local z axis
secBeam30_70.It = 4.347e-3;//torsional constant
secBeam30_70.b = 0.30;//section height
secBeam30_70.h = 0.70;//section height

//Create a new beam section of dimensions 50cmx50xm

FrameElementSection secColumn50_50 = new
FrameElementSection();
secColumn50_50.Name = "Column50/50"; //section name
secColumn50_50.A = 0.5 * 0.5;//section area
secColumn50_50.Iy = 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 / 12;//inertia
moment about local y axis
secColumn50_50.Iz = 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 / 12;//inertia
moment about local z axis
secColumn50_50.It = 8.8125e-3;
secColumn50_50.b = 0.50;//section height
secColumn50_50.h = 0.50;//section height

//-------MODEL GEOMETRY AND LOADS DEFINITION-------

//Create node n1
Frame3D.SuperNode n1 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(1, 0, 0, 0);
n1.dof1constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n1.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n1.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n1.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n1.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n1.dof6constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n1);

//Create node n2

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ENGISSOL LTD 3D Frame Analysis Library
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Frame3D.SuperNode n2 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(2, 5, 0, 0);
n2.dof1constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n2.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n2.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n2.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n2.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n2.dof6constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n2);

//Create node n3
Frame3D.SuperNode n3 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(3, 0, 6, 0);
n3.dof1constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n3.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n3.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n3.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n3.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n3.dof6constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n3);

//Create node n4
Frame3D.SuperNode n4 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(4, 5, 6, 0);
n4.dof1constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n4.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n4.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n4.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n4.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n4.dof6constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n4);

//Create node n5
Frame3D.SuperNode n5 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(5, 0, 0, 3);
Model.InputNodes.Add(n5);

//Create node n6
Frame3D.SuperNode n6 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(6, 5, 0, 3);
Model.InputNodes.Add(n6);

//Create node n7
Frame3D.SuperNode n7 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(7, 0, 6, 3);
Model.InputNodes.Add(n7);

//Create node n8
Frame3D.SuperNode n8 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(8, 5, 6, 3);

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Model.InputNodes.Add(n8);

//Create node n9
Frame3D.SuperNode n9 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(9, 0, 0, 6);
Model.InputNodes.Add(n9);

//Create node n10

Frame3D.SuperNode n10 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(10, 5, 0,
6);
Model.InputNodes.Add(n10);

//Create node n11

Frame3D.SuperNode n11 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(11, 0, 6,
6);
Model.InputNodes.Add(n11);

//Create node n12

Frame3D.SuperNode n12 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(12, 5, 6,
6);
Model.InputNodes.Add(n12);

//Create frame elements (Note the definition of the

auxiliary point which is different for each frame in order to
correclty place it
//It is reminded that auxiliary point is only only used
to define the rotation of the frame element about its longitudinal
axis
//This point should not belong to the longitudinal axis
of the element. In such case, arithmetic errors would occur.

//Create first story columns

FrameSuperElement el1 = new FrameSuperElement(1, n1, n5,

new Geometry.XYZ(0, 1, 0), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el1);
FrameSuperElement el2 = new FrameSuperElement(2, n2, n6,
new Geometry.XYZ(5, 1, 0), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el2);
FrameSuperElement el3 = new FrameSuperElement(3, n4, n8,
new Geometry.XYZ(5, 7, 0), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el3);
FrameSuperElement el4 = new FrameSuperElement(4, n3, n7,
new Geometry.XYZ(0, 7, 0), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el4);

//Create first story beams

FrameSuperElement el5 = new FrameSuperElement(5, n5, n6,

new Geometry.XYZ(0, 1, 3), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el5);
FrameSuperElement el6 = new FrameSuperElement(6, n6, n8,
new Geometry.XYZ(4, 0, 3), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);

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Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el6);
FrameSuperElement el7 = new FrameSuperElement(7, n7, n8,
new Geometry.XYZ(0, 7, 3), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el7);
FrameSuperElement el8 = new FrameSuperElement(8, n5, n7,
new Geometry.XYZ(-1, 0, 3), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el8);

//Create second story columns

FrameSuperElement el13 = new FrameSuperElement(13, n9,

n10, new Geometry.XYZ(0, 1, 3), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el13);
FrameSuperElement el14 = new FrameSuperElement(14, n10,
n12, new Geometry.XYZ(4, 0, 3), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el14);
FrameSuperElement el15 = new FrameSuperElement(15, n11,
n12, new Geometry.XYZ(0, 7, 3), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el15);
FrameSuperElement el16 = new FrameSuperElement(16, n9,
n11, new Geometry.XYZ(-1, 0, 3), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el16);

//Create second story beams

FrameSuperElement el9 = new FrameSuperElement(9, n5, n9,

new Geometry.XYZ(0, 1, 3), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el9);
FrameSuperElement el10 = new FrameSuperElement(10, n6,
n10, new Geometry.XYZ(5, 1, 3), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el10);
FrameSuperElement el11 = new FrameSuperElement(11, n8,
n12, new Geometry.XYZ(5, 7, 3), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el11);
FrameSuperElement el12 = new FrameSuperElement(12, n7,
n11, new Geometry.XYZ(0, 7, 3), matConcrete, secColumn50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el12);

//Create a list of Geometry.XY objects with the boundary

points of the floor diaphragms
//A polygon is then internally defined and all points
that liew it it or on its edges will be assumed to be restarined by
the diaphragm
List<Geometry.XY> Pts = new List<Geometry.XY>();
//Points should be given anti-clockwise
//Points are given in plan view (x-y)
//Points (if more than 3) should lie on the same plane
Pts.Add(new Geometry.XY(0, 0));
Pts.Add(new Geometry.XY(5, 0));
Pts.Add(new Geometry.XY(5, 6));
Pts.Add(new Geometry.XY(0, 6));

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//Floor diaphragm definition. Note that the 3rd argument

specifies the z-coordinate of diaphragm
//Floor diaphragm is defined in xy plane only. Global Z
axis is always perpendicular to the plane that the diaphragm points
define
FloorDiaphragm fd1 = new FloorDiaphragm(1, Pts, 3);
//Create a load case than specifies the mass source for
the diaphragm
//This load case only defines the mass for the diaphragm
and is only needed in dynamic analysis.
//Vertical static loads are not taken into account from
this load case.
//If a diaphragm is loaded, the corresponding mass load
case should be assigned. Then the diaphragm mass will be considered
for the dynamic analysis
//A load case for the perimetric beams should then
manually be created, which will distribute the diaphragm loads to the
frames. This is not made automatically by the library
LinearLoadCaseForFloorDiaphragm mass_fd1 = new
LinearLoadCaseForFloorDiaphragm("mass source", LoadCaseType.DEAD);
mass_fd1.pz = 5;//units in force/area, for example kN/m2,
positive direction = gravity
fd1.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(mass_fd1);
Model.FloorDiaphragms.Add(fd1);
//Similarily create a floor diaphragm for second story
FloorDiaphragm fd2 = new FloorDiaphragm(2, Pts, 6);
LinearLoadCaseForFloorDiaphragm mass_fd2 = new
LinearLoadCaseForFloorDiaphragm("mass source", LoadCaseType.DEAD);
mass_fd2.pz = 2;//units in force/area, for example kN/m2,
positive direction = gravity
fd2.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(mass_fd2);
Model.FloorDiaphragms.Add(fd2);

//Define a load combination for the mass for the

diaphragms (for example DEAD+0.5LIVE etc)
LoadCombination MassCombo = new LoadCombination("mass
combo", ComboType.ADD);
MassCombo.Items.Add(new LoadCaseWithFactor("mass source",
1.0));
Model.MassSourceCombination = MassCombo;

//Specify how mass is going to be calculated

GeneralData.IncludeAdditionalMassesInMassSource = true;
GeneralData.IncludeLoadsInMassSource = true;
GeneralData.IncludeSelfWeightInMassSource = true;

//Create a response spectrum function

ResponseSpectrumFunction RSFunction = new
ResponseSpectrumFunction("RS function");
RSFunction.RS_T = new double[] { 0, 0.15, 0.50, 1.20
};//T (time) values of point of the spectrum (in sec)
RSFunction.RS_A = new double[] { 0, 5.5, 5.5, 1.0 };//A
(spectral acceleration) values of points in spectrum (in length/sec2,
for example m/sec2)

//Create a response spectrum case and specify the

application direction and the modal combination rule (SRSS or CQC)
ResponseSpectrumCase RSCase = new
ResponseSpectrumCase("RScase", GroundMotionDirection.UX,
ModeComboType.CQC);

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RSCase.DiaphragmEccentricityRatio = 0.05;//Specify
diaphragm eccentricity ratio (usually 5%-10%). This value will
produce a torsional about the global Z coordinate at the center of
mass of each diaphragm.
RSCase.RSFunction = RSFunction;//Assign the previously
defined response spectrum
Model.ResponseSpectrumCases.Add(RSCase);//Add to model

Model.NrOfModesToFind = 6;

//-------SOLUTION PHASE-------
Model.Solve();

//-------OBTAIN RESULTS-------
//Effective mass ratio calculation:
double Effmx = Model.TotalEffectiveMassUX;//mass excited
in x direction
double Effmy = Model.TotalEffectiveMassUY;//mass excited
in y direction
double Massmx = Model.TotalMassUX;//total lateral mass in
x direction
double Massmy = Model.TotalMassUY;//total lateral mass in
y direction
double ratio_mass_x = Effmx / Massmx;//>90% of the total
mass is excited by the response spectrum analysis
double ratio_mass_y = Effmy / Massmy;//>90% of the total
mass is excited by the response spectrum analysis

//Reactions (Note that all results are now envelopes

beacuse they came from a dynamic analysis)
double[] Min1, Max1;
double[] Min2, Max2;
double[] Min3, Max3;
double[] Min4, Max4;
n1.GetReactionsForLoadCase(RSCase.name, out Min1, out
Max1, 0);
n2.GetReactionsForLoadCase(RSCase.name, out Min2, out
Max2, 0);
n3.GetReactionsForLoadCase(RSCase.name, out Min3, out
Max3, 0);
n4.GetReactionsForLoadCase(RSCase.name, out Min4, out
Max4, 0);

//Modal information
double[,] Modes = Model.Modes;//each rows represents each
degree of freedom, each column represents the corresponding modal
displacements

//Periods
double[] Periods = Model.Periods;//each entry represents
the period of the corresponding node

//Element 2 (el2) internal forces for response spectrum

case
double[] Min, Max;
el2.GetInternalForcesForLoadCase(0, "RScase", out Min,
out Max, 0);

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Example 8: Beam under uniform and large axial load (P-Δ effect)

//New model definition

Model Model = new Model();
Model.LicenseInfo = LicenseInfo;

//-------MATERIAL DEFINITION-------

//Create a new material for concrete

Material matConcrete = new Material();
matConcrete.Name = "Concrete";//Material name
matConcrete.Density = 2.5;//density in mass units/m3, for
example tn/m3
matConcrete.G = 11538461;//shear modulus
matConcrete.E = 30000000;//elasticity modulus

//-------SECTIONS DEFINITION-------

//Create a new beam section of dimensions 50cmx50xm

FrameElementSection secBeam50_50 = new
FrameElementSection();
secBeam50_50.Name = "Beam50/50";//section name
secBeam50_50.A = 0.5 * 0.5;//section area
secBeam50_50.Iy = 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 / 12;//inertia
moment about local y axis
secBeam50_50.Iz = 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 / 12;//inertia
moment about local z axis
secBeam50_50.It = 4.347e-3;//torsional constant
secBeam50_50.b = 0.5;//section height
secBeam50_50.h = 0.5;//section height

//-------MODEL GEOMETRY AND LOADS DEFINITION-------

//First node creation

Frame3D.SuperNode n1 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(1, 0, 0, 0);
//Application of supports (fixed conditions out of plane)
n1.dof1constraint = true;
n1.dof2constraint = true;
n1.dof3constraint = true;
n1.dof4constraint = true;
n1.dof5constraint = false;
n1.dof6constraint = true;
Model.InputNodes.Add(n1);

//Second node creation

Frame3D.SuperNode n2 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(2, 5, 0, 0);
//Application of supports (fixed conditions out of plane)
n2.dof1constraint = false;
n2.dof2constraint = true;

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n2.dof3constraint = true;
n2.dof4constraint = true;
n2.dof5constraint = false;
n2.dof6constraint = true;
//Load case creation for horizontal load acting at right
node
LinearLoadCaseForSuperNode L = new
LinearLoadCaseForSuperNode("L", LoadCaseType.OTHER);
L.Px = -1000;
n2.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(L);
Model.InputNodes.Add(n2);

//Frame element creation

FrameSuperElement el1 = new FrameSuperElement(1, n1, n2,
new Geometry.XYZ(0, 1, 0), matConcrete, secBeam50_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
//Load case creation for uniform vertical load on frame
element
LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement load1 = new
LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement("L", LoadCaseType.OTHER);
load1.UniformLoad.UniformLoadsZ.Add(new
FrameSuperUniformLoad(0, 1, -10, -10,
LoadDefinitionFromStartingNode.Relatively,
LoadCordinateSystem.Local));
el1.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(load1);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el1);

//Creation of a geometric non linear case that includes

all load cases defined as "L"
GeometricNonLinearCase NLcase = new
GeometricNonLinearCase("NL");
//Analysis parameters:
NLcase.LoadSteps = 50;//50 load steps
NLcase.IterationsPerLoadStep = 30;//maximum 30 iteration
per load step
NLcase.ConvergenceTolerance = 1e-12;//convergence
tolerance in terms of force
//It will include the loads that have been defined as "L"
NLcase.InputLoadCombo = new LoadCombination("NLcase
loads", ComboType.ADD);
NLcase.InputLoadCombo.Items.Add(new
LoadCaseWithFactor("L", 1));
//Definition of stiffness matrix update mode
NLcase.UpdateStiffnessMethod =
GeometricNonLinearCase.UpdateStiffnessMatrixMethod.AfterEachIteration
InLoadStep;
NLcase.SaveResultsAtEachLoadStep = true;//Results will be
saved at all intermediate load steps
Model.GeometricNonLinearCases.Add(NLcase);

//-------SOLUTION PHASE-------
el1.Section.StiffnessModifiers.AMod = 0.1;

Model.Solve();

//-------OBTAIN RESULTS-------
double[] Min, Max;
for (int loadStep = 1; loadStep <= NLcase.LoadSteps;
loadStep++)
{

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//Get deflection at the middle of the beam at each
load step
el1.GetDisplacementsForLoadCase(2.5, "NL", out Min,
out Max, loadStep);
double Deflection = Min[2];

//Get bending moment at the middle of the beam at

each load step
el1.GetInternalForcesForLoadCase(2.5, "NL", out Min,
out Max, loadStep);
double SpanMoment = Min[4];

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ENGISSOL LTD 3D Frame Analysis Library
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Example 9: Column under shear and large axial load (P-Δ effect)

//New model definition

Model Model = new Model();
Model.LicenseInfo = LicenseInfo;

//-------MATERIAL DEFINITION-------

//Create a new material for concrete

Material matConcrete = new Material();
matConcrete.Name = "Concrete";//Material name
matConcrete.Density = 2.5;//density in mass units/m3, for
example tn/m3
matConcrete.G = 11538461;//shear modulus
matConcrete.E = 30000000;//elasticity modulus

//-------SECTIONS DEFINITION-------

//Create a new column section of dimensions 50cmx50xm

FrameElementSection secCol050_50 = new
FrameElementSection();
secCol050_50.Name = "Column50/50";//section name
secCol050_50.A = 0.5 * 0.5;//section area
secCol050_50.Iy = 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 / 12;//inertia
moment about local y axis

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secCol050_50.Iz = 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 / 12;//inertia
moment about local z axis
secCol050_50.It = 4.347e-3;//torsional constant
secCol050_50.b = 0.5;//section height
secCol050_50.h = 0.5;//section height

//-------MODEL GEOMETRY AND LOADS DEFINITION-------

//First node creation

Frame3D.SuperNode n1 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(1, 0, 0, 0);
//Application of supports (fixed conditions out of plane)
n1.dof1constraint = true;
n1.dof2constraint = true;
n1.dof3constraint = true;
n1.dof4constraint = true;
n1.dof5constraint = true;
n1.dof6constraint = true;
Model.InputNodes.Add(n1);

//Second node creation

Frame3D.SuperNode n2 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(2, 0, 0, 5);
//Application of supports (fixed conditions out of plane)
n2.dof1constraint = false;
n2.dof2constraint = true;
n2.dof3constraint = false;
n2.dof4constraint = true;
n2.dof5constraint = false;
n2.dof6constraint = true;

//Load case creation for horizontal and vertical load

acting at top node
LinearLoadCaseForSuperNode L = new
LinearLoadCaseForSuperNode("L", LoadCaseType.OTHER);
L.Px = 100;
L.Pz = -1000;
n2.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(L);
Model.InputNodes.Add(n2);

FrameSuperElement el1 = new FrameSuperElement(1, n1, n2,

new Geometry.XYZ(0, 1, 0), matConcrete, secCol050_50, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);

Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el1);

//Creation of a geometric non linear case

GeometricNonLinearCase NLcase = new
GeometricNonLinearCase("NL");
//Analysis parameters:
NLcase.LoadSteps = 50;//50 load steps
NLcase.IterationsPerLoadStep = 30;//maximum 30 iteration
per load step
NLcase.ConvergenceTolerance = 1e-12;//convergence
tolerance in terms of force
//It will include the loads that have been defined as "L"
NLcase.InputLoadCombo = new LoadCombination("NLcase
loads", ComboType.ADD);
NLcase.InputLoadCombo.Items.Add(new
LoadCaseWithFactor("L", 1));
//Definition of stiffness matrix update mode

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NLcase.UpdateStiffnessMethod =
GeometricNonLinearCase.UpdateStiffnessMatrixMethod.AfterEachIteration
InLoadStep;
NLcase.SaveResultsAtEachLoadStep = true;//Results will be
saved at all intermediate load steps
Model.GeometricNonLinearCases.Add(NLcase);

//-------SOLUTION PHASE-------
Model.Solve();

//-------OBTAIN RESULTS-------
double[] Min, Max;
for (int loadStep = 1; loadStep <= NLcase.LoadSteps;
loadStep++)
{
//Get horizontal displacement of top node of the
column at each load step
n2.GetNodalDisplacementsForLoadCase("NL", out Min,
out Max, loadStep);
double horDisplacement = Min[0];

//Get bending moment at the base of the column at

each load step
el1.GetInternalForcesForLoadCase(0, "NL", out Min,
out Max, loadStep);
double BaseMoment = Min[4];
}

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ENGISSOL LTD 3D Frame Analysis Library
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Example 10: Frame on Winkler springs

//New model definition

Model Model = new Model();
Model.LicenseInfo = LicenseInfo;

//-------MATERIAL DEFINITION-------

//Create a new material for concrete

Material matConcrete = new Material();
matConcrete.Name = "Concrete";//Material name
matConcrete.Density = 2.5;//density in mass units/m3, for
example tn/m3
matConcrete.G = 11538461;//shear modulus
matConcrete.E = 30000000;//elasticity modulus

//-------SECTIONS DEFINITION-------

//Create a new beam section of dimensions 40cmx80xm

FrameElementSection secBeam40_80 = new
FrameElementSection();
secBeam40_80.Name = "Beam40/80";//section name
secBeam40_80.A = 0.4 * 0.8;//section area
secBeam40_80.Iy = 0.4 * 0.8 * 0.8 * 0.8 / 12;//inertia
moment about local y axis
secBeam40_80.Iz = 0.8 * 0.4 * 0.4 * 0.4 / 12;//inertia
moment about local z axis
secBeam40_80.It = 0.0117248;//torsional constant
secBeam40_80.b = 0.40;//section width
secBeam40_80.h = 0.80;//section height

//-------MODEL GEOMETRY AND LOADS DEFINITION-------

//Create node n1
Frame3D.SuperNode n1 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(1, 0, 0, 0);
n1.dof1constraint = true;//delete
n1.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n1.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n1.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n1.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n1);

//Create node n2

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Frame3D.SuperNode n2 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(2, 5, 0, 0);
n2.dof1constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n2.dof2constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
n2.dof3constraint = true;//translational constraint in
direction z at local system of node
n2.dof4constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction x at local system of node
n2.dof5constraint = true;//rotational constraint in
direction y at local system of node
Model.InputNodes.Add(n2);

//Create frame element 1

//Note that the 4th argument specifies the auxiliary
point that lies in the xy plane that is formed by the x and y axes in
the local element system
FrameSuperElement el1 = new FrameSuperElement(1, n1, n2,
new Geometry.XYZ(0, 0, 1), matConcrete, secBeam40_80, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), false, false);
el1.WinklerStiffnessZ = 15000;//Winkler spring constant
on local Z frame axis (units: force/length/length)

LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement lc1 = new

LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement("lc1", LoadCaseType.DEAD);
lc1.UniformLoad.UniformLoadsY.Add(new
FrameSuperUniformLoad(0, 1, -10, -10,
LoadDefinitionFromStartingNode.Relatively,
LoadCordinateSystem.Global));
lc1.PointLoad.PointLoadsY.Add(new SuperPointLoad(3.5, -
50, LoadDefinitionFromStartingNode.Absolutely,
LoadCordinateSystem.Global));
el1.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(lc1);

Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(el1);

//-------SOLUTION PHASE-------
Model.Solve();

//-------OBTAIN RESULTS-------
double[] Min, Max;//The combination results will be saved
in these arrays
//Note that the definition of two arrays for minimum and
maximum combination results is required
//For combination type "ADD", Min and Max values are
always equal

//Reactions (All are defined in the node local system)

//Rections for load case lc1
n1.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n1_Rty_lc1 = Max[1];
n2.GetReactionsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out Max, 0);
double n2_Rty_lc1 = Max[1];

//Node Displacements (All are defined in the node local

system)
//Note that constained degrees of freedom have zero
displacements
n1.GetNodalDisplacementsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);
double[] n1_Disp = Max;

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n2.GetNodalDisplacementsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);
double[] n2_Disp = Max;

//Element internal forces and displacements

el1.GetInternalForcesForLoadCase(0, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0); //Internal forces at the start of the member
double[] forces_along_member_left = Max;
el1.GetInternalForcesForLoadCase(2.5, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);//Internal forces at the middle of the member
double[] forces_along_member_middle = Max;
el1.GetInternalForcesForLoadCase(5, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);//Internal forces at the end of the member
double[] forces_along_member_right = Max;

el1.GetDisplacementsForLoadCase(0, "lc1", out Min, out

Max, 0); //Internal displacements at the start of the member
double[] disps_along_member_left = Max;
el1.GetDisplacementsForLoadCase(2.5, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);//Internal displacements at the middle of the member
double[] disps_along_member_middle = Max;
el1.GetDisplacementsForLoadCase(5, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 0);//Internal displacements at the end of the member
double[] disps_along_member_right = Max;

el1.GetWinklerSpringReactionsForLoadCase(0, "lc1", out

Min, out Max, 0); //Soil reaction at the start of the member (units
in force: length)
double[] soil_reaction_left = Max;
el1.GetWinklerSpringReactionsForLoadCase(2.5, "lc1", out
Min, out Max, 0); //Soil reaction at the middle of the member (units
in force: length)
double[] soil_reaction_middle = Max;
el1.GetWinklerSpringReactionsForLoadCase(5, "lc1", out
Min, out Max, 0); //Soil reaction at the end of the member (units in
force: length)
double[] soil_reaction_right = Max;

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ENGISSOL LTD 3D Frame Analysis Library
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Example 11: Single storey building with shell elements (wall,

foundation slab and superstructure slab)

//New model definition

Model Model = new Model();
Model.LicenseInfo = LicenseInfo;

//Create a new material for concrete

Material matConcrete = new Material();
matConcrete.Name = "Concrete";//Material name
matConcrete.Density = 2.5;//density in mass units/m3, for
example tn/m3
matConcrete.G = 30000000 / 2.6;//shear modulus
matConcrete.E = 30000000;//elasticity modulus

//Create a cross section for frames

FrameElementSection ConcreteSection = new
FrameElementSection();
ConcreteSection.Name = "Concrete section";//section name
ConcreteSection.A = 0.4 * 0.8;//section area
ConcreteSection.Iy = 0.4 * 0.8 * 0.8 * 0.8 / 12;//inertia
moment about local y axis
ConcreteSection.Iz = 0.8 * 0.4 * 0.4 * 0.4 / 12;//inertia
moment about local z axis
ConcreteSection.It = 0.0117248;//torsional constant
ConcreteSection.b = 0.40;//section height
ConcreteSection.h = 0.80;//section height

Frame3D.SuperNode n1, n2, n3, n4;

ShellSuperElementTriangular ssel1;
ShellSuperElementTriangular ssel2;

double soilStiffnessPerArea = 5000;

int i_nodes = 1;

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//Create foundation nodes (these nodes will be used to
create the shell elements of the foundation slab)
for (double x = 0; x <= 7; x += 1.0)
{
for (double y = 0; y <= 8; y += 1.0)
{
Frame3D.SuperNode n = new
Frame3D.SuperNode(i_nodes++, x, y, 0);
n.dof1constraint = true;
n.dof2constraint = true;
n.Kdof3 = soilStiffnessPerArea;
n.dof6constraint = true;
Model.InputNodes.Add(n);
}
}

//The foundation slab elements are created below. The

thickness of the foundation is 0.5 m.
int i_elements = 1;
for (double y = 1; y <= 8; y += 1.0)
{
for (double x = 1; x <= 7; x += 1.0)
{
double y12 = y - 1;
double y34 = y;

double x14 = x - 1;
double x23 = x;

n1 = Model.InputNodes.Find(p => p.x == x14 && p.y

== y12 && p.z == 0);
n2 = Model.InputNodes.Find(p => p.x == x23 && p.y
== y12 && p.z == 0);
n3 = Model.InputNodes.Find(p => p.x == x23 && p.y
== y34 && p.z == 0);
n4 = Model.InputNodes.Find(p => p.x == x14 && p.y
== y34 && p.z == 0);

//ssel = new ShellSuperElement(i_elements++, n1,

n2, n3, n4, matConcrete);
ssel1 = new
ShellSuperElementTriangular(i_elements++, n1, n2, n3, matConcrete);
ssel1.Thickness = 0.5;
ssel1.Spring_Z_local_Stiffness_per_Area =
soilStiffnessPerArea;
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(ssel1);
ssel2 = new
ShellSuperElementTriangular(i_elements++, n1, n3, n4, matConcrete);
ssel2.Thickness = 0.5;
ssel2.Spring_Z_local_Stiffness_per_Area =
soilStiffnessPerArea;
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(ssel2);
}
}

//The nodes of the story are created

Frame3D.SuperNode ns1 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(i_nodes++,
1, 1, 3);
Model.InputNodes.Add(ns1);

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Frame3D.SuperNode ns2 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(i_nodes++,
6, 1, 3);
Model.InputNodes.Add(ns2);

Frame3D.SuperNode ns3 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(i_nodes++,

6, 7, 3);
Model.InputNodes.Add(ns3);

Frame3D.SuperNode ns4 = new Frame3D.SuperNode(i_nodes++,

1, 7, 3);
Model.InputNodes.Add(ns4);

//The following two nodes belong to the vertical wall at

elevation z=1.00 and z=2.00
Frame3D.SuperNode nsw1_z1 = new
Frame3D.SuperNode(i_nodes++, 2, 1, 1);
Model.InputNodes.Add(nsw1_z1);
Frame3D.SuperNode nsw2_z1 = new
Frame3D.SuperNode(i_nodes++, 3, 1, 1);
Model.InputNodes.Add(nsw2_z1);

Frame3D.SuperNode nsw1_z2 = new

Frame3D.SuperNode(i_nodes++, 2, 1, 2);
Model.InputNodes.Add(nsw1_z2);
Frame3D.SuperNode nsw2_z2 = new
Frame3D.SuperNode(i_nodes++, 3, 1, 2);
Model.InputNodes.Add(nsw2_z2);

//The shell elements of the wall are created. (the wall

has a thickness of 0.25 m)
n1 = Model.InputNodes.Find(p => p.x == 2 && p.y == 1 &&
p.z == 0);
n2 = Model.InputNodes.Find(p => p.x == 3 && p.y == 1 &&
p.z == 0);
n3 = Model.InputNodes.Find(p => p.x == 2 && p.y == 1 &&
p.z == 1);
n4 = Model.InputNodes.Find(p => p.x == 3 && p.y == 1 &&
p.z == 1);
ssel1 = new ShellSuperElementTriangular(i_elements++, n1,
n2, n3, matConcrete);
ssel1.Thickness = 0.25;
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(ssel1);
ssel2 = new ShellSuperElementTriangular(i_elements++, n1,
n3, n4, matConcrete);
ssel2.Thickness = 0.25;
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(ssel2);

n1 = Model.InputNodes.Find(p => p.x == 2 && p.y == 1 &&

p.z == 1);
n2 = Model.InputNodes.Find(p => p.x == 3 && p.y == 1 &&
p.z == 1);
n3 = Model.InputNodes.Find(p => p.x == 2 && p.y == 1 &&
p.z == 2);
n4 = Model.InputNodes.Find(p => p.x == 3 && p.y == 1 &&
p.z == 2);
ssel1 = new ShellSuperElementTriangular(i_elements++, n1,
n2, n3, matConcrete);
ssel1.Thickness = 0.25;
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(ssel1);

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ssel2 = new ShellSuperElementTriangular(i_elements++, n1,
n3, n4, matConcrete);
ssel2.Thickness = 0.25;
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(ssel2);

n1 = Model.InputNodes.Find(p => p.x == 2 && p.y == 1 &&

p.z == 2);
n2 = Model.InputNodes.Find(p => p.x == 3 && p.y == 1 &&
p.z == 2);
//The upper wall joints are created here:
n3 = new SuperNode(i_nodes++, 2, 1, 3);
LinearLoadCaseForSuperNode llcsn = new
LinearLoadCaseForSuperNode("lc1", LoadCaseType.DEAD);
llcsn.Pz = -100;
n3.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(llcsn);

Model.InputNodes.Add(n3);
n4 = new SuperNode(i_nodes++, 3, 1, 3);
Model.InputNodes.Add(n4);
ssel1 = new ShellSuperElementTriangular(i_elements++, n1,
n2, n3, matConcrete);
ssel1.Thickness = 0.25;
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(ssel1);
ssel2 = new ShellSuperElementTriangular(i_elements++, n1,
n3, n4, matConcrete);
ssel2.Thickness = 0.25;
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(ssel2);

//The columns are created below

Frame3D.FrameSuperElement c1 = new
FrameSuperElement(i_elements++, Model.InputNodes[10], ns1, new
Geometry.XYZ(1, 2, 0), matConcrete, ConcreteSection, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), true, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(c1);

Frame3D.FrameSuperElement c2 = new
FrameSuperElement(i_elements++, Model.InputNodes[55], ns2, new
Geometry.XYZ(6, 2, 0), matConcrete, ConcreteSection, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), true, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(c2);

Frame3D.FrameSuperElement c3 = new
FrameSuperElement(i_elements++, Model.InputNodes[61], ns3, new
Geometry.XYZ(6, 8, 0), matConcrete, ConcreteSection, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), true, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(c3);

Frame3D.FrameSuperElement c4 = new
FrameSuperElement(i_elements++, Model.InputNodes[16], ns4, new
Geometry.XYZ(1, 8, 0), matConcrete, ConcreteSection, new
MemberReleases(), new MemberReleases(), true, false);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(c4);

//Create beams
LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement beamLoad = new
LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement("lc1", LoadCaseType.DEAD);
beamLoad.UniformLoad.UniformLoadsZ.Add(new
FrameSuperUniformLoad(0, 1, -10, -10,
LoadDefinitionFromStartingNode.Relatively,
LoadCordinateSystem.Global));

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//Beam starts from column c1 and ends at column c2. It
also intersects the wall. Thus it is modelled using 3 parts.
Frame3D.FrameSuperElement b1a = new
FrameSuperElement(i_elements++, ns1, n3, new Geometry.XYZ(1, 2, 3),
matConcrete, ConcreteSection, new MemberReleases(), new
MemberReleases(), true, false);
b1a.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(beamLoad);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(b1a);
Frame3D.FrameSuperElement b1b = new
FrameSuperElement(i_elements++, n3, n4, new Geometry.XYZ(1, 2, 3),
matConcrete, ConcreteSection, new MemberReleases(), new
MemberReleases(), true, false);
b1b.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(beamLoad);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(b1b);
Frame3D.FrameSuperElement b1c = new
FrameSuperElement(i_elements++, n4, ns2, new Geometry.XYZ(1, 2, 3),
matConcrete, ConcreteSection, new MemberReleases(), new
MemberReleases(), true, false);
b1c.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(beamLoad);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(b1c);

Frame3D.FrameSuperElement b2 = new
FrameSuperElement(i_elements++, ns2, ns3, new Geometry.XYZ(5, 0, 3),
matConcrete, ConcreteSection, new MemberReleases(), new
MemberReleases(), true, false);
b2.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(beamLoad);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(b2);

Frame3D.FrameSuperElement b3 = new
FrameSuperElement(i_elements++, ns3, ns4, new Geometry.XYZ(6, 8, 3),
matConcrete, ConcreteSection, new MemberReleases(), new
MemberReleases(), true, false);
b3.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(beamLoad);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(b3);

Frame3D.FrameSuperElement b4 = new
FrameSuperElement(i_elements++, ns4, ns1, new Geometry.XYZ(0, 7, 3),
matConcrete, ConcreteSection, new MemberReleases(), new
MemberReleases(), true, false);
b4.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(beamLoad);
Model.InputFiniteElements.Add(b4);

//Add loads to beams

LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement llcsfe = new
LinearLoadCaseForSuperFrameElement("lc1", LoadCaseType.DEAD);
llcsfe.UniformLoad.UniformLoadsZ.Add(new
FrameSuperUniformLoad(0, 1, -10, -10,
LoadDefinitionFromStartingNode.Relatively,
LoadCordinateSystem.Global));
b1a.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(llcsfe);
b1b.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(llcsfe);
b1c.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(llcsfe);
b2.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(llcsfe);
b3.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(llcsfe);
b4.LinearLoadCasesList.Add(llcsfe);

Model.Solve();

//-------OBTAIN RESULTS-------
double[] Min, Max;

60
ENGISSOL LTD 3D Frame Analysis Library
https://www.engissol.com Technical Notes & Examples
//Beam forces
b1a.GetInternalForcesForLoadCase(0, "lc1", out Min, out
Max, 1);

//Foundation deflection at wall base x=3, y=1, z=0

SuperNode nf = Model.InputNodes.Find(p => p.x == 3 && p.y
== 1 && p.z == 0);
nf.GetNodalDisplacementsForLoadCase("lc1", out Min, out
Max, 1);

//Estimation of soil stress at wall base

double soilStress = -soilStiffnessPerArea * Min[2];

//Get stresses at the base of wall (stresses of sheels

are reported in the local coordinate system!!)

((ShellSuperElementTriangular)Model.InputFiniteElements.Find(p =>
((ShellSuperElementTriangular)p).Node3.z ==
1)).GetInternalStressesForLoadCase(0, 0, 0.125,
CoordinateSystem.Local, 0, "lc1", out Min, out Max, 1);

//Get forces at selected node (Fx,Fy,Fz,Mx,My,Mz are

reported on the local or global coordinate system)

((ShellSuperElementTriangular)Model.InputFiniteElements.Find(p =>
((ShellSuperElementTriangular)p).Node3.z ==
1)).GetInternalForcesForLoadCase(ShellTriangularResultsLocation.Point
1, CoordinateSystem.Global, "lc1", out Min, out Max, 1);

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