UPPCS

SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

Science Listing
Notes Code 3.3
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

INDEX
BRANCH OF SCIENCE………………………………………………………………………….…………..3
IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES ..................................................... 3
IMPORTANT DEVICES & ENERGY TRANSFORMED BY THEM.................................................. 6
MAJOR INVENTIONS AND THEIR INVENTORS .............................................................................. 7
IMPORTANT ELEMENTS AND THEIR ORES .................................................................................. 10
IMPORTANT ALLOYS AND THEIR USES......................................................................................... 11
IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT METALS ............................................................................................. 12
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTIONS .................................................................................................... 15
COMMONLY USED SALTS IN DAILY LIFE ..................................................................................... 17
PH OF EVERYDAY USE ITEMS ........................................................................................................... 18
TYPES OF SOAPS .................................................................................................................................... 19
TYPES OF DETERGENTS ..................................................................................................................... 20
TYPES OF GLASSES ............................................................................................................................... 20
RADIO ISOTOPES AND THEIR USES................................................................................................. 22
THINGS USED IN DAILY LIFE ............................................................................................................ 24
NATURALLY OCCURRING ACIDS AND THEIR SOURCES.......................................................... 25
ACID BASE INDICATORS ..................................................................................................................... 26
IMPORTANT ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ............................................................................................. 26
CATALYST AND THEIR USES ............................................................................................................. 30
IMPORTANT INNOVATIONS IN CHEMISTRY ................................................................................ 31
IMPORTANT RESEARCH INSTITUTES IN INDIA ................................................................... 36
TYPES OF DISEASES…………………………………………………………………………………..40
COMMON HUMAN DISEASES AND AFFECTED BODY PART………………………………….41

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 2
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6
BRANCH OF SCIENCE
Description Branch
Study of Heavenly bodies is called Astronomy
Study of bacteria and the diseases caused by them is called Bacteriology
Science dealing with the origin and development of mankind is Anthropology
called
Science dealing with the functions and the diseases of heart is Cardiology
called
Study of cells is called Cytology

Study of skin is called Dermatology

Study of Blood Vascular System is called Angiology
Study of Fungi and fungus diseases is called Mycology
Study of Tumors is called Oncology
Study of Liver and its diseases is called Hepatology
Study of the Nervous system, its functions and its disorders is Neurology
called
Branch of Biology dealing with the phenomena of Heredity is Genetics
called
Study of causes of Diseases is called Etiology
Study of Ears and their diseases is called Otology
Study of Condition and Structure of Earth is called Geology
Study of Kidneys and its function is called Nephrology
Study of Birds is called Ornithology
Study of Fossils is called Palaeontology
Study of Bones is called Osteology
Study of Soils is called Pedology
Branch of science dealing with Urinary system is called Urology
Study of Viruses is called Virology
Study of resistance of body against infection (immunity) is called Immunology
Study of Muscles is called Myology
Study of development of Embryos is called Embryology
Study of Insects is called Entomology
Study of Female Reproductive System is called Gynaecology
Study of production of Three Dimensional Image using Laser is Holography
called
Study of Snakes is called Serpentology
Production of Raw Silk by rearing of Silk Worms is called Sericulture
Study of Algae is called Phycology
Study of diseases, symptoms, cause and remedy is called Pathology
Study of Serum is called Serology
The Breeding, Rearing, and Transplantation of Fish is called Pisciculture
Study of Eyes and its diseases is called Opthamology

IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES

Instrument Uses
Accumulator To store electrical energy
Actinometer To measure heating effect of sunlight

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 3
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6
Altimeter To measure altitudes and is used in aircraft.
Ammeter To measure the strength of electric current (in amperes).
Anemometer To measure the force and velocity of the wind. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre)
2016]
Audiometer To measure the intensity of sound.
Audiphones It is used for improving the imperfect sense of hearing.
Barograph It is used for continuous recording of atmospheric pressure.
Barometer To measure atmospheric pressure.
[U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A (Pre) 2001, U.P.P.S.C. (GIC) 2010]
Binocular To view distant objects
Bolometer To measure heat radiation
Callipers Measures inner and outer diameter of spherical bodies
Calorimeter To measure the quantity of heat.
Carburettor Used in internal combustion engine for charging air with petrol vapor.
Cardiogram Traces movements of the heart, recorded on a cardiograph.
Caratometer Caratometer is an internationally acclaimed device for checking the
purity of gold. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]
Cathetometer To measure vertical distances
Ceilometer To measure height of a cloud base
Chronometer To determines the longitude of a place in a ship.
Cinematography Used in cinema making to throw on screen an enlarged image
Colorimeter To compare intensities of colour.
Commutator To change or remove direction of electric current, in dynamo used to
convert alternating current into direct current.
Creepmeter To measure surface displacement of an active geological fault
Cresco graph To measure the growth in plants.
Cyclotron Charged particle accelerator that can accelerate charged particles to
high energies.
Cryometer Ethanol filled Thermometer that is used for very low temperatures up
to -70ºC
Dilatometer Measures changes in volumes of substances
Densimeter To measure the density of liquids and Solids
Diffractometer To study structure of crystals
Dosimeter To study exposure to radiation
Disdrometer To measure size, speed and velocity of rain drops
Dynamo Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
Dynamometer To measure force, torque, and power
Electro Encephalogram Measures and records Brain activity
Electroscope Detects the presence of an electric charge.
Electrometer To measure electrical potential differences
Electron Microscope To obtain magnifying view of very small object
Ellipsometer To study refractive index, dielectric function, thickness of thin films

Endoscope To examines the internal parts of the body.

Eudiometer To measure volume changes in chemical reactions between gases.
Evaporimeter To measure rate of evaporation
Fathometer To measure the depth of the ocean.

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 4
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Fluxmeter To measure magnetic flux

Galvanometer To measure the electric current of low magnitude.
Gas Pycnometer To measure volume and density of solids
Geiger Counter To measure ionizing radiation
Graphometer To measure Angles
Heliometer To measure variation in sun’s diameter
Hydrometer To measure the specific gravity of liquids.
Hydrophone To measure sound under water.
Hygrometer To measure humidity in the air. [U.P.P.S.C. (R.I.) 2014]
Hygroscope To measure changes in atmospheric humidity
Hypsometer To determine boiling points of liquids
Katharometer To study composition of gases
Kymograph To record physiological movements (Blood pressure and heartbeat).
Lactometer To determines the purity of milk.
Lux meter To measure intensity of light
Machmeter To measure speed of aircraft relative to speed of sound
Magnetometer To measure strength of magnetic fields
Manometer To measure the pressure of gases.
Mariner’s compass Used by the sailors to determine the direction.
Mass Spectrometer To study masses of ions, used to identify chemical substances through
their mass spectra
Megger To study electrical insulation
Microphone Converts sound waves into electrical vibrations and to magnify sound.
Microscope To obtain a magnified view of small objects.
Micrometer Measures distances and angles
Nephetometer Measures scattering of light in liquids
Nephoscope To measure the speed and direction of clouds
Osometer To measure osmotic strength of a solution, colloid, or compound
matter of an object
Odometer To measure distance covered by wheeled vehicles
Otoscope For visual examination of eardrum
Ohmmeter Measures Electrical Resistance
Ondometer Measure Frequency of Electro-magnetic waves
Luxmeter Luxmeter is used to measure the intensity of light.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2004]
Polygraph Used as a lie detector that measures major physiological process
simultaneously
Pyknometer Measures Density and Coefficient of expansion of liquids
Pedometer To count steps
Planometer To measure area
Polarimeter To measure rotation of polarized light
Periscope To view objects above sea level (used in submarines)
Phonograph To produce sound.

Phonometer Phonometer is an instrument which is used for testing the force of the
human voice in speaking. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
Photometer Compares the luminous intensity of source of light
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 5
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Potentiometer To compare the electromotive force of cells.

Psychrometer To measure Humidity
Pyrheliometer To measure solar radiation. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) (Re. Exam) 2015]
Pyrometer To measure very high temperature. A Pyrometer is a type of remote-
sensing radiation thermometer which is used to measure high
temperature like above 1500 to 2000 degree C. It is based on Stefan-
Boltzmann law, which describes that the total radiation emitted by a
black body is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute
temperature (E°cT4). It is also used to measure the temperature of
distant objects such as sun. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2008, U.P.P.C.S.
(Spl.) (Mains) 2004, U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1998] [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2009]
Quartz Clock Highly accurate clock used in astronomical observations and other
precision work
Quadrat To measure percentage cover of certain species
Quadrant Measures Altitude and Angles for Navigation
Radio Micrometer Measures Heat Radiation
Radar To detect the direction and range of an approaching aeroplane by
means of radio micro waves [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008, U.P.P.C.S. (Pre)
1996, U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2001, U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2004]
Radiometer To measure the emission of radiant energy.
Rectifier To convert AC into DC. [U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Spl) (Mains) 2010]
Refractometer To measure refractive index.
Rotameter To measure pressure of a liquid or gas in a closed tube
Saccharimeter To measure the amount of sugar in the solution.
Salinometer To determines salinity of solution.
Seismograph To measure the intensity of earthquake shocks.
[U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2014, 2017]
Sextant Used by navigators to find latitude of a place by measuring elevation
above horizon of sun or another star.
Spectrometer For measuring the energy distribution of a particular type of radiation.
Spectroscope To study spectrum analysis
Speedometer Placed in a vehicle to record its speed.
Spherometer To measure the curvatures of surfaces.
Sphygmomanometer To measure blood pressure.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008] [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2007]
Stereoscope To view two dimensional pictures.
Stethoscope Used by doctors to hear and analyse heart and lung sounds.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]
Stroboscope To measure speed of Rotating shaft
Tacheometer To measure distance
Tachometer Used in measuring speeds of aero planes and motor boats.
Telemeter Records physical happenings at distant place (space)

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 6
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Teleprinter Receives and sends typed messages from one place to another.
Telescope To view distant objects in space.
Theodolite To measure horizontal and vertical angles.
Thermometer To measure temperatures.
Thermostat Regulates the temperature at a particular point.
[U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) 2016]
Tonometer To measure pitch of sound
Transponder To receive a signal and transmit reply immediately in satellite
Transistor To amplify currents and perform other functions usually performed
by a thermionic valve
Tangent Galvanometer Measures strength of direct current
Ultrasonoscope Used in Medical diagnosis of heart defects, Tumours etc.
Udometer (Rain Gauge) To measure amount of liquid precipitation over a set period of time.
Venturimeter To measure rate of flow of liquids
Vernier An adjustable scale for measuring small subdivisions of scale
Viscometer To measure the viscosity of liquids.
Voltmeter To measure electric potential difference between two points.
Wavemeter To measure wavelength of a radiowave (high frequency waves)
Watt meter To measure electric power
Wing gauge To study direction of wind
Zymometer To study Fermentation
SONAR [Sound It is used for locating submerged objects in an ocean. It is based on a
Navigation and very simple principle i.e., pulse of ultrasonic waves is sent into the
Ranging] water, it strikes the target and bounced back towards the source. It
helps to detect or locate submerged submarines and icebergs.
[U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) (Re. Exam) 2016, U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2000]
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]

IMPORTANT DEVICES & ENERGY TRANSFORMED BY THEM

Device Energy so Transformed
Dynamo Mechanical energy into electrical energy.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009, U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]
Candle Chemical Energy into Light and Heat energy
Microphone Sound energy into electrical energy.
Loudspeaker Electric energy into Sound energy
Battery cell Chemical Energy into Light Energy
Photo cell Light energy into electrical energy
Solar cell Solar energy into electrical energy.
Tube Light Electrical energy into light energy.
Light Bulb Electrical energy into light and heat energy.
Battery Chemical energy into light energy
Electric Motor Electrical energy into mechanical energy.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007, U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) 2017]
Iron Electrical energy into Heat energy
Sitar Mechanical energy into sound energy
Gas Stove Chemical energy into Heat energy
Solar Water Heater Solar energy into Heat energy

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 7
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Radio Electric Energy into Sound Energy

Steam Engine Heat energy into Kinetic energy
Car engine Chemical energy into Kinetic energy

MAJOR INVENTIONS AND THEIR INVENTORS

Instruments Inventors Nation Year
Adding Machine Pascal France 1642
Aeroplane Wright Brothers USA 1903
Ammeter Friedrich Drexler Austria 1884
Anemometer Leon Battista Alberti Italy 1450
Balloon Jacques and Joseph Montgolfier France 1783
Ball point Pen C. Biro Hungary 1938
Barometer Evangelista Torricelli Italy 1644
Battery Alessandro Volta Italy 1800
Bicycle K Macmillan Scotland 1839
Bicycle Tyre JB Dunlop Scotland 1888
Barograph Lucien Vidi France 1854
Binoculars Johan Freidrich Voigtlande Austria 1823
Bolometer Samuel Pierpont Langley USA 1878
Centigrade Scale A. Celcius France 1742
Cinematograph Thomas Elva Edison USA 1891
Computer Charles Babbage UK 1834
Cine Camera Friese-Greene UK 1889
Cinema AL and JL Lumire France 1895
Clock (Mechanical) Hsing and Ling Tsang China 1725
Clock(Pendulam) B. Hugyens Netherlands 1657
Calorimeter Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon France 1782
Carburettor Samuel Morey USA 1826
Cardiogram(ECG) Willem Einthoven Netherlands 1895
Cathetometer P. Dulong and A. Petit France 1816
Chronometer John Harrison UK 1761
Cinematograph Louis and Auguste Lumière France 1894
Colorimeter Jules Duboscq France 1854
Commutator William Sturgeon UK 1832
Crescograph Jagadish Chandra Bose India 1928
Cyclotron Ernest Lawrence USA 1930
Dilatometer Ernst Karl Abbe and Hippolyte Fizeau France 1878
Dynamo Michael Faraday UK 1831
Diesel Engine Rudolf Diesel Germany 1892
Dynamite Alfred Nobel [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010] Sweden 1867
[U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2009]
Electric Iron HW Seeley USA 1882
Electric Lamp Thomas Alva Edison USA 1879
Electromagnet W Sturgeon UK 1824
Electrometer William Snow Harris UK 1853
Electroscope William Gilbert UK 1600
Electron microscope Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska Germany 1931

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 8
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Endoscope Phillip Bozzini Germany 1806

Fathometer Herbert Grove Dorsey USA 1936
Fluxmeter Muller Martin Germany
Film (with sound) Dr. Lee de Forest USA 1923
Fountain Pen LE Waterman USA 1884
Gas Lighting William Murdoch Scotland 1794
Galvanometer Johann Schweigger Germany 1820
Gramophone Emil Berniler USA 1887
Hydrometer William Nicholson UK 1790
Hydrophone Reginald Fessenden UK 1914
Hygrometer Horace Bénédict de Saussure Switzerland 1783
Hygroscope Guiseppe Pino USA 1907
Hypsometer Arnold Henry Guyot, USA 1850
Jet Engine Frank Whittle UK 1937
Lift EG Ottis USA 1852
Locomotive Richard Trevithivk UK 1804
Lactometer Mr. Dicas UK 1888
Machmeter Angst Walter USA 1950
Manometer Christian Huygens Netherlands 1661
Micrometer William Gascoigne UK 1638
Microphone Emile Berliner/ David Hughes USA 1878
Microscope Zacharias Janssen Netherlands 1590
Machine Gun Richard Gatling [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014] USA 1861
Match (Safety) JE Lurdstorm Sweden 1855
Mobile Phone Martin Kooper USA 1970
Motor Car(Petrol) Karl Benz Germany 1885
Motor-Cycle Edward Butler UK 1884
Neon Lamp G. Claude France 1915
Nylon WH Carothers USA 1937
Nephelometer Theodore William Richards USA 1914
Odometer Benjamin Franklin USA 1775
Ohmmeter Osvold Robert Harold USA 1960
Optometer Dr Jules Badal UK 1886
Otoscope Jean-Pierre Bonnafont France 1834
Periscope Hippolyte Marié-Davy France 1854
Phonograph Thomas Edison USA 1877
Photometer Dmitry Lachinov Russia 1895
Polygraph William Moulton Marston USA 1929
Pyrheliometer Knut Angstrom Sweden 1893
Pyrometer Josiah Wedgwood UK 1933
Penicillin Alexander Flaming [U.P.P.C.S.(Mains) Scotland 1928
2010]
Photography Paper WH Fox Tablot UK 1835
Printing Press J Gutenberg Germany 1455
Quadrant John Hadley UK 1730
Radar AH Taylor and LC Young USA 1922
Radium Marrie and Pierre Curie France 1898

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 9
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Radio G Marconi UK 1901

Rayon American Viscose Company USA 1910
Razor (Safety) KG Gillete USA 1895
Razor (Electric) J Schick USA 1931
Refrigerator J Harrison and A Catlin UK 1834
Revolver Sameul Colt USA 1835
Rubber (Vulcanised) Charles Goodyear USA 1841
Rubber (Waterproof) Charles Machintosh Scotland 1819
Rain Gauge Richard Towneley USA 1694
Refractometer Ernst Abbe Germany 1869
Safety Pin Walter Hunt USA 1849
Safety Lamp Humphrey Davy UK 1816
Sewing Machine B Thimmonnier France 1830
Scooter G Bradshaw UK 1919
Ship (Steam) JC Perier France 1775
Ship(Turbine) Charles Parsons UK 1894
Shorthand Issac Pitman UK 1837
Spinning Frame Richard Arkwight UK 1769
Sextant John Campbell UK 1747
Siesmograph John Milne UK 1880
Spectroscope Robert Wilhelm Bunsen Germany 1860
Speedometer Josip Belušić Croatia 1888
Spherometer Robert-Aglaé Cauchoix France 1810
Sphygmomanometer Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter von Basch Mexico 1881
Stethoscope René Laennec France 1816
Spinning Jenny James Hargreaves UK 1764
Steam Engine (Piston) Thomas Newcome UK 1712
Steam Engine (Condenser) James Watt [U.P.P.C.S (Pre) 2011] Scotland 1765
Steel Production Henry Bessemer UK 1855
Stainless Steel Harry Brearley UK 1913
Tachometer Dietrich Uhlhorn Germany 1817
Tangent galvanometer Johann Schweigger Germany 1820
Telemeter C. Michalke USA 1901
Telescope Hans Lippershey Netherlands 1608
Thermometer Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit Germany 1714
Thermostat Warren S. Johnson USA 1883
Tonometer Hjalmar Schiotz, Norway 1905
Transformer Ottó Bláthy Hungary 1885
Transponder Charles M Redman USA 1974
Tank Ernest Swington UK 1914
Telegraph Code Sameul FB Morse USA 1837
Telephone Alexender Graham Bell [U.P.P.C.S(Pre) USA 1876
2011]
Television John Logie Bared Scotland 1926
Terylene J Whinfield and H Dickson UK 1941
Tractor J Froelich USA 1892
Transistor Bradeen, Shockley UK &USA 1949

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 10
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

[U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2016]

Typewriter C. Sholes USA 1868
Valve of Radio JA Fleming UK 1904
Venturimeter Clemens Herschel USA 1888
Vernier Pierre Vernier France 1631
Viscometer Wilhelm Ostwald. Germany 1932
Voltmeter (Digital) Andrew Kay USA 1954
Wattmeter Ottó Bláthy Hungary 1889
Watch AL Breguet France 1791
X-Ray Wihelm Roentgen [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2005] Germany 1895
Zip Fastener WL Judson USA 1891

IMPORTANT ELEMENTS AND THEIR ORES

Name Ores
Aluminum (Al) Bauxite (Al2O3.nH2O) [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) (Re. Exam) 2015]
Corundum (Al2O3)
Kryolite (Na3AlF6)
Feldspar (KAlSi3O8)
Alunite (K2SO4.Al(SO4)).4Al(OH)3
Kaolin (3Al2O3.6SiO2.2H2O)
Diaspore (Al2O3.H2O)
Antimony(Sb) Stibnite (Sb2S3)
Barium(Ba) Barytes (BaSO4)
Bismuth(Bi) Bismuthate (Bi2S3)
Calcium (Ca) Dolomite (MgCO3CaCO3)
Lime Stone (Calcite) ( CaCO3)
Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)
Fluorspar (CaF2)
Asbestos (CaSiO3.MgSiO3)
Cadmium(Cd) Greenockite (CdS)
Cobalt(Co) Smelite (CoAsS2)
Copper (Cu) Copper Glance (Cu2S)
Copper Pyrite (CuFeS2)
Malachite (CuCO3Cu(OH)2)
Cuprite (Cu2O)
Azurite (2CuCO3Cu(OH)2)
Gold (Au) Calverite (AuTe2)
Silvenites (AgAuTe2)
Iron (Fe) Hematite (Fe2O3)
Limonite (2Fe2O3.3H2O)
Iron Pyrite (FeS2)
Copper Pyrites (CuFeS2)
Magnetite (Fe3O4)
Siderite (FeCO3)
Lead (Pb) Anglesite (PbCl2 / PbSO4)
Galena (PbS)
Cerrusite (PbCO3)

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 11
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Lithium(Li) Spodumene (LiAl(Si₂O₆))

Lepidolite (K(Li,Al) 3(Al,Si,Rb)4O10(F,OH) 2)
Phosphorous (P) Floreopetite (3Ca3(PO4)CaFe2)
Phosphorite (Ca3(PO4)CaFe2)
Potassium (K) Karnalite (KClMgCl6H2O)
Salt Petre (Nitrite) ( KNO3)
Magnesium (Mg) Dolomite (MgCO3CaCO3)
Karnalite (KClMgCl26H2O)
Epsom salt (MgSO4.7H2O)
Kieserite (MgSO4.H2O)
Magnesite (MgCO3)
Mercury (Hg) Calomel (Hg2Cl2)
Cinnabar (HgS)
Manganese(Mn) Pyrolusite (MnSO4)
Magnate (Mn2O3.2H2O)
Nickel(Ni) Milarite
Silver (Ag) Silver Glance (Argentite) (Ag2S)
Ruby Silver (Pyrargyrite)
Horn Silver (Chlorargyrite)
Stephanite (Ag2 SbS4)
Proustite (Ag2 AsS3)
Sodium (Na) Rock Salt (NaCl)
Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)
Chile saltpetre (NaNO3)
Borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O)
Trona (Na2CO3.2NaHCO3.3H20)
Strontium(Sr) Strontianite (SrCO3)
Silestone (SrSO4)
Tin (Sn) Cassiterite (SnO2)
Tin Pyrites (Cu2FeSnS4)
Zinc (Zn) Calamine (ZnCo3)
Zinc Blende /Sphalerite (ZnS)
Zincite (ZnO)
Uranium(U) Carnotite (K(UO)2.VO4.3H20)
Pitch Blende (U3O8)
Cadmium (Cd) Greenocrite (CdS)
Zirconium (Zr) Zircona or Baddelite (ZrO2)
Beryllium Beryl (3BeO.Al2O3.6SiO2)

IMPORTANT ALLOYS AND THEIR USES

Alloys Compositions Uses
Brass Copper 66% + Zinc 34% In making utensils.
Bronze Copper 83% + Tin 12% + Misc metals In making coins, bell and utensils.
5% [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) (Re. Exam) 2015]

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 12
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Coin Metal Cooper 75% + Nickel 25% In making Coins in USA

German Silver Copper 60% + Zinc 20% + Nickel 20% In making utensils.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2003]
Rolled Gold Copper 90% + Aluminium 10% In making cheap ornaments.
Gun Metal Copper 85-90% + Tin 8-12% + Zinc 1- In making guns, barrels, gears and
3%+ Lead bearings.
Dutch metal Copper 80% + Zinc 20% In making artificial ornaments.
Delta metal Copper 60%+ Zinc 38% + Iron 2% In making blades of aeroplane.
Munz metal Copper 60% + Zinc 40% In making coins.
Monel metal Copper 33% + Nickel 60% + Iron 7% For base containing container.
Rose metal Bismuth 58% + Lead 28% + Tin 22% For making automatic fuse.
Duralumin Aluminium 95% + Copper 4% + For making utensils.
Magnesium 0.5% + Manganese 0.5%
Magnalium Aluminium 95% + Magnesium 5% For frame of aeroplane.
Solder Lead 50% + Tin 50% For soldering.
Type metal Tin + Lead 75-90% + Antimony 2-18% In printing industry.
Bell metal Copper 77% + Tin 23% For casting bells and statues.
Stainless steel Iron 82% + Chromium 18% + Nickel + For making utensils and surgical
Carbon [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl.) (Mains) 2004] Cutlery.
[U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2017]
Nickel steel Iron 95% + Nickel 5% For making electrical wire,
automobile parts.
Babbit Metal Tin 90% + Antimony 7% + Copper 3% In making bearings
Sterling Metal Silver 92.5% + Copper 7.5% In making jewellery, Art objects
Nichrome Nickel 80-85% + Chromium 15-20% + In resistance wires, heating
Iron elements
Britannia Antimony 5% + Copper 2% + Tin 93% Used in making various utensils,
including, candlesticks, and urns,
and for official maces

IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT METALS

Metal Uses
Zinc • Zinc Phosphide(Zn3P2) is used in killing rats [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2020]
• Zinc Chloride(ZnCl2) is used to protect wooden furniture from Termites
• Iron is galvanised by coating Zinc on it. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2002]
• Zinc Oxide (ZnO)(also known as Flower of Zinc and Chinese White) is
used as white paint
• Zinc oxide is used in glazing the pottery. [U.P.P.C.S (Mains) 2015]
Iron • Rusting of Iron is a chemical change that occurs on iron coming in contact
with water and oxygen and causes its weight to increase. [U.P.P.C.S.
(Mains) 2008]
• Iron is present in Cytochrome (transfers energy within cells in human body)
• Iron Pyrite (FeS2) is also called Fool’s Gold
• Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) with Aluminium is used to fill cracks of railway
tracks(Thermite Reaction)

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 13
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

• Deficiency of Iron in human body is called Anaemia. [U.P. Lower Sub.

(Spl.) (Pre) 2003, U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2002, U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2001]
• Excess of Iron in human body is called Siderosis
• Bantu tribes of Africa suffer from Siderosis as they drink Beer in Iron
Glasses
• Wrought Iron is purest form of Iron containing only 0.1 -0.2% of Carbon,
while Cast iron contains 2.5-5% Carbon. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
Calcium • Calcium hydride(CaH2)(also called Hydrolith) is used to make waterproof
and fireproof clothes
• Calcium Carbide(CaC2) reacts with water to produce Acetylene gas
• In the artificial ripening of fruit, calcium carbide is sometimes used as a
source of acetylene gas, which is a ripening agent similar to Ethylene.
• The Chemical Ethephon is often used in fruit ripening. Ethephon or ethrel
is a commercial formulation which produces ethylene when dissolved in
water at particular pH. This is a good substitute for calcium carbide.
[U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2010, U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2005][U.P.P.C.S.
(Mains) 2011] [U.P.R.O./A.R.O (Pre) 2014] [U.P. Lower Sub (Pre) 2008,
U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007]
• Calcium phosphate is principal form of calcium found in bovine milk and
blood. 70% of bone consists of hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate mineral
(known as bone mineral). Upto 50% by volume and 70% by weight of
human bones is modified form of hydroxyapatite. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2015]
Magnesium • Magnesium wire is used in flash bulb in atmosphere of Nitrogen gas
Titanium • Its is called strategic material as it is lighter than Iron
• Smokescreens generally consist of fine particles of titanium oxides.
Titanium dioxide is a naturally occurring oxide of titanium. A smoke screen
is a cloud of smoke created to conceal military operations.[U.P.P.C.S.
(Mains) 2009]
Chromium • Chromium Trioxide(CrO3) is also called Chromic Acid
Potassium • Potassium Carbonate(K2CO3) is also known as Pearl Ash
• Due to presence of Potassium, Onion and Garlic gives out the foul odour
Copper • Wilson’s disease causes accumulation of excess of Copper in Human Body
• Copper is added in gold to harden it.
Selenium • It is used in Photo-electric Cell
Gallium • It is liquid at room temperature
Palladium • It is used in Aeroplanes
Radium • It is extracted from Uranium ores like Pitch-Blende
Cadmium • Its rod is used in nuclear reactor to slow down neutrons
Sodium • Sodium Peroxide (Na2O2) is used in hospitals and submarines to purify air
Cobalt • Cobalt(60) is used in Chemotherapy
Lithium • Lightest and most reductant metal
Strontium • Due to presence of Strontium, fireworks give out red colour
Barium • Due to presence of Barium Chloride(BaCl2), fireworks give out green
colour
• Barium Sulphate(BaSO4) is used in X-ray of Abdomen as Barium meal

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 14
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

• Barium Hydroxide(Ba(OH)2) is also known as Baryta Water

Silver • Silver Chloride(AgCl) is used in Photochromatic Glass and called Horn
Silver [U.P.P.C.S (Pre) 2011]
• Silver Iodide(AgI) is used in Artificial rain [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2008,
2013] [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2020]
• Silver Nitrate(AgNO3) is used as marker in elections and is kept in coloured
bottle to prevent its decomposition
• Silver spoon is not used in egg products as it forms black coloured Silver
Sulphide(Ag2S) with egg products
Gold • Auric Chloride or Gold Chloride(AuCl3) is used to make anti-venom
needles
Mercury • It is stored in an Iron vessel as it does not form any amalgam with Iron
(Quick • Vapours of Mercury and Argon are used in tube lights
Silver)
Lead •Tetra-Ethyl Lead(Pb2(C2H5)4) is used as anti-knocking compound
•Lead pipe is not used for drinking water, as it forms toxic Lead
Hydroxide(Pb(OH)2) on coming in contact with water
• Fuse wire is made of Lead and Tin
• It is a stable element, so it is used to write on paper.
• Combustion of Petrol in automobiles pollute air by producing Lead
• Lead-Arsenic alloy is used to make Bullets.
• Carbon Lead alloy is used to make artificial parts of body
• Lead Oxide(Litharge)(PbO) is a amphoteric oxide, used in rubber industries
in manufacturing of storage batteries and flint glass
Tungsten • Its melting point is 3500oC
• In India, Tungsten is produced in Degana mine in Rajasthan
• In electric bulb, air is removed from it to prevent oxidation of
Tungsten.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2002]
Zirconium • Zirconium burns in oxygen as well as nitrogen
• It is used in nuclear reactor to slow down neutrons
Boron • It is used in nuclear reactor to slow down neutrons
• Boron is an essential micronutrient for plants. It is essential for development
and growth of new cells in plant meristem. It is necessary for 'Nodule
Formation' in legumes. It is associated with translocation of sugars,
starches, nitrogen and phosphorus. [U.P. B.E.O. (Pre) 2019]
Aluminium • First extracted in 1827
• Aluminium Hydroxide (Al(OH)3) is used to make waterproof and stain-
proof clothes
Uranium • It is a heavy radioactive metal, used in manufacture of atom bombs, like
those used in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• 'Enriched Uranium' is a type of uranium in which the proportion of the
uranium-235 isotope has been increased from the natural level by the
process of isotope separation. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2009]
Tin • It shows allotropy
• Tin Sulphide or Stannous Sulphide(SnS2) is used as paint
• Elements of 1st Group are called Alkali Metals

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 15
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

• Elements of 2nd Group are called Alkaline Earth Metals

• Actinides are radioactive elements
• Transition metals and their compounds are generally Coloured
• Zeolite is used to remove hardness of water
• Eiffel Tower has a base of steel and cement
• Oxides of metals are alkaline in nature
• Ultra-purification of a metal is done by Zone Melting
• Gold, Platinum Silver and Mercury are noble metals
• Silver, Gold, Cooper, Platinum and Bismuth are found in independent state as they are
very less reactive
• Osmium is the heaviest metal and Platinum is the hardest metal
• Mercury and Iron produces most resistance against Electricity [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2005,
U.P.PC.S. (Mains) 2014]
• Gold and Silver are most malleable metals
• Silver and Copper are best conductor of Electricity [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2020]

CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTIONS
Type Definition Examples
On basis of Amount of Solute used
Super saturated Solution which comprises a large amount Water with a cup of salt,
of solute at a temperature wherein it will be Coffee with 10 packets of
reduced, as a result the extra solute will sugar
crystallize quickly. This means solute is
dissolved forcefully by raising the
temperature or pressure of the solution.
Saturated Solution in which a solvent is not capable Water with a spoon of salt.
of dissolving any more solute at a given Cup of coffee with 5
temperature. This means that the solution packets sugar
can’t dissolve any more solute at a definite
temperature.
Unsaturated Solution in which a solvent is capable of Water with a pinch of salt,
dissolving any more solute at a given Cup of coffee with 1 packet
temperature. It means that we can still add sugar
more solute to the solvent.
On basis of Type of Solvent
Aqueous When a solute is dissolved in water the Salt or Sugar in water,
solution is called an aqueous solution. Copper sulphate in water.
Non-Aqueous When a solute is dissolved in a solvent Iodine in carbon
other than water, it is called a non-aqueous tetrachloride, Phosphorus
solution. in ethyl alcohol etc.
On basis on Amount of Solvent used
Diluted Solution which contains small amount of Salt solution, Light colour
solute in a large amount of solvent tea etc.
Concentrated Solution which contains a large amount of Brine solution, Orange
solute dissolved in a small amount of juice, Dark colour tea etc.
solvent.
On basis of Uniformity in Composition

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 16
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Homogenous Solutions with uniform composition and Cup of coffee, Perfume,

properties throughout the solution Cough syrup etc.
Heterogenous Solutions with non-uniform composition Solution of oil and water,
and properties throughout the solution Water and chalk powder
and Water and sand, etc.
On basis of State of Solution
Gaseous Solutions The state of resulting solution is gaseous Nitrogen and oxygen,
Camphor in Nitrogen
Liquid Solutions The state of resulting solution is liquid Oxygen in water, Glucose
in water
Solid Solutions The state of resulting solution is solid Hydrogen in Palladium,
Amalgam of mercury and
sodium, Copper in gold
On basis of Concentration of Solute
Isotonic If the medium has exactly the same water 1.0 M glucose solution is
concentration as the cell, there will be no isotonic with 1.0 M fructose
net movement of water across the cell solution
membrane. Such a solution is known as an
isotonic solution. The water flow in this
type of solution is zero.
Hypertonic Solution that has a lower solute Sea water and tap water
concentration in comparison to another
solution. The cell will also have a higher
osmotic pressure the tendency for water to
move into a cell by osmosis than the
solution surrounding it. This will cause
fluid to move into the cell and the cell
often appears bloated
Hypotonic Solution that has a greater concentration of Semi-permeable membrane
solutes on the outside of a cell when allow water(solvent) but
compared with the inside of a cell not salt(solute) to flow
through
Pycnocline Pycnocline is the cline or layer which
shows density gradient in the body of
water. [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]
Thermocline Thermocline is a transition layer between
deep and surface water (or mixed layer).
Halocline Halocline shows salinity gradient within a
body of water.
Types of Heterogenous Solutions
Type Solute Solvent Example
Foam Gas Liquid Whipped Cream
Emulsion Liquid Liquid Mayonnaise
Gel Liquid Solid Gelatin
Solid sol Solid Solid Cranberry Glass
Solid aerosol Solid Gas Smoke,
Gas-Solid Gas Solid Hydrogen Gas and Palladium

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 17
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

COMMONLY USED SALTS IN DAILY LIFE

Name Uses
Sodium Chloride or • In cooking food as well as for cooking gas.
Common Salt or • As preservative in pickles and curing meat and fish.
Table Salt (NaCl) • In the manufacture of soap.
• To melt the ice in winter in cold countries.
• For making chemical likes Washing soda, Baking soda etc.
Sodium Hydroxide • For making soap and detergent
(NaOH) • For making artificial textile fibre (rayon)
• In the manufacturing of paper
• For purification of bauxite ore
• In de-greasing metals, oil refining and making dyes and bleaches
Sodium Carbonate or • As cleansing agent
Washing Soda • For removing permanent hardness of water
(Na2CO3.10H2O) • In the manufacturing of glass, soap and paper [U.P. R.O./A.R.O.
(Mains) 2016]
Baking Soda or • As neutralising agent (antacid)
Sodium Bi-carbonate • For making baking powder
(NaHCO3) • In fire extinguisher [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]
Borax or Sodium • In evaporite deposits produced by the repeated evaporation of
borate, sodium seasonal lakes
tetraborate, or • In the manufacturing of cosmetics to protect them from fungus
disodium tetraborate and moulds
(Na2B4O7•10H2O) • Is also an effective chemical for fighting off stubborn fungal
infections such as athlete’s foot
• For cleaning action
• As oxidiser that converts water into Hydrogen Peroxide
Dry acid or Sodium • To lower the pH of water in swimming pools.
Bisulphate • In metal finishing.
or Sodium acid • In chicken house to reduce the concentration of Salmonella.
sulfate or Bisulfate of • As bleaching agent.
soda or Sodium • As catalyst.
hydrosulfate • In manufacturing of paper products.
(NaHSO4) • In water treatment products.
• In paints.
• In agricultural chemicals.
• In velvet cloths.
Calcite or Chalk or • Flooring in form of marble
Calcium Carbonate • To make cement(lime (CaO))
(CaCO3) • For extraction of Iron
Bleaching Powder or • As bleaching agent in cotton industry and paper industry for
Calcium bleaching cotton and linen as well as wood pulp respectively
Hypochlorite • For disinfecting drinking water
(CaClO2) • For making chloroform (CHCl3)
• For making wool unshrinkable [U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2016]

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 18
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Plaster of Paris or • In hospital for setting fractured bone

Hemihydrate • For making toys, decoration material cheap ornament, chalk etc
Calcium sulphate, • For fire-proofing material
(CaSO4.1/2 H2O) • For making surface smooth. [U.P. Lower Sub. (Spl.) (Pre) 2004]
Gypsum or Calcium • As fertilizer
Sulphate Dihydrate • Treats aluminium toxicity in soil
(CaSO4. 2H2O) • In making dry walls
• In preparing different types of tofu [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2019]
Blue Vitrol or • In Fungicides
Copper Sulphate • In electroplating
Pentahydrate • In dyeing
(CuSO4.5H2O)
Muriate of Potash or • As substitute for patients who need a low intake of sodium salt
Sylvine or Potassium • In the manufacture of potash, an important fertilizer
Chloride (KCl) • In treatment of low blood pressure
• In the manufacture of soaps
Niter or Potassium • As a fertilizer for high-value crops that provides nitrogen and
Nitrate (KNO3) potassium [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2015]
• In rocket propellants, fireworks, and gunpowder due to its
oxidising nature
• In toothpaste, for anti-sensitivity action
• To preserve meat against microbial agents
Potash Alum or • As astringent (chemical that shrinks or constricts body tissues) and
Potassium antiseptic
Aluminium Sulphate • Reduces swollen mucous membranes
(KAl(SO4)2⋅12H2O) • As fire retardant to make cloths, wood, and paper materials less
flammable
• As dye fixative to form a permanent bond between dye and natural
textile fibers
• In water purifiers, to settle suspended particles at bottom
Epsum Salt or • In bath salts to relieve body aches, relax tender muscles
Magnesium Sulphate • In laxatives to cure constipation
(MgSO4) • As light weedicide
Ammonium nitrate • In photography for developing films
(NH4NO3)
Silver Iodide • Cloud seeing/Artificial Rain
Silver nitrate • In Fertilizers
(AgNO3) • In explosives
• Election Ink

PH OF EVERYDAY USE ITEMS

Substance pH Value
Battery acid 1.0
Limes 1.8-2.0
Lemon juice 2.2-2.4

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 19
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Fruit jellies 2.8-3.4

Vinegar 2.9
Apple juice 2.9-3.3
Strawberries 3.0-3.5
Orange juice 3.7
Mango 6.2
Banana 4.0
Tomatoes 4.0-4.5
Bear 4.5
Coffee 5.0
Tea 5.5
Carrot 6.3
Potatoes 5.0-6.0
Rainwater 5.6-6.0
Peas 5.8-6.4
Urine 6.0
Corn 6.0-6.5
Butter 6.1-6.4
Cow’s milk 6.4
Maple syrup 6.5-7.0
Honey 4.0-6.0
Sugar 7.0
Chocolate 5.0
Rice 6.0
Human saliva 6.5-7.5
Water 7.0
Human blood 7.3-7.5
Seawater 7.5-8.5
Egg whites 7.6-8.0
Baking soda 8.3
Borax 9.2
Milk of magnesia 10.5
Laundry ammonia 11.0
Shampoo 5.0-7.0

TYPES OF SOAPS
Type Explanation
Toilet Soaps These soaps use a higher quality of oils and fatty acids for better quality.
Sometimes perfumes and colours are also added
Medicated Soaps These soaps contain antiseptics to help kill germs and remove dirt and
dust as well
Floating Soaps These soaps, unlike normal soaps float on water. This is achieved by
whipping air into soap mixture before setting them in moulds.
Shaving Soaps These soaps contain glycerol to keep it from drying along with rosin to
help form the soap lather

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 20
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Transparent Made by hot process method. Usually added some form of alcohol to
Soaps make it transparent. Sugar syrup (sugar in distilled water) is an
alternative ingredient to replace alcohol but not as effective as alcohol.
Liquid Soap Making process is more complicated than soap bar. Usually made with
the hot process method. It becomes liquid form due to a different type
of lye (potassium hydroxide instead of sodium hydroxide) is use in the
making process and also due to more water is added.
Soap Chips These are pieces of soap that are left over in production. They can also
be made by scrapping small pieces of soap from a thin sheet.

TYPES OF DETERGENTS
Type Details Example Uses
Anionic There are sulphate salts of long Sodium alkyl sulphates They are used in
Detergents chains of hydrocarbons. Anion household work
active part is the cleansing mostly, like washing
agent. Preparation involves clothes, mopping
treating a long chain alcohol floors, toothpaste
with a concentrated sulphuric etc.
acid. Then it is neutralized by
Sodium hydroxide
Cationic These are ammonia salts, of Cetyltrimethylammonium In making hair
chlorides or acetates. They have bromide. conditioners
a long chained molecular
structure of hydrocarbons. And
active part of molecule is a
positive ion. i.e. cation.
Non-ionic They do not have any ions in D/2 Biological Solution, As grease remover,
their molecules, so they are NP40, Triton X-100, household cleaners
uncharged. Polyethene glycol is Orvus, or Tween20 and dish soap
reacted with stearic acid.

TYPES OF GLASSES
Type Details Uses
On basis of Composition
Anealed or Soda Produced by combining silica, • In making tube light, bottles,
or Soft Glass calcium carbonate and sodium useable domestic utensils
carbonate
Flint Glass Produced by combining sodium, lead • In making idols
silicates, and potassium • In making electric bulbs
• In making lenses of
telescopes, microscopes,
camera and prisms
Lead crystal Produced by combining silica and • In making various
glass cerium oxide ornamental items
Xena Glass Produced by combining zinc and • In making chemical
barium borosilicate containers and equipment for
the scientific purposes

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 21
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Crooks Glass Produced by combining cerium oxide • In making sunglasses

and silica [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2021]
Crown Glass Produced by combining silica, • In making eye glasses, lenses
potassium oxide, and barium oxide and other optical devices
Soda Lime Glass Produced by combining silica, • In making bottles, food jars,
sodium bicarbonate and lime simple drinking glasses and
sheet glass products.
Potash Glass Produced by combining silica, • In making glass container
potassium carbonate, and calcium and laboratory wares,
carbonate • In making glass utensils
which are heated up to very
high temperature.
Pyrex or Produced by combining barium • In laboratory and kitchen
Borosillicate silicate and sodium silicate wares
Glass • In thermometers
• In scientific lenses and hot
mirrors
Water Glass Produced by combining sodium • As a builder in laundry
(Soluble in carbonate and silica detergents,
water) • As a binder and adhesive,
• As a flocculant in water-
treatment plants
Photochromatic Produced by combining silver iodide • As light protector and eyes
Glass (Changes and silica reliever in eye lenses and
colour in sharp goggles
lights)
Photosensitive Produced by combining lithium and • In printing and reproducing
Glass silica processes
• In scientific photography
• In viewing screen for optical
devices
Fluorosilicate Produced by combining fluorine and • In semiconductor fabrication
Glass silica
Coloured Glass Produced by combining colouring • In making decorative items
agents and silica • In entertainment lighting
Crystal Glass Produced by combining silica and • In making tableware and
alkali oxides drinkware
On basis of Technique of Manufacture
Armoured Glass Manufactured by sandwiching • In making Bullet proof
polycarbonate material between two glasses for windows, cars etc.
layers of ordinary glass via
lamination process
Laminated Glass Manufactured by sandwiching • In making burglar resistance,
polyvinyl butyral (PVB) sound reduction, sloped
layer between two or more glass glazing, and space
layers enclosures.

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 22
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Toughened Glass Manufactured by heating annealed • In making automobile

glass uniformly and then cooling it windshields.
rapidly by blowing air uniformly • In making glass doors,
onto both surfaces at the same time windows, walls, etc.
• In cookware and laboratory
glassware.
Tempered Glass Manufactured by immersion in • In making glass doors, tub
molten potassium nitrate bath for a and shower enclosures
certain amount of time

Substance used for colouring the glass Colour of glasses

Cobalt Oxide Deep Blue [U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2017]
Sodium Chromate or Ferrous Oxide Green
Selenium Oxide Orange red
Ferric Salt or Sodium Uranate Fluorescent Yellow
Gold Chloride or Purple of Cassias Ruby red
Cuprous Oxide, Cadmium Sulphide Glitter red
Cupric salt Peacock Blue
Potassium dichromate Green and green yellow
Manganese dioxide Blue to light orange
Cuprous salt Red
Cadmium sulphide Yellow like lemon
Carbon Brownish black

RADIO ISOTOPES AND THEIR USES

Name Uses
Deutrium-2 • In making drugs and NMR spectroscopy
• In Nuclear reactors, Nuclear Power Plants and Nuclear weapons
Tritium - 3 • In biomedical research.
• In life science and drug metabolism research
• To ensure safety of potential new drugs for self-illuminating commercial
signs
• For luminous dials, gauges, and wrist watches
• In geological prospecting and hydrology.
Carbon-14 • In research for ensuring that potential new drugs are metabolised without
formation of harmful by-products.
• In Biological research and agriculture
• In archaeology for carbon dating
Sodium-24 • In leak detection in industrial pipe lines and oil well studies.
Phosphorus-32 • In molecular biology and genetics research.
Phosphorus-33 • In powering spacecrafts
Sulphur-35 • In genetics and molecular biology research.
Calcium-47 • In Biomedical researches for studying cellular functions and bone formation
in mammals
Chromium-51 • In studies of red blood cell survival.
Cobalt-57 • As a tracer to diagnose pernicious anaemia.

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 23
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Iron-55 • In detecting presence of sulphur in the air

• Analyses electroplating solutions
• In metabolic research.
Cobalt-60 • For sterilizing surgical instruments
• In improving safety and reliability of industrial fuel oil burners.
• In Cancer treatment, food irradiation, gauges, and radiography
Nickel-63 • In explosive detection, voltage regulators and current surge protectors
• In electron capture detectors in gas chromatographs.
Copper-67 • Aids monoclonal antibodies in binding to and destroying tumour cells in
cancer patient
Gallium-67 • Used to make medical diagnoses
Thoriated • In electric arc welding rods as they help in easier starting, improves arc
Tungsten -74 stability, and reduces metal contamination.
Selenium-75 • In life science research
• In protein studies.
Krypton-85 • In Indicator lights in appliances
• To determine thickness of thin plastics and sheet metal
• To measure dust and pollutant levels.
Strontium-85 • In research of bone formation and metabolism.
Strontium-90 • In survey metres
• In sensors
• In medical treatment
Technetium- • In nuclear medicine
99m • In diagnostic studies for imaging brain, bone, liver, kidney, spleen etc.
• In blood flow studies
Cadmium 109 • Analyzes metal alloys for stock control and scrap sorting.
Iodine-123 • To diagnose thyroid disorders and other metabolic disorders, like brain
functions.
Iodine-125 • To diagnose thyroid disorders
• In biomedical research.
Iodine-131 • To treat thyroid disoders
Xenon-133 • In nuclear medicine
• To study lung ventilation and blood flow.
Caesium-137 • To treat cancerous tumours
• To measure correct patient doses of radioactive pharmaceuticals
• To measure and control liquid flow in oil pipelines
• To tell researchers whether oil wells are plugged by sand
• To ensure the proper fill level for packages of food, drugs etc.
Promethium-147 • To measure thickness of thin plastics, thin sheet metal
• In electric blanket thermostats.
Iridium-192 • To test integrity of pipeline welds, boilers, and aircraft parts,
• In brachy therapy/tumour irradiation.
Thallium-201 • In nuclear medicine, it is used for nuclear cardiology and tumour detection.
Thallium-204 • In measuring dust and pollutant levels on filter paper
• In measuring thickness of plastics, sheet metal

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 24
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Polonium-210 •To measure thickness of thin plastics, thin sheet metal

•In electric blanket thermostats.
Radium-226 •Increases effectiveness of lightning rods
Thorium-229 •Extends life of fluorescent lights.
Thorium-230 •Provides colour and fluorescence in glazes and glassware.
Uranium-234 •To provide natural colour and brightness in dental fixtures
Uranium-235 •To make fluorescent glassware and wall tiles
•As fuel for nuclear power plants and naval nuclear propulsion systems.
Plutonium -238 •Reduces static charge in making of photographic film
Americium-241 •In smoke detectors
Curium-244 •In mining, to analyse material excavated from pits and slurries from drilling
operations.
Californium-252 • To inspect airline luggage for hidden explosives
• To determine moisture content of soil moisture of materials stored in soils
[U.P. Lower Sub. (Spl) (Pre) 2003, U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2003, U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2002,
U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2001] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2012, U.P.P.C.S. (Pre)
2016] [U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Spl (Pre) 2010, U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2013] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2003]

THINGS USED IN DAILY LIFE

Common name Chemical Composition
Limestone Calcium Oxide
Baking powder Sodium Bicarbonate
Soap Esters
Detergent Sodium Sulphate, Sodium Hydroxide, Phosphate Compounds
Fabric Conditioner Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, Benzyl Acetate, A-Terpineol
Dish wash soap Triclosan, Sodium Borate, Phthalates, Phosphates, Glycol Ether,
Formaldehyde, Ethanolamine, Ammonia
Toothpaste Calcium Carbonate, Sodium Fluoride
Nail polish remover Acetone Or Ethyl Acetate
Perfume Phthalates, Benzene, Benzyl Alcohol, Limonene, Acetone, Ethanol
Room Freshener Formaldehyde, Butylated Hydroxytoluene(Bht)
Shoe Polish Naptha, Lanolin, Turpentine, Wax, Ethylene Glycol
Agarbatti Smoke Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, Aldehydes, Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons(Pahs)
Cigarette Lighter Butane
Non-stick Cookware Polytetraflouroethylene(PFTE)
Salt Sodium Chloride
Vinegar Acetic Acid, Ethanoic Acid
Graphite Carbon [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]
Alcohol Ethanol
Bleaching Powder Calcium Hypochlorite
Sugar Sucrose [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2020]
Aspirin Acetyl Salicylic Acid
Mouthwash Hydrogen Peroxide,
Caustic soda Sodium Hydroxide [U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2002]

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 25
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Moth balls 1,4-Dichlorobenzene

Chalk Calcium Carbonate
Insect repellent (skin) Diethyltoluamide
Hand sanitizer Isopropyl Alcohol
Rat poison Arsenic
Toilet cleaner Hydrochloric Acid
Whitener Sodium Hypochlorite
Antiperspirant Aluminium Chlorohydrate
Diamond Carbon [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2010, U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2010]
Epsom salt Magnesium Sulphate
MSG Monosodium Glutamate
Marble Calcium Carbonate
[ U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2010, U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2010]
Sand Silicon Dioxide
Drycleaning Clothes Perchloroethylene(PERC)
Artificial Sweeteners Aspartame, Sodium Saccharin, Alitame [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2019]
Antioxidants Butylated Hydroxyl Tolerance(Bht), Butylated Hydroxyl Anisole(Bha)
Emulsifier Benzyl Alcohol, Salicylic Acid
Glimmer and Shiners Mica, Bismuth Oxychloride
Preservatives Sodium Benzoate, Sodium Meta Bisulphate [U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Spl.)
(Mains) 2010] [U.P.P.S.C. (R.I.) 2014]
[U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2013]
Fullerene Fullerene is an allotrope of carbon. Buckminsterfullerene is the cage-like
molecule of fullerene which is composed of 60 carbon atoms (C60) joined
together by a single and double bond and to form a hollow sphere with 12
pentagonal and 20 hexagonal faces - a design that resembles a Soccer ball.
The C60 molecule was named after the American Architect Fuller. [U.P.
P.C.S. (Mains) 2010, 2017]
Dry Ice Solid Carbon Dioxide [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2001, 2003, U.P. Lower Sub.
(Pre) 2003, U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2002, U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2001]
Teflon Polymer containing fluorine. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2006]

NATURALLY OCCURRING ACIDS AND THEIR SOURCES

Acid Natural Sources
Citric Acid Lemons, Oranges, Tomatoes
Acetic acid Vinegar, Bananas, Figs, Pickle. [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2021]
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2009]
Malic acid Apples, Pears, Tomatoes [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2003]
Tartaric acid Tamarind, Grapes. [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl.) (Mains) 2008]
Lactic acid Milk, Curd. [U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2016]
Ascorbic acid Tomatoes, Lemon. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
Formic Acid Red Ant. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
Aspartic Acids Blueberries, Strawberries
Caprylic Acid Palm oil, Coconut Oil
Tannic Acid Tea
Butyric Acid Butter. [U.P. Lower Sub. (Mains) 2013]

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 26
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Palmitic Acid Palm oil

Oleic Acid Olive oil
Stearic Acid Mustard Oil
Folic Acid Spinach, Lettuce
Oxalic Acid Wheat, Tomatoes; In photography; [U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2003]
Isocitric Acid Blackberries, Youngberries, Carrots
Fumaric Acid Beans, Carrots
Succinic Acid Currants, Blueberriers
Lactarimic Acid Mushrooms
Phosphoric Acid Potatoes
Pyroglutamic Acid Potatoes
Linolenic Acid Fish
Methanoic Acid Ants, Nettles
Uric Acid Urea
Hydrochloric acid Acid present in gastric juice. [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2021]
Carbonic Acid Cold Drinks and soda water. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2003]

ACID BASE INDICATORS

Indicator Acid Base
Natural Indicators
Litmus Paper/ Solution Turns Red Turns Blue
(extracted from Lichens)
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]
Turmeric Remains Yellow Turns Red
China Rose Petals (Gudhal) Turns Dark Pink Turns Green
Red Cabbage Remains Red Turns Green
Synthetic Indicators
Phenolphthalein Remains Colourless Turns Magenta
Thymolphtalein Remains Colourless Turns Blue
Methyl Orange Turns Red Turns Yellow
Methyl Red Turns Yellow Remains Red
Phenol Red Turns Yellow Remains Red
Thymol Blue (1st change) Turns Red Turns Yellow
Thymol Blue (2nd change) Turns Yellow Remains Blue
Bromocresol Blue Turns Yellow Remains Blue
Bromocresol Green Turns Yellow Turns Blue
Olfactory Indicators
(Indication by Smell)
Vanilla extract Smell remains intact Smell cant be detected
Onion extract Smell remains intact Smell cant be detected

IMPORTANT ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Compound Facts Uses
Methane • Colourless, odourless gas • In making motor tyres and
• Main constituent of Natural printing ink
gas • In production of light and energy

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 27
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

• Simplest member of Paraffin •

In making methyl alcohol,
series of Hydrocarbon formaldehyde and chloroform
[U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2016] etc.
Butane • Highly flammable, colourless • In LPG fuel.
and easily liquefiable gas • In cigarette lighters
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
Ethylene • Colourless, flammable gas • In fruit ripening and fruits
• Faint ‘musky and sweet’ odour preservation,
• Simplest Alkene • In anaesthesia
• In oxy-ethylene flame.
Acetylene • Simplest Alkyne • In producing light, oxy-ethylene
• Colourless gas flame,
• It is unstable in its pure form • In form of Marcelin anaesthesia
• In making neoprene (artificial
rubber)
• In artificial ripening
Polythene or • Less hard, more ductile • For producing electrical
Polyethylene • Partially Crystalline resistance in wires and cables,
• Feels waxy when touched • In making layers in cap of the
[U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2020] bottle
• In making of non-crackable
bottles, pipes, buckets etc.
Polystyrene • Liquid polymer made from • In production of caps of acid
styrene bottles
• Clear hard and brittle • In making body of the
• Poor barrier to water and accumulator cells etc.
oxygen
Ethyl bromide • Volatile compound with ether • As refrigerant
like odour • As fumigant and solvent.
Chloroform • Colourless volatile liquid • As anaesthesia
• Strong smelling and dense • As solvent of rubber, fat, lac etc.
liquid • As insecticide
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2002]
Methyl alcohol • Colourless liquid with strong • In making methylated spirit,
odour artificial colour, varnish
• Light and flammable in nature • Mixing with petrol and utilised as
• Highly toxic in nature and can a fuel of engines etc.
be absorbed by eyes, skin and Methyl alcohol (CH3OH) is also
lungs called wood spirit. It is obtained by the
destructive distillation of wood.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 28
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Ethyl alcohol • Colourless, Wine like odour • For making wine and other
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) liquid alcoholic drinking stuff
2010] • Flammable and volatile in • For making tincture, varnish and
nature polish, as solvents
• Has a pungent taste • In making methylated spirit
• In making artificial colours and
scent of fruits,
• In spirit lamps and stoves, in the
form of fuel
• In cleaning the wound
• As insecticide etc.
Glycerol or • Colourless, odourless liquid • For making nitro-glycerine
Glycerine • Viscous, sweet-tasting and • In cleaning components of
non-toxic in nature watches
• Simple triol compound • In ink of stamp, shoes polish,
transparent soaps and cosmetics
• In pain relieving medicines
• In sweets, wine and fruits
preservation etc.
Formaldehyde • Pungent colourless gas • In making insecticides
• Stored in aqueous solution as it • In fixation of gelatine film on the
polymerizes into photographic plates
paraformaldehyde • In making waterproof cloths
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]
Acetaldehyde • Clear liquid with strong and • In making colour medicines
fruity odour • In meta-acetaldehyde medicine
• Flammable in nature • In the production of plastics.
Acetone • Colourless, highly volatile and • In making varnish, nail polish
flammable liquid remover, cordite, clodian
• Have a characteristic pungent cellulose, artificial silk, synthetic
odour rubber, sulphone, chloretone,
• Simplest and smallest ketone chloroform, iodoform
• As medicines
[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2013]
Formic acid • Colourless liquid with pungent • In making insecticide
order • In preservation of fruits juices
• Simplest Carboxylic acid • In trade of leather, rubber
Acetic acid • Colorless, corrosive, volatile • As laboratory’s reagent
liquid • As vinegar
• • In making sauces and jelly
Acetyl chloride • Flammable and corrosive in • In making acetamide, acetic
nature anhydride
Acetic anhydride • Simplest isolable anhydride of • In colour industry
a carboxylic acid • In making medicines like aspirin
• In making artificial or synthetic
silk from cellulose

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 29
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Acetamide • Colourless crystals with • In softening leather, cloth

mousy odour • In misting pulp and paper.
• Toxic in nature
Ethyl acetate • Colourless liquid with sweet • In making medicines
smell • In artificial perfumes
Urea • Colourless, odorless solid • As fertilizer
• Highly soluble in water, and • In making formaldehyde and urea
practically non-toxic plastic
• In making medicines
Oxalic acid • White crystalline solid • In colouration and printing cloths
• Forms colourless solution with • In making colour of ink and coal
water tar
• In bleaching of leather
• In cleaning ink spots
Glucose • Main sugar found in blood • In making different types of wine
• Most abundant • In sweets and preservation of
monosaccharide fruits juices
• In medicines like gluconate etc.
Benzene • Colorless or light-yellow • In dry cleaning, as solvent
liquid • As fuel of engines
• Have a sweet smell and is • Benzene hexachloride is used as
highly flammable Insecticide [U.P.P.C.S.
(Mains) 2013]
Toluene • Colorless, water-insoluble • In dry cleaning, as solvent
liquid • In production of medicines
• Smells like benzene • In making of explosives etc.
Chlorobenzene • Colourless, flammable liquid • In manufacturing of aniline,
• Gives aromatic almond like phenol etc.
odour
Nitro benzene • Oily yellow liquid with • In production of soaps
(Oil of almond like odour • As mirbane oil
Mirabane) • In making polishes
Aniline • Yellow brownish oily liquid • In trade of colours
(Aminobenzene) • Gives off musty odour • In manufacturing of drugs
• Simplest aromatic amine
Phenol • White crystalline solid • In production of carbolic soap
(Carbolic Acid) • Volatile in nature • As insecticides
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]
Benzaldehyde • Colourless to yellow liquid • In colour industry
with bitter almond like odour • In the manufacturing of perfumes
Benzoic acid • White crystalline solid • In the making drugs
• Slightly soluble in water • In preservation of fruits juices
• Corrosive, irritant and toxic in etc.
nature

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 30
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Benzene • Light brown deliquescent • In the production of saccharin

Sulphonic acid liquid or white deliquescent • In the production of solute colour
sheet crystals or white waxy • In making sulpha drugs
solid
• Water and ethanol soluble
Ether • Colourless and sweet-smelling • As anaesthesia, solvent, coolant,
liquid • In the production of alcohol
• Flammable and volatile in
nature
Carbon- • Colourless liquid • In the form of a fire extinguisher.
tetrachloride • Insoluble in water [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
• Acute toxic in nature
Methyl isocynate • Colourless liquid • In making rubber and glues
• Flammable and toxic in nature • In making insecticides
• Main cause of Bhopal Gas
Tragedy of 1984
Urotropin • White crystalline compound • In the treatment of urological
(Hexamine) • Highly water soluble diseases.
Gammexene • Gamma isomer of • In the form of germicide/
(Lindane or hexachlorocyclohexane insecticide
Benzene • Colourless solid with slight • In treatment of Lice and scabies
hexachloride) musty odour
Dichloromethan • Colorless and volatile in nature • To remove paint
e • Gives a sweet smell • To decaffeinate tea and coffee
• Insoluble in water • As spray propellant

CATALYST AND THEIR USES

Catalyst Process
Inorganic Catalysts
Iron • Preparing Ammonia by Haber’s method
• Preparing hydrocarbons by Fischer-Tropsch method
Nitrogen Oxide • Preparing Sulphuric Acid by Lead Chamber’s process
Vanadium oxide on silica • Preparing Sulphuric Acid
Nickel • Preparing Synthesis gas (Carbon monoxide)
• Hydrogenation of numerous functional groups
Palladium • Combines Hydrogen and Oxygen molecules to form Water
Platinum • Changes Carbon monoxide into Carbon dioxide
Platinum + Rhenium on • Reforming of Naphtha
Alumina
Platinum and Rhodium • Preparing Nitric Acid
Asbestos • Preparing Nitric Acid by Ostwald’s process
Zeolite • Catalyst cracking of gas oil
• Disproportionation of methylbenzene
• Dealkylation of methylbenzene

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 31
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

• Making cumene
Silver on Alumina • Making epoxyethane
Sulphuric Acid • Preparing Ethane-1,2-diol
• Preparing Phenol and Propane
• Preparing Bisphenol A
Aluminium Chloride • Isomerization of n-butane to isobutene
Cupric Chloride • Preparing chlorine by Deacon’s process
Hot alumina • Preparing ether from alcohol
Potassium Permanganate • Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide into Water and
Oxygen
Organic Catalysts
Proline • Aldol Condensation
Diastase • Breaks Starch down into Maltose for digestion in stomach
Lactase • Breaks down the Lactose in Small intestine
DNA Polymerase • Catalyses DNA synthesis every time a cell divides
Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP) • Breaks down Proteins in Liver, Bones etc.

IMPORTANT INNOVATIONS IN CHEMISTRY

Chemist Contributions Uses

Robert Boyle Boyle’s Law • Describes behaviour of gases, especially relation
between pressure and volume
George Brandt Cobalt • To make superalloys that are corrosion and wear
resistant and stable at high temperatures
• In lithium ion batteries
• As oxidation catalyst
• Preparing blue coloured glass
• Cobalt-60 is used as a gamma ray source
• Cobalt-57 is used in nuclear medicine
Joseph Black Isolated Carbon • As propellant and acidity regulator in food
dioxide industry
• In pneumatic systems in portable pressure tools
• In fire extinguishers
• In oxygen cylinders to maintain O2/CO2 balance
in blood
• In refrigerants
Latent heat concept • Explains thermodynamics of phase changes
Henry Cavendish Hydrogen • In Hydrogenolysis-cleavage of bonds to carbon
• As coolant in power generators
• To saturate broken bonds of amorphous silicon
and carbon for semiconductors
• As shielding das in wielding
• Liquid Hydrogen in cryogenic research
• In Buoyant lifting
• In nuclear reactions

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 32
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Joseph Priestly Isolated Oxygen • As sterilizing agent to kill anaerobic bacteria

and Carl Wilhelm • Extraction of Iron from its oxides
Scheele • In welding torches
• In liquid form, as rocket fuel
• Degrade hydrocarbon compounds
• In water purification plants
Jacques Charles Charles's law • Describes relation of temperature and volume of
gas
Joseph Proust Law of definite • Elements always combine in small, whole
proportions, number ratios to form compounds
John Dalton Dalton's law • Describes relationship of components in mixture
of gases and relative pressure each contributes to
overall mixture
Law of multiple • States that if 2 elements form more than 1
proportions compound, then ratios of masses of 2nd element
which combine with fixed mass of 1st element
will always be ratios of small whole numbers
Antoine Lavoisier Composition of water
(Father of Discovered oxygen’s
Chemistry role in combustion
Amedeo Avogadro's law • States that (22.4 litres) equal volumes of gases
Avogadro under constant temperature and pressure contain
equal number of molecules(6.023*1023)
Jacob Berzelius Discovered selenium • To make pigments for ceramics, paint and plastics
• Photovoltaic action(converts light to electricity)
• Photoconductive action(electrical resistance
decreases with increased illumination)
Discovered thorium • In radiometric dating
• In making lenses for cameras and scientific
instruments
Discovered Cataclysm • Speeds up or Slow down a reaction
• Redirects a reaction to form desired resultants
August Beer Beer’s Law • Relationship between composition of a mixture
and amount of light it will absorb
Benjamin Discovered the • Entire modern petrochemical industry is possible
Silliman, Jr. methods of Petroleum because of this
cracking
Cato M. Law of mass action • Describes that rate of chemical reaction is
Guldberg and directly proportional to product of
Peter Waage, the activities or concentrations of reactants
Henry Louis Le Le Chatelier's • Explains the response of dynamic chemical
Chatelier principle, equilibria to external stresses
William Ramsay Discovered Noble
Gases
JJ Thompson Discovered Electron
Ernest Discovered
Rutherford Radioactivity

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 33
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Discovered Proton Proton radiation therapy for treatment of tumors

Discovered Radon • In cancer therapy
Carl Andreson Discovered Positron
Yukawa Hideki Discovered Meson
SPL Sørensen Concept of pH scale • Refers to how acidic or basic a liquid is
Wilhelm Ostwald Dilution Law • States that “degree of dissociation of weak
electrolyte is inversely proportional to squareroot
of molar concentration or directly proportional to
squareroot of volume holding 1 mole of solute for
weak electrolyte.”
Niels Bohr Bohr model of the • Showed that electrons exist only in strictly
atom defined orbitals
Erwin Schrödinger equation • Provides a mathematical basis for the wave model
Schrödinger of atomic structure
James Chadwick Discovered Neutron
Hennig Brand Discovered • In fertilizers
Phosphorus • In rust removers and corrosion preventors
• In dishwater tablets
Robert Bunsen Discovered Caesium • To make special optical glass
• As a catalyst promoter
• In vacuum tubes
• In radiation monitoring equipment
Marie Curie Discovered Radium • In self-luminous paints for watches
• In nuclear panels, aircraft switches and
instrument dials
Discovered Polonium • In antistatic devices and for research purposes
• As alpha-particle source
Michael Faraday Discovered Benzene • To make plastics, resins
• To make synthetic fibers, rubber lubricants,
• To make dyes, detergents, drugs and pesticides
Martin Klaproth Discovered Uranium • Uranium – 235 - as fuel for nuclear power plants
and reactors that run naval ships and submarines
• Also used in Nuclear weapons
Discovered Zirconium • To make crucibles that withstand heat-shock
• To make furnace linings, foundry bricks and
abrasives
• In glass and ceramics industries
Discovered Cerium • As a pigment
• In flat-screen TVs, low-energy light bulbs and
floodlights
Linus Pauling Formulated valence
(Maverick giant bond theory
of chemistry) Founded fields of
quantum chemistry,
molecular biology, and
molecular genetics

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 34
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

CV Raman Raman Effect • Describes change in wavelength of light that

[U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) occurs when light beam is deflected by molecules
2003, U.P. • In 1930, C.V. Raman was the first non-white,
U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) Asian and Indian to receive the Nobel Prize in
2002, U.P P.C.S. (Pre) Physics for the work on scattering of light and
1990, U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) discovery of Raman Effect. Every year 28th
1993] February is celebrated as National Science Day. It
is because on the same day in 1928 he discovered
'Raman Effect.
Glenn Seaborg Discovered Plutonium • Plutonium-238 is useful as heat source for
sensitive electrical components in satellites
• As a power source for satellites
Gilbert N. Lewis Discovered Covalency • Covalent bond is mutual sharing of one or more
of bonds pairs of electrons between two atoms
Theory of Lewis acid • Lewis acid is a substance that can accept a pair of
and bases electrons to form a new bond
• Lewis base is a substance that can donate a pair of
electrons to form a new bond
Octet rule • Describes that main-group elements tend to bond
so that each atom has eight electrons
Axel Fredrik Nickel • To make coins
Cronstedt • In making wires
• In gas turbines and rocket engines
• In alloys for making armours, plating and nails
Claude François Discovered Bismuth • In treatment of stomach ulcers
Geoffroy • In atomic fire alarms and sprinkler systems,
• In solders and other alloys
• In pigments for cosmetics, glass and ceramics
Daniel Rutherford Discovered Nitrogen • To make fertilisers and nitric acid,
• In nylon and dyes
• In explosives.
Carl Wilhelm Discovered Chlorine • As bleach in making paper and cloth,
Scheele • To make pesticides rubber and solvents
• In drinking water and swimming pool water to kill
harmful bacteria
Discovered • To produce some very important alloys
Manganese • To deoxidize and desulfurize steel
• In dry cell batteries
• As black-brown pigment in paint
Discovered • To make alloys as it increases strength and
Molybdenum reduces wear and tear
• As a catalyst
• In lubricants and pigments
• In fertilizers
Discovered Tungsten • As electrodes, heating elements and field emitters
• As filaments in light bulbs and cathode ray tubes

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 35
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

W. Gregor Discovered Titanium • In joint replacements (especially hip joints) and

tooth implants
• In paints and aircrafts
N. Vauquelin Discovered Chromium • To make alloys like stainless steel
• To give glass a shiny green colour
• As catalyst in dyeing and tanning of leather
• To make moulds for firing of bricks
W. H. Wollaston Discovered Palladium • In fuel cells
• In catalytic reactions, like hydrogenation of
unsaturated hydrocarbons
• In jewellery crowns and dental fillings
Humphry Davy Discovered Potassium • In fertilizers
• As Potassium Carbonate in making glass
• As Potassium hydroxide to make detergent and
liquid soap.
• As Potassium chloride in pharmaceuticals and
saline drips
Discovered Sodium • As heat exchanger in nuclear reactors
• As reagent in the chemicals industry
• As salt in food and de-ice roads in winter
Discovered Calcium • In treatment and prevention of low calcium levels,
muscle cramps, osteoporosis, softening of the
bones, and PMS
• In paper industry as bleaches
• As components in cement and electrical insulators
• In making of soaps and detergents

Discovered • In alloys as it increases hardness and tensile

Magnesium strength
• In car seats and luggage
• In laptops, cameras and power tools
Discovered Silicon • To make alloys like aluminium-silicon and ferro-
silicon etc.
• To make silicones
• To deoxidize steel
• To make dynamo and transformer plates
• To make engine blocks, cylinder heads and
machine tools
Discovered • In making cans, foils, kitchen utensils,
Aluminium • In making window frames, beer kegs
• In making aeroplane parts
Bernad Courtois Discovered Iodine • In pharmaceuticals and disinfectants
• In printing inks and dyes
• As catalysts
• In animal feed and photographic chemicals.
• To make polarising filters for LCD displays

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 36
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

John August Discovered Lithium • In rechargeable batteries for mobile phones,

Arfwedson laptops, digital cameras and electric vehicles
• In heat-resistant glass and ceramics
• In lubricants, flux additives for iron
• In steel and aluminium production
Joseph Norman Discovered Helium • As cooling medium for Large Hadron Collider
Lockyer (LHC)and satellite instruments
• In superconducting magnets in MRI scanners and
NMR spectrometer
• For welding metals such as aluminum
• As buoyant gas for lifting instrument-carrying
balloons

IMPORTANT RESEARCH INSTITUTES IN INDIA

Name of Institute Head Quarter

Indian Agriculture Research Institute New Delhi
Central Rice Research Institute Cuttack
Central Sugarcane Research Institute Coimbatore
Central Potato Research Institute Shimla
Central Tobacco Research Institute Rajamundry
Central Road Research Institute New Delhi
National sugar Research Institute Kanpur
Indian Lac Research Institute Ranchi
National Dairy Research Institute Karnal
Central Fuel Research Institute Dhanbad
Central Mining Research Institute Dhanbad
Central Drug Research Institute [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2017] Lucknow
Indian Meteorological Observatory Pune & Delhi
Raman Research Institute Bangalore
Central Scientific Industrial Organisation Chandigarh
Archeological Survey of India Kolkata
Central Jute Technological Research Institute Kolkata
Central Coconut Research Institute Kasergod, Kerala
Textile Research Institute Ahmadabad
All Indian Institute of Medical Science New Delhi
National Aeronautical Laboratory Bangalore
National Institute of Oceanography Panaji
National Geophysics Research Institute Hyderabad
Indian Institute of Petroleum Dehradun
Central Building Research Institute Roorkee
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai
High Altitude Research Laboratory Gulmarg
National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow
Central Food Technological Research Institute Mysore
Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nagpur

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 37
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Central Electro–Chemical Research Institute Karaikudi (Tamil Nadu)

Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata
Industrial Toxicology Research Centre Lucknow
Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Durgapur
Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Hyderabad
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre [U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A (Spl) Thiruvananthapuram
(Mains) 2010][U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004]
Uranium Corporation of India Jadugoda

Research Institutes Place/Location

Central Forest Research Institute Dehradun (Uttarakhand)
Haffkine Institute Mumbai
Indian Cancer Research Institute Mumbai
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai
Cattle breeding Institute Hissar (Haryana)
National Dairy Research Institute Karnal (Haryana)
National Tuberculosis Institute Bengaluru
Raman Research centre Bengaluru
National Aeronautical Laboratory Bengaluru
Vallabhai Patel Chest Institute Delhi
National Institute of Communicable Diseases Delhi
Central Road Research Institute New Delhi
Indian Meteorological Observatory Pune and Delhi
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) New Delhi
All India Malaria Research Institute New Delhi
Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi
Central Coconut Research Institute Kerala
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nagpur
Central Fuel Research Institute Dhanbad
Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology Hyderabad
National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow
Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow
Industrial Toxicology Research Institute Lucknow
Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow
Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izzatnagar (Bareiliy, UP) [U.P. P.C.S.
(Pre) 2016]
Textile Research Institute Ahmedabad
National Institution of Occupation Health Ahmedabad
Central Potato Research Institute Shimla
Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Durgapur
Central Leprosy Training and Research Institute Chingelpet
King Institute of Preventive Medicine Guindy (Chennai)
Central Sugarcane Research Institute Coimbatore

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 38
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Central Leather Research Institute Chennai

Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute Karaikudi
Central Food Technological Research Institute Mysore (Karnataka)
Central Institute of Virology Pune (Maharashtra)
Indian Lac Research Institute Ranchi (Jharkhand)
PGI Medical Education and Research Chandigarh
Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata
Central Jute Technological Research Institute Kolkata
Archaeological Survey of India Kolkata
School of Tropical Medicine Kolkata
All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health Kolkata
Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata
National Geophysics Research Institute Hyderabad
National Institute of Nutrition Hyderabad
National Geophysics Research Institute Hyderabad
High Altitude Research Laboratory Gulmarg
Central Mining Research Institute Dhanbad
Central Building Research Institute Roorkee
Central Scientific Instruments Organization Chandigarh
Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute Bhavnagar
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004]
Central Rice Research Institute Cuttack
National Institute of Oceanography Panaji
National Sugar Research Institute Kanpur
National Sugar Research Institute Kanpur
India Rare Earths Limited Alwaye (Kerala)
Atomic Energy Commission (ABC) Mumbai
Electronics Corporation of India Hyderabad
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Trombay
Radio Astronomy Centre Ootacamund
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata
College of Satellite Communication Technology Ahmedabad
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre Thiruvanandapuram
Indian Scientific Satellite Project Bengaluru
Thumba Equatorial Launching Station Thumba, Kerala [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2004]
Space Commission Bengaluru
Space Application Centre Ahmedabad [U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A (Spl)
(Mains) 2010]
Nuclear Fuel Complex Hyderabad
Nuclear Power Complex Mumbai

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 39
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

Centre of Earth Science Studies Trivendrum

Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad

TYPES OF DISEASES
List of Diseases caused by Virus, Bacteria, Protozoa and Worm
1. Disease caused by Viruses:
Chicken pox It is caused by Varicella - zoster virus.
Small Pox It is caused by Variola virus.
Common Cold It is caused by Rhinovirus.
AIDS (Acquired It is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
Immunono Deficiency
Syndrome)
Measles It is caused by Measles virus.
Mumps It is caused by Mumps virus.
Rabies It is caused by Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae family).
Dengue fever It is caused by Dengue virus
Viral encephalitis It is an inflammation of the brain. It is caused by rabies virus,
Herpessimplex, polio virus, measles virus, and JC virus.

2. Disease caused by Bacteria:

Whooping Cough It is caused by a bacterium called Borde tella pertussis.
Diphtheria It is caused by Coryne bacterium diphtheriae.
Cholera It is caused by Vibrio cholerae.
Leprosy It is caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
Pneumonia It is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Tetanus It is caused by Clostridium tetani.
Typhoid It is caused by Salmonella typhi.
Tuberculosis It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Plague It is caused by Yersinia pestis

3. Disease caused by Protozoans:

Malaria It is spread by Anopheles mosquitoes. The Plasmodium parasite that
causes malaria is neither a virus nor a bacteria it is a single celled
parasite that multiplies in red blood cells of humans.
Amoebic dysentery It is caused by Entamoebahistolytica.
Sleeping sickness It is caused by Trypanosomabrucei.
Kala azar It is caused by Leishmaniadonovani.

4. Disease caused by Worms:

Tapeworn They are intestinal parasites. It cannot live on its own. It survives
within the intestine of an animal including human.
Filariasis It is caused by thread like filarial nematode worms. Most cases of
filaria are caused by the parasite known as Wuchereriabancrofti.
Pinworm It is caused by small, thin, white roundworm called
Enterobiusvermicularis.

5. Vitamins and Mineral Deficiency Diseases:

Anaemia It is caused due to deficiency of mineral Iron.
9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 40
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6
Ariboflavinosis It is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin B2.
BeriBeri. It is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin B
Goitre It is caused due to deficiency of Iodine.
Impaired clotting of It is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin K.
the blood
Kwashiorkor It is caused due to deficiency of Protein.
Night Blindness It is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin A.
Osteoporosis It is caused due to deficiency of mineral Calcium.
Rickets It is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin D.
Scurvy It is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin C.

COMMON HUMAN DISEASES AND AFFECTED BODY PART

Disease Affected Body Part
AIDS Immune system of the body
Arthritis Joints
Asthma Bronchial muscles
Bronchitis Lungs
Carditis Heart
Cataract Eye
Cystitis Bladder
Colitis Intestine
Conjunctivitis Eye
Dermatitis Skin
Diabetes Pancreas and blood
Diphtheria Throat
Eczema Skin
Goitre Thyroid gland
Glossitis Tongue
Glaucoma Eye
Gastritis Stomach
Hepatitis Liver
Jaundice Liver
Malaria Spleen
Meningitis Brain and spinal cord
Myelitis Spinal cord
Neuritis Nerves
Otitis Ear
Osteomyelitis Bones
Paralysis Nerves and limb
Pyorrhoea Teeth
Peritonitis Abdomen
Pneumonia Lungs
Rhinitis Nose
Rheumatism Joints
Tuberculosis Lungs
Tonsillitis Tonsils
Trachoma Eye
9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 41
 Science Listing
Notes Code 3.6

9267930470| www.sunyaias.com | Join Telegram Channel – https://t.me/sunyapcs

Page. 42