#Academic/PLP

PLP 340

Disease of
Field Crops

Sheets
 Ufra: Nematode dis eane

observet in deop cotar e seanen in

jesson nugim

Befor amngese, sf paniley patehs of

orn dis cslore. ation sf oames
of leanes ko happon.

Hhor ufra

panile

Pucea
it duveloy ed.

Ufra a:
1: Panica fail, to emngt .
Ufo[Link] famie mngtpantay
Panicle

the

Most fhe namatode

gran in 28- 3o,

25-3o
dsvelap
Covered smut of Barely Symptoms

1. Infected plants appear normal until heading.

2. Smutted heads emerge at the same time or slightly later than healthy ones. In some cases
they may be "trapped" by the flag leaf sheath. Infected heads are readily visible in the field.

3. Kernels are replaced by black smut sori, which are covered by a gray membrane. The
membrane usually remains intact until harvest or threshing.

4. Awns and sometimes floral bracts also remain intact. Masses of teliospores may b visible in
harvested grain if disease incidence is greater than a few percent.
 Karnal rot
Kernel mould/rot

Leaf blight

Cause: Bipolaris turcicum

Symptoms:

1. Symptoms may be seen on all parts of the plant but

most conspicuous lesions are found on the leaves.

2. The infection begins as small yellowish, round or elliptical spots on the leaves. They extend
along the leaf and may reach five inches or more in length and one or more inches in width.

3. The edges of the lesions are usually well defined and the infected areas become tan or brown.
The affected tissues become thin and semi-transparent.

4. As the infection progresses the fungus sporulates profusely in the centre of the lesions giving
them a brownish-black dusty appearance.

5. The infected leaves gradually dry up and assume a burnt out appearance. Severe infection causes
premature death of the leaves and consequent yield reduction resulting from incompletely filled
grains. /
Ear and kernel rots:

Cause: The two principal ear and kernel rot are caused by Diplodia maydis and Fusarium moniliforme.

Symptoms:

1. The disease may cause serious losses under warm, wet conditions at harvest time.

2. Severe infection not only reduces yield but also lowers the quality and grade of

the grains. In addition to these losses the infected kernels make poor feed and are

worthless as seed.

3. Fusarium typically causes a pink or reddish rot of the ear, while ears infected with Dipiodia appear
white to grayish brown.

Common smut

This is an example of a local infection type of smut disease.

Cause: Ustilago maydis

Symptoms

1. The disease occurs as galls of variable size and shape on any aerial parts of the plant.

2. They may appear along the midrib of a leaf, at the base of a leaf in the axil, on the stalk or in the tassels
or ears. Most commonly the ear is affected.

3. The most important symptom of the disease is the formation of characteristic galls.

4. At first, these galls remain covered by a glistening, white membrane of the host tissue and the central part
of which contains mycelium of the fungus. At the initial stage the galls are light coloured and at maturity
huge mass of black chlamydospores are formed inside.

5. The covering membrane becomes dry, breaks and the spores are disseminated. These spores will initiate
more disease during the year or overwinter and infect young malze plants next year.
Virus diseases
There are two major virus disease of maize: maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV)
and maize chlorotic dwarf virus (MCDV). These two diseases can cause serious
yield reductions.
The tvo viruses are transmitted from infected Johnson grass to maize by insects.
The MDMV is transmitted by aphids (Aphis maydis) and MCDV is transmitted
by leaf hoppers (Graminella nigrifrons).

Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV)

1. Symptoms of MDMV first appear in the youngest leaves as an irregular, light
and dark green mottle or mosaic which may develop into narrow streaks along
veins that appear as dark green "islands" on a lighter green background.
2. Plants with these symptoms are sometimes stunted with excessive tillering,
multiple ear shoots and poor seed set.
4. Symptoms can appear in the field within 30 days after seedling emergence.
3. Early infection may predispose corn to root and stalk rots and premature death.

Maize chlorotic dwarf virus (MCDV)

1. Maize chlorotic dwarf virus (MCDV) causes more severe stunting than does
2. Infected leaves become yellow, but no mosaic pattern develops. Such leaves
usually develop a deep reddish discoloration later in the season.
3. The internodes of the infected plants fail to elongate, resulting in very stunted
plants.
4. Quite often infection occurs late in the season.
5. Thus the lower portion of the plant develops normally with the upper portion
being red and stunted.
6. Infection can result in severe reduction in ear size if susceptible varieties are
grown and infection occurs early enough in the development of the plant.
Symptoms
The disease appear at all the stages of plant growth
• In moist condition, the spots are enlarged, occurred damping-off, and
• Blackish, thin, streaks appear on hypocotyls and cotyledons
ultimately the seedling may die
• Leaves are infected and buff to black lesions are developed on the
margin, apex, midrib and petioles of the leaves.
• In advance stage of the disease, dark brown to black lesions develop at
the nodal region of the stem
• The lesions become necrotic and spread along the stem.

• The cortex become shredded and expose fibrous

tissues.
• At the later stages of disease development, the
plant sheds leaves, the stem rots and ultimately
plant dies.
• In severe cases capsule and seeds are infected.
• Numerous dots like structures (pycnidia) are
formed over the affected regions of the stem.
Control measures of stem rot of jute

i. Collection of healthy seeds from disease free plant.

iv. Application of balanced fertilizer
ii. Destruction of crop residues and collateral host
iii. Crop rotation with cereal crops
V. Spraying with Dithane M-45 @ 0:2-0.3% or Tilt
250 EC @ 0.04 percent 2-3 times with an interval
10-14 days.
vi. Seed treatment with Provax 200 @ 3g/kg seeds
vii. Cultivation of resistant variety such as, CVL-1, C.
Indian - JRO 524
olitorius- 0-4, O- 9697, BJRI tossa-8 (Rabi 1)

Black band of Jute

Causal organism: Botrydiplodia theobromae

Symptoms
1. Mainely occurs on mature plant
2. A dense black band develops around the stem of
the mature plant at about 2-3 feet above the ground level. Such
affected plants ultimately lose all leaves and remain in the
field as dry black stems.
3. At the later stages of disease development the bark of the stem
splits longitudinally and expose the brownish fibers and dry.
4. Large number of minute black pycnidia is formed on the
affected blackened area of the stem.
5. On rubbing the diseased stem, fingers become black due
to blackish pycnidiospores
 Anthracnose (Colletotrichum corchori)

Symptoms
1. The disease first appears as yellowish-brown, depressed, water-
soaked spots on the stem.
2. These spots soon become irregular and colour changes with the
development of spots and finally becomes black.
3. Sometimes several spots coalesce and produce large cankerous
lesion and in many cases they girdle the stem.
5. Affected seedlings die and the mature plants may wilt or
survive to produce poor spores.
4. The lesions develop cracks in the centre and the fibers are
exposed poor pods.
6. In most cases the fungus invades the vascular bundles.
7. The fungus may infect pods and produce necrotic lesions.
8. The fungus produces acervuli on the spots in presence of high
humidity and by hand lens the characteristic bristles (setae) can be
seen on these acervuli.
Soft rot (Sclerotium rolfsii )
Symptoms

1. The symptoms first appear at the base of the stem at soil level and a
light decay develops.
2. The leaves may wilt and the plants may break at the point of infection.
3. During wet weather a cottony fungal growth, embedded with small,
hard, yellow or tan bodies (sclerotia), forms around the base of the plant.

Factors influencing disease development

Warm (around 30 C) and wet weather and high organic matters in the
soil favour the growth of the fungus and infection and subsequent
disease development.

Control
1. Burning the crop residues
2. Deep ploughing to burry infected plant debris.
3. Foliar copper fungicides may spray at the base of the plants.
.
Varticillium dahliae Interval water-soaked lesions
Circular greasy lesion
on bolls
Figure- Angular leaf spot of cotton
Seedling disease

Cause: Seedling disease of cotton is caused primarily by

Rhizoctonia solani and to a lesser extent by Thielaviopsis
basicola
1. Rhizoctonia is a soil borne fungus found throughout all cotton
growing areas. It commonly causes post emergent damping off or
collapse of seedlings.

2. Infected seedlings may have sunken reddish colored lesions on

the upper [Link] roots may be soft and darkened with a noticeable
constriction at the soil line.

3. Thielaviopsis also is a soil borne fungus causes disease only

when soils are relatively cold and wet. It causes a dark colored
root rot that also gives the discase the name "Black root rot".

Seed treatments are recommended for fields with a history of

disease.

Alternaria leaf spot

Alternaria leaf spot is caused by Alternaria macrospora, a fungus that infects

the leaves, bracts and bolls. Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense) is very
susceptible, while Upland cotton (G. hirsutum) is fairly tolerant under normally
dry weather conditions. A. macrospora survives in cotton debris and on weeds.
Under high humidity or rainfall, spores are produced that are windblown or
splashed on cotton plants. Red lesions appear where spores have germinated and
grown into the host tissue. Infections late in the season are not considered a
problem, but early infections during summer rains in July and August can cause
severe defoliation.

Disease can be controlled with preventative applications of fungicides currently

registered for use.
 Fusarium Wilt

Symptoms
1. Infected plants characteristically are killed or stunted and fruit earlier
than healthy plants.
2. Leaves of young plants may wilt and drop leaving the bare stems.
3. Brown to blackish wood (either solid or in streak), severe wilting,
fired and yellowed leaves, leaf fall and plant death are symptoms in
older plants.
4. A diagonal cut across the plant stem will show browning to
blackening of the stalk tissue and is one way of easily identifying the
disease in the field. This discoloration extends down into the tap root.

Factors influencing disease development

1. Temperature between 25-32°C favours the growth of the fungus and infection
of the host.
2. Light sandy soil with acidic nature increase the severity of wilt.
3. Deficiency of potash and excess of nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil tend to
increase the wilt.
4. Certain plant parasitic nematodes (root-knot nematodes) attack cotton roots
and provide wounds for entrance of the fungus. Fusarium wilt and nematodes
are often closely associated. Positive correlation is found between root-knot
nematode and fusarium wilt.

Control
1. Wilt can be controlled in most cases by growing will resistant varieties.
2. Crop rotations with nematode resistant crops or the application of soil
fumigants (EDB-Ethylene dibromide. DBCP- Dibromo-chloropropanel) to
reduce nematode populations are also beneficial.
3. A proper balance of N-P-K in a fertilizer programme reduces disease severity
especially in soils deficient in potash.
Verticillium wilt

Symptoms
[Link] plants are susceptible to Verticillium at all stages of growth.
2. It causes yellowing of the cotyledons in seedlings and may stunt
plants at all stages. In older plants the lower leaves are usually
affected first.
3. The outstanding symptom is the mottled appearance of the leaves
with yellow areas developing between the veins and on the margins.
4. When the stem is cut close to the ground a brownish discoloration
of the woody stem is evident.
5. Although plants may be killed almost immediately, plants usually
survive most of the season, shedding their leaves and many of bolls.
6. Bolls on affected plants may open prematurely producing poor
quality fibre. Late in the growing season new growth often develops
at the base of the diseased plants.

Factors influencing disease development

Cool weather, heavy and alkaline soils, high content of nitrogen and
moisture favour disease development.
 Angular leaf spot of cotton

Symptoms
1. Lesions first appear as small water-soaked areas.
2. With age, they enlarge and turn brown to black and become frequently coated
with a sugar like film.
3. On cotyledons the lesions are round to irregular.
4. Lesions may also develop along leaf veins and leaf petioles. The lesions are
limited by veinietes and appear to be angular in shape.
5. The infected leaves turn yellow and fall to the ground.
6. Black elongated lesions develop on the young stem, sometimes cause girdling
and death of the stem and this symptom is often called black arm.
7. Boll lesions are round to irregular and become sunken. Boll rotting fungi
frequently invade the lint and completely destroy the boll.
Factors influencing disease development
Conditions favouring rapid growth of the plant also favour disease
development
provided frequent rains are there. In arid regions, where the moisture is
furnished by furrow irrigation bacterial disease is hardly seen.

Control
2. Decomposition of infected plant debris can be accomplished by ploughing
under the residues soon after harvest.
1. The disease is controlled by using disease free seeds and by ensuring the
decomposition of infected plant debris.
3. Crop rotation will minimize the chances of bacteria to infect the cotton in
the
following year.
4. Acid-delineated seed will minimize seed canyover. To prevent internal
carry-over, seed from disease free fields should be used.
5. Adapted varieties resistant to disease should be cultivated.
 Root-knot nematode

The Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, infects cotton and many other
plants. It is an obligate parasite that must complete its life cycle in a plant host,
but eggs are persistent and can remain inactive in the absence of a host and/or
in fallow fields for months or years. It is most active in the summer when soil
temperatures are warm.
As M. incognita larvae enter the plant root, feed, and mature, the surrounding
cells of the plant root increase In size and divide causing swellings (galls) on the
roots.
In cotton, these swellings are usually small and often very inconspicuous. Plants
may be heavily infected even though galls are not easily visible. Once cotton
plants are infected, the flow of nutrients and water is restricted. Severely
infected young plants are often stunted and chlorotic. Infected mature plants do
Because of the wide host range of root-knot nematode, control is difficult.
not die, but yields are reduced.
Sorghum, com, melons, watermelon, peppers and beans, among many other
crops, are all hosts and should not be rotated with cotton when M. incognita is a
problem. Rotations to alfalfa and oats, which are not hosts, are effective,
Preplant soll fumigation with 1,3 Dichloropropene is also effective in reducing
especially in multiple year rotations.
Replant soil fumigation with 1,3 Dichloropropene is also effective in reducing
early infections. Fumigation is recommended if greater than 0.5 juveniles/cc soll
are detectable.
 Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

1. Rust 1) Uromyces siceris arietini

2. Foot rot 2) Easarium exusporum
3. Collar rot 3) S. rolfsit Rhizectonia selani
4. Dry root rot 4) Rhizectonia bataticola
5. Gray mould 5) Botritis cinerea
6. Blight 6) Ascochuta rabiei Macosphaerella
Rinoides
7. Wilt 7) F. oxysporum
8. Leaf spot/blight 8) Alternaria sp.
9. Yellow mosaic 9) Yellow mosaic virus
10. Powdery mildew 10) Ridium sp.
11. Chickpea stunt 11) Pea leaf roll virus
12. Root Knot 12) M. javanica M. incognita.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata (La) Wilezek.)

1. Foot and root rot 1. Fusarium oxysporum, S. rolfsii

2. Cercospora leaf spot 2. Cercospora eruenta
3. Leaf blight 3. Leptosphaerulina troll, Phoma, sp.
4. Powdery mildew 4, Oidium sp., Erysiphe polygont
5. Stem rot 5, Macrophomina phascolina
6. Wilt 6. Pusarium oxysporum
7. Anthracnose 7. Colletotrichum lindenuithianum
8. Yellow mosaic 8. Mungbean Yellow mosaie virus
9, Sclerotinia blight 9, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
10. Leaf spot 10. Myrothechini sp.
11. Leaf crinkle 11. Virus
12. Little leat 12. Mycoplasma
13. Yellowing 13. Virus/Mycoplasma
14. Bacterial leaf blight 14. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli
15, Nematode disease 15, Helicotylenchus sp.
16. Root knot 16. Meloido gine incognita
 Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)

1. Wilt 1) Ensarium udum

2. Anthracnose 2) Collettrichum cajani
3. Collar rot 3) S. rolfsii
4. Leaf spot 4) Phollosticta sp.
5. Witch's broom 5) Mycoplasma
6. Sterility mosaic 6) Virus
7. Yellow mosaic 7) Yellow mosaic virus
8. Foot and root rot 8) Eusarium exysporum
9. Stem rot 9) Macrophoiming sp.
10. Nematode disease 10) Hoplolaimus sp.
11. Nemic disease 11) Botylenchus reniformis

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.)

1. Blight 1) Ascochyta pisi

2. Rust 2) Uromyces fabae
3. Downy mildew 3) Peronospora viciae
4. Powdery mildew 4) Ensiphe poligoni Cidium sp.
5. Foot and root rot 5) Eusarium sp. 1 S. rolfsii
6. Anthracnose 6) Celletotrichum sp.
7. Wilt 7) Verticillium sp.
8. Leaf spot 8) Cercospora sp.
9. Yellow mosaic 9) Virus
10. Little leaf 10)Mycoplasma
11. Root knot 11) M. javanica

Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus LA)

[Link] & root rot 1. Fusarium oxysporum

[Link] 2. Uromyces sp.
3. Leaf spot 3) Cercospora cruenta
4. Ascochyta blight 4) Ascochyta trifolit
[Link] blight 5) Leptosphaerulina trifolti
6. Downy mildew 6. Peronospora viciae
[Link] mildew 7. Oidium sp.,
8. Wilt 8. Verticillium sp., F. Oxysporum
9. Leaf curl 9. Leaf curl virus
[Link] knot 10. Meloidogyne javanica, M.
incognita
 Blackgram (Vigna mango (L.) Hepper)

1. Anthracnose 1) Collettrichum caulicola

2. Leaf spot 2) C. graminiceia altermaria sp.
3. Powdery mildew 3) Exxsiphe poligeni. Oidium sp.
4. Foot and root rot 4) F. exusporum S. rolfsii
5. Seed rot and 5) Macrophomina phaseolina
6. Collar rot 6) Rhizectonia salani
7. Stem rot 7) Macrophomina phaseolina
8. Leaf blight 8) Leptosphaerulina trifolli
9. Choanephora blight 9) Choanephora sp.
10. Leaf rot 10) Fusarium sp.
11. Leaf blight 11) Phoma sp.
12. Pod spot 12) Diplodia sp.
13. Seed rot 13) Aspergillus sp.
14. Damping off/wilt 14) Fusarium orysporum
15. Cercospora leaf spot 15) Cercospora cruenta
16. Target spot 16) Corynespora cassicola
17. Yellow mosaic 17) Virus
18. Leaf crinkle and Rosette 18) Virus
19. Root-knot 19) M. iavanica, M. incognita,

Foot and root rot, Host: Most of the pulses

Symptoms:
i) Yellowing of the whole plant is the first visible symptoms of
the disease.
ii) The infected seedlings showed black discoloration or rot at
the collar region of the stem and advanced in the root.
ili) In the advance stage of the disease the stem, leaf and
whole plant become wilted, then dried and ultimately die.
iv) In case of Fusarium oxysporum, only cotton like mycelia
can be found at ground level i.e. at the point of infection and
in the soil.
In case of Sclerotium rolfsii, white mycelia and mustard seed
like sclerotia may be present.
In case of Rhizoctonia solani, white mycelia and dark brown to
blackish coloured larger sized sclerotia are found and the
infected area become narrow and can easily be pulled off
from the soil.
Dissemination/ mode of transmission of disease:
This disease is caused by three different pathogens. So the disease is
disseminated by different pathogenic units, for example,
Fusarium oxysporum is dispersed by mycelia, conidia, chlamydospores etc.
Sclerotium rolfsii is dispersed by mycelia and sclerotia
Rhizoctonia solani is dispersed by myecelia and sclerotia

Dispersion in the same season:

These pathogens disperse in the same season as follows:
i) The mycelia of the fungus can develop and infect the new plant
ii) The fungus can disperse through agricultural implements during
intercultural operations.
iii) The pathogen can also disperse by irrigation or rain splash.
Survival / Overwintering :
The propagules (mycelia, sicerotia or chlamydospores etc) can associated with
the seeds during harvesting and they can also survive in the infected plant parts
or they may remain viable in the soil/field and they can infect the next crop in
favourable conditions.
 Wilt disease of Pulses (Various pulses)

Causal organism Fusarium oxysporum

Host - Mostly all pulses
Stage of infection The disease can affect the drop at ' any stage '

Symptoms
Field symptoms - dead seedlings
or adult planis, usually in patches,
Yellowing of leaves followed by rapid or sudden
wilting or dropping of the plant,
Can easily be pulled up from the soil because
desiruction of lateral roots,
Dark brown or dark discoloration of
the Internal stem tissues

Cercospora leaf spot

Causal agent:
Cercospora truenta,
C. canescens
Host:
Blackgram, Mungbean, grasspea, lentil
Stage of infection:
Flowering stage to maturity stage.

Symptoms
• Numerous small, round
to oval, brown to
blackish color spots
> Severall spots are
coalesced together
and bigger sized spots
are formed

> The mature spots are characterized by

angular shape, the center of this spots are
pale brown or ashy which are surrounded
by purplish borders.
In severe condition the centre of the spot
may fall off creating shot hole
symptom"
 Favorable condition

• High temperature >28°c and high

humidity > 80%
• Fluctuation of humidity
• Inoculum present in the soil.

Control
• Selection of resistant variety
o The infected plant uprooted after the
sympiom express in the field
• Spraying with Cu-oxichloride or Thiovit
or Dithane M-45 @ 2 kg/1000 L water
(I.e. 0.2% solution) per hectare at 15
days interval 2-3 times,
Seed treatments with Provax -200 @
0.25 - 0.3% of seed weight.

Yellow mosaic disease of pulses

Causal agent:
row, Yellow Mosaic Virus
Host:
Mostly all pulses except grasspea
Stage of infection:
Flowering stage to maturity stage.

Symptoms:
Presence of intermingled
patches of green and yellow
areas on the leaves.
Plant becomes stunted and
bushy
Leaves become curled
In extreme cases, the infected
pods become malformed.
Dissemination
• Insegis those have sucking type mouthparts are
mainly responsible for dissemination. eg. Aphid
(3), leaf hopper (?), white fly (Bemista tabadl
o disease is also sap transmitted which
as some are seed-borne in nature.
disseminated by agricul fiural implements as well

Control
Gultivation of disease resistant varieties
Collection of seed from disease free area
Destruction of the alternate host
The Infected plant should be removed
immediately after sympiom development in the
field.
Control of the insect vector by spraying with
insecticide such as Malathion 57 EC etc

Powdery mildew of ....

• Causal organism:
Erysiphe polygoni / Oidium sp. (Mungbean, Blackgram, Pea)
Oidium sp (Gram, Lentil, Grass pea)
• Host: All pulses except Arhar/pigeon pea
• Stage of infection: Flowering to mature stage

Symptoms
Small irregular white powdery spots appear
on the surface of leaves and the ventral
side of the infected leaf becomes reddish
colour.
Completely cover the leaves, stems and
even the pods.

Symptoms
In severe infections, foliage becomes
yellow causing premature defoliation
Cleistothecium in the form of black dots,
scattered on the surface of white mycelium.

Dissemination
Oidia, ascospores of the
fungus are dispersed by air,
insect, rain water from one field
to another.
Survivall
• Mycelia of Oidium sp
and
mycelia & ascospores of Erysiphe polygoni
-can survive in the infected plant parts which may
be act as a primary source of infection.

Control measures
Use of disease resistant varieties
Destruction of alternate host
Collection and destruction of plant debris
Adjustment of sowing date (early sowing)

Treating seeds with fungicides such as

Provax -200, Thiram etc. before sowing.
m Dusting of sulpher (2000 mesh) @ 25 lbs/ac.
controls the disease most satisfactorily.
Spraying with Tilt 250 EC @ 0.04% or
interval for 2-3 times.
Thiovit @ 0.2% solution at 10-12 days

Rust of ....

• Causal organism:
U. fabae - all pulses except gram
Uromyces ciceris arietinii (Gram)
• Host: All pulses
• Stage of infection:
Pod formation to mature stage

Symptoms
Small, round to oval, brown to reddish
brown pustules are formed on the both
surface on the infected leaf. The pustules
are slightly raised.

Control measure:
• Seed treatment with Provax-200 @ 0.25-
0.3% of seed weight
Application of Dithane M-45 @ 0.2%
solution at 15 days interval for 3 times.
Destruction of plant debris
Collection of seeds from healthy field
Rotate for 2-3 years with non-host crops
such as cereal or corn
Ascochyta blight
Ascochyta rabiei on Gram
Ascochyta pisi
on pea
Symptoms:
1. Appear on leaves as water soaked lesion, then
enlarge into round target like spots. Several
lesions coalesce form irregular brownish purple
blotches.
3. Stem lesions are elongated purplish black with
irregular margins. They may coalesce and girdle
the stem, causing shoot wilt and partial or
complete drying. The blighted plant look as it
scorched by fire.
4. Blight the blossoms and young pods, on pod
lesions are circular with black dots arranged in
concentric zones containing pycnidia.
5. Develop blackish and shriveled grains.

Disease: Anthracnose of ......

Causal organism:
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum- Mungbean
C. graminicola- Blackgram
C. cajani- pigeon pea
• Host: Black gram, Mungbean, Pigeon pea etc.
• Stage of infection: At any stage

Symptoms
• lesions develop on mature leaves as
circular, dark brick red to black, sunken spots.
Water soaked spots are first formed on pod surface.
• the spots become depress reddish brown
to black color and
within the pods, seeds develop brown to
black sunken lesions

Control measure:
• Seed treatment with Provax-200 @ 0.25-
0.3% of seed weight
Application of Dithane M-45 @ 0.2%
solution at 15 days interval for 3 times.
Destruction of plant debris
Collection of seeds from healthy field
Rotate for 2-3 years with non-host crops
such as cereal or corn
Botrytis grey mold (Botrytis cinerea)
The first symptom of BGM infection in a crop is often drooping of the
terminal branches
Rotting of the affected leaves and flowers, yellowish green or greyish brown
lesion, soft and spongy in texture:
Shedding of flowers and leaves, covered with spore mass can be seen.
the point where the gray mold has caused rotting.
Lesions develop on stem and girdle the stem fully. Tender branches break off at
develops on flowers, pods, stems and on dead leaves and petioles.
The diagnostic feature is a grey 'fuzz' which, under high humidity,
with white to grey fungal growth
Infected seeds are usually smaller than normal and are often covered
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
 sugarcane disease

Bacterial
• Gumming disease
Xanthomonas campestris pv vasculorum
• Leaf scald Xanthomonas albilineans
• Ratoon stunting disease
Clavibacter xyli
Red stripe (top rot) Pseudomonas rubrilineans
fungal
Brown spot Cercospora longipes
• Yellow spot
Cercospora koepkei
• Downy mildew
Sclerospora sacchari
• Eye spot: Bipolaris sacchari
• Pineapple disease
Ceratocystis paradoxa
• Pokkah boeng
Gibberella fujikuroi
Fusarium moniliforme [anamorph]
Red rot
Colletotrichum falcatum [anamorph]
Glomerella tucumanensis
= Physalospora tucumanensis
Ring spot
Leptosphaeria sacchari

• Root rots
Pythium sp.
Fusarium sp.
Rhizoctonia sp.
• Rust, common: Puccinia melanocephala
= Puccinia erianthi
• Smut
Ustilago scitaminea
• Wilt
Fusarium sacchari
= Cephalosporium sacchari

Viral
• Grassy shoot MLO
• Mosaic Sugarcane mosaic virus
• White leaf: MLO
• Parasitic plant: Striga densiflora

Nematode
• Lesion
Pratylenchus spp
• Root-knot
Meloidogyne sp
Meloidogyne javanica
• also through the fungus that remains viable on diseased
canes lying in the field or ratooning of the crop.
 Disease name: Stem canker or Wilt
Causal Organism: Cephalosporium sacchari

• Yellowing of leaves occurs at 4-5 months of the age of plants.

• The leaves graduall turn yellow and dry up and causing wilting of cane
WHIP SMUT (Ustilago scitaminea)
Sett rot or Pineapple disease of sugarcane

Diseased setts rot before germination, or

the shoots may die after reaching a
height of about 6-12 inches.
• The red discolouration on
central portion of affected
shoots and setts
• Severely infected plants emit an unpleasant odour of pineapple
• If infected shoots survive, they are very
much stunted and chlorotic.
ratoon stunting disease.
 White leaf disease (MLO)

Characterized by the production of

Increased number of lanky tillers,
having narrow, partial or complete white
leaves.
• Stunted growth of plans/stalks,
abnormal tillering and
Proliferation of side buds associated
with the disease.
Mottle developed in the infected area. Sometimes one or few
stripes may develop along with leaves.
If infection occurs at early stage, the whole clamp appear as tuff
of grasses with chlorotic leaves.
 Grassy Shoot of sugarcane

• characterized by proliferation of vegetative buds from the base

• crowded bunch of tillers bearing narrow pale yellow to completely chlorotic leaves.
.The tillers bear thin and short internodes.

cercospora koepkei

Disease Appear in leaves as small, oval, light yellow or pale yellow colors,
later stage, the colon become dark. Several lesion coalesce and develop
lesion.
In seven case, leaves may yellow and dry.

dark brown to reddish.

Irregular ring. Central portion on is brown to asly which is soutronded
by dark brown masses and later stage several spots coalesce and
infect large area , the entire leaves may cover with lesions and
ultimately the leaves may die.
Red blood drop like oval on circular spot developed On the green leaves.
Striga C.o. Striga densiflora
It's a root parasite.
Depends on [Link] plant for its nutrient.
Through haustoria the parasite draws water
and nutrients from [Link] root.
Due ti striga infestation initially plants turn into
yellowish ultimately dry up.